Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

E.Drusen (familial)â??minimal

F.Fleck retinaâ??nonprogressive, congenital, rare

G.Fundus flavimaculatusâ??minimal

H.General choroidal sclerosis

I.Gyrate atrophy

J.Retinitis pigmentosa

K.Retinitis punctata albescens

P.657

L.Miner nystagmus

M.Oguchi diseaseâ??may be abnormal

12. Visual field defects

13. Vitamin A deficiency

A.Dietary deficiencies, including malnutrition, alcoholism and cystic fibrosis

B.Digestive tract disturbance

1. Colitis and enteritis

2. Crohn disease

3. Jejunoileal bypass surgery

4. In pancreasâ??such as chronic pancreatitis

5. In stomachâ??achlorhydria, chronic gastritis or diarrhea, peptic ulcer 6. Abetalipoproteinemia

C.Liver disease, such as chronic cirrhosis

D.Malaria

E.Pregnancy

F.Pulmonary tuberculosis

G.Skin disorders, such as pityriasis rubra pilaris

H.Thyroid gland disorders, such as hyperthyroidism

14. Vitreous opacities, including hemorrhage

15. Vitreotapetoretinal degenerationâ??sex-linked recessive and autosomal recessive

Berson EL, Lessell S. Paraneoplastic night blindness with malignant melanoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1988;106:307â??311.Bibliographic Links

Dryja TP. Molecular genetics of Oguchi disease, fundus albipunctatus, and other forms of stationary night blindness: LVII Edward Jasckson Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:547â??563.Bibliographic Links

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

Gans M, Taylor C. Reversal of progressive nyctalopia in a patient with Crohn' disease. Can J Ophthalmol 1990;25:156â??158.Bibliographic Links

Hemeralopia

This condition involves day blindness, that is, an inability to see as distinctly in a bright light as in a dim one.

1. Adie pupil

2. Albinism

3. Aniridia

4. Central opacities of the lensâ??nuclear or perinuclear cataracts 5. Central scotoma

6. Congenitalâ??autosomal recessive trait usually associated with amblyopia and color deficiency

7. Hereditary retinoschisis

8. Intraocular iron

9. Partial occlusion of the central retinal artery (see p. 457â??461) 10. Refsum syndrome (phytanic acid oxidase deficiency)

11. Total color blindness

Gehrs K, Tiedeman J. Hemeralopia in an older adult. Surv Ophthalmol

1992;37:185â??189.Bibliographic Links

Pau H. Differential diagnosis of eye diseases, 2nd ed. New York: Thieme Medical, 1988.

P.658

Oscillopsia

This condition involves illusionary movement of the environment; it may be unilateral or bilateral and usually occurs because of acquired nystagmus.

1. Drugs, including the following:

2. Fixation and voluntary nystagmus

3. Defective vestibuloocular reflex/vestibular pathway lesion occurs during movement of the head or body

A.Sectioning of vestibular (VIII) nerve for vertigo

B.Streptomycin toxicity

C.Spontaneous loss

4. Head trauma/seizures

5. Intermittent exotropia

6. Involvement of medial longitudinal fasciculus affecting ipsilateral medial rectus in internuclear ophthalmoplegiaâ??monocular oscillopsia

7. Myokymia of the eyelid

8. Opsoclonus and ocular flutter

9. Vertebral artery dissection

Chrousos GA, et al. Two cases of downbeat nystagmus and oscillopsia associated with carbamazepine. Am J Ophthalmol 1987;103:221â??224.Bibliographic Links

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

Glaser JS. Neuro-ophthalmology, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1989.

Hertle RW, et al. Onset of oscillopsia after visual maturation in patients with congenital nystagmus. Ophthalmology 2001;108:2301â??2308.Bibliographic Links

Hicks PA, et al. Ophthalmic manifestation of vertebral artery dissection: patients seen at Mayo Clinic from 1976â??1992. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1786â??1792.Bibliographic Links

Color Blindness

1. Inheritedâ??stable defect, affecting both eyes

A.Bassenâ??Kornzweig syndrome (abetalipoproteinemia)

B.Congenital dyslexia syndrome (developmental dyslexia syndrome)

C.Down syndrome (mongolism)

D.Duane retraction syndrome (Stilling syndrome)

E.Duchenne muscular dystrophy

F.Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (glycogen storage disease type I)

G.Guillainâ??Barré syndrome (acute infectious neuritis)

H.Hemophilia

P.659

I.â??Intrinsicâ? defect

1. Dichromatâ??two colors mixed to see white

a.Deuteranopeâ??green deficiency

b.Protanopeâ??red deficiency

c.Tritanopeâ??blue deficiency

2. Monochromatâ??one color mixed to see white

a. Cone deficient

b. Rod deficient

3. Trichromatâ??three colors mixed to see white

a.Deuteranomalyâ??green anomaly

b.Protanomalyâ??red anomaly

c.Tritanomalyâ??blue anomaly

J.Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotrophic hypogonadismâ??anosmia syndrome)

K.Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) (gynecomastiaâ??aspermatogenesis syndrome)

L.Turner syndrome (XO) (gonadal dysgenesis)

2. Acquiredâ??defect can increase or decrease; may affect only one eye; impairment of other visual function; often characterized by chromatopsia; hue discrimination primarily affected; yellow-blue defects more common in retinal disease; redâ??green defects in optic nerve disease

A.Advanced hypertensive retinopathy

B.Albinism

C.Amblyopia

D.Blue-yellow defect with retinal disorders from drugs, including the following:

E.Chorioretinitis

F.Color anomiaâ??inability to name colors; may be associated with homonymous hemianopia resulting from infarct of posterior parietal and corpus callosum

G.Diabetic retinitis

P.660

H.Dominantly inherited juvenile optic atrophy

I.Drugs and chemical substances causing optic neuropathy with redâ??green defect, including the following:

J.Friedreich ataxia

K.Glaucoma, including narrow and open angle

L.Hepatic cirrhosis

M.Hysteria

N.Macular lesions, including juvenile degeneration, senile degeneration dystrophy, and edema

O.Night blindness

P.Occlusion of retinal vessels

Q.Oguchi disease

R.Open-angle glaucoma

S.Ophthalmologist who use argon blueâ??green lasers or operating microscopes

T.Optic atrophy

U.Optic pathways, including brain tumor

V.Papillitis

W. Peripheral chorioretinal degeneration

X.Retinal detachment

Y.Retinitis pigmentosa

ZZ.Retrobulbar optic neuritis AA. Snow blindness

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

Nousiainen I, et al. Color vision in epilepsy patients treated with vigabatrin or carbamazepine monotherapy. Ophthalmology 2000;107:884â??888.Bibliographic Links

Pau H. Differential diagnosis of eye diseases, 2nd ed. New York: Thieme Medical, 1988.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Sample PA, et al. Isolating the color vision loss in primary open angle glaucoma. Am Ophthalmol 1988;106:686â??691.

Palinopsia

This condition involves persistence or recurrence of visual images after exciting stimulus object has been removed; the patient has a hemianopic field defect. Polyopia (visual trailing effect with movement) may be present.

1. Acute migraine

2. Demyelinative optic neuritis

3. Encephalitis

4. Epilepsy

5. Intoxications, such as mescal delirium, LSD, trazodone-induced and clomiphene citrate. 6. Kartagener syndrome

7. Laser treatment of diabetic macular edema P.662

8. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

9. Temporalâ??parietalâ??occipital lesion

A.Degenerative

B.Neoplastic

C.Traumatic

D.Vascular

10. Schizophrenia

11. Drug, such as nefazodone (akinetopsiaâ??persistence of moving objects)

Horton JC, Trobe JD. Akinetopsia from nefazodone toxicity. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;128,4:530â??531.

Kawasaki A, Purvin V. Persistent palinopsia following ingestion of LSD. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114:47â??50.Bibliographic Links

Marneros A, Korner J. Chronic palinopsia in schizophrenia. Psychopathology 1993;26:236â??239.Bibliographic Links