Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

16. *Pain or light sensitivity following injury or inflammation or foreign bodies of lids, conjunctiva, cornea, or iris

17. Photosensitivity and sunburn

18. Poison ivy dermatitis

19. Postencephalitic blepharospasm

20. Psychogenic obsessiveâ??compulsive disorderâ??onset commonly in children and young adults

21. Psychologic reflex blepharospasmâ??seen in premature infants with tactile stimulation of lids

22. Sparganosis

23. Systemic scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis)

24. Thomsen syndrome (congenital myotonia syndrome)

25. Tourette syndrome (coprolalia, generalized tic)

Defazio G, et al. Genetic contribution to idiopathic adult-onset blepharospasm and cranial-cervical dystonia. Eur Neurol 1993;33:345â??350.Bibliographic Links

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

Larumbe R, et al. Reflex blepharospasm associated with bilateral basal ganglia lesion. Movement Disorders 1993;8:198â??200.Bibliographic Links

Patel BC, Anderson RL. Blepharospasm. Ophthalmic Practice 1993;11:293â??302.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Facial Palsy

Facial palsy is defined as paralysis of facial muscles supplied by the seventh nerve; orbicularis oculi paralysis may result in epiphora and ectropion.

1. Congenital

2. Birth injury with nerve crushed at exit of stylomastoid foramen 3. Myogenic paralysis

A.Myotonic atrophia

B.Facioscapulohumeral type of muscular dystrophy

C.Myasthenia gravis (Erbâ??Goldflam syndrome)

D.Hypokalemia, periodic

E.Curare poisoning

F.Botulism

G.Congenital facial diplegia (Möbius syndrome)

P.67

H.Infants, from maternal ingestion of thalidomide

I.Kugelbergâ??Welander syndrome

4. Neurologic paralysis

A.Supranuclear paralysisâ??upper face, including orbicularis relatively unaffected with affected lower face

1. Voluntary movementâ??pyramidal fibers involved, such as in Weber syndrome, with contralateral hemiplegia of face and limbs and ipsilateral oculomotor paralysis

2. Weakness or abolition of the emotional movements of the face with retention of full voluntary activity, such as with lesion of anterior part of frontal lobe or near optic thalamus

B.Peripheral paralysisâ??involvement of upper and lower face

1. Pontine lesionâ??associated structures involved include sixth nerve, conjugate ocular deviation to the same side, ipsilateral paralysis of jaw muscles, and pyramidal tract in paralysis of limb of opposite side

a.Acute nuclear lesions, such as with anterior poliomyelitis, Landry paralysis, or degenerative conditions

b.Foville syndromeâ??ipsilateral sixth nerve with loss of conjugate deviation to same side and hemiplegia of the opposite limbs

c.Millardâ??Gubler syndromeâ??ipsilateral sixth nerve paralysis and hemiplegia of the opposite limbs

d.Parotid gland surgery

e.Progressive muscular atrophy

f.Syringobulbia

g.Tumors

h.Vascular lesions

2. Posterior fossaâ??associated with nerve deafness, loss of taste on anterior two thirds of tongue, and occasionally diminution of tears

a.Acoustic neuroma

b.CHARGE (coloboma, heart disease, atresia choanae, retarded growth and retarded development or central nervous system anomalies, genital hypoplasia, and ear anomalies or deafness) syndrome association

c.Facial neuritis due to polyneuritis cranialis, beriberi, encephalitis, diabetes, or intrathecal anesthesia

d.Fracture of the skull

e.Meningitis, including syphilitic and tuberculous

f. Preauricular cyst associated with congenital cholesteatoma g. Tumors of facial nerve

3. Petrous temporal boneâ??associated with decreased lacrimation and salivary secretion, loss of taste on anterior two thirds of tongue, and intensified sensation of loud noises

a.Arteriosclerosis

b.*Bell palsyâ??inflammation of facial nerve of unknown cause

c.Cephalic tetanus

d.Diabetes mellitus (Willis disease)

e.Fractures

f.Herpes zoster, spread from geniculate ganglion

g.Hypertension P.68

h.Nerve leprosy (Hansen disease)

i.Otitis media

j.Secondary syphilis

4. Facial lesions at or beyond the stylomastoid foramen

a.Fracture of the ramus of the mandible

b.Melkerssonâ??Rosenthal syndrome (Melkersson idiopathic fibroedema)

c.Neoplasia or inflammatory swelling of parotid, such as in uveoparotid fever (Heerfordt disease) and Mikulicz disease

d.Supporting lymph nodes behind the angle of the jaw

Eggenberger ER. Facial palsy in Lyme disease. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1571.Bibliographic Links

Lacombe D. Facial palsy and cranial nerve abnormalities in CHARGE association. Am J Med Genet 1993;15:351â??353.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Infrequent Blinking

1. *Contact lens use

2. Encephalitis, acute

3. Encephalitis or mild postencephalitic states

4. *Ethanol intake

5. Infants in first few months of life

P.69

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

Moses RA. Adler's physiology of the eye, 8th ed. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1986.

Walsh FB, Hoyt WF. Clinical neuro-ophthalmology, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.

Lid Edema (Puffiness or Bagginess of Lids)

1. *Noninflammatory or minimally inflammatory swelling

A.Acosta syndrome (Mountain climbers syndrome)

B.Allergic gastroenteropathy with protein loss

C.Arteriovenous fistula

D.Cardiac and renal disease

1. Nephrosis and acute glomerulonephritisâ??early morning edema

2. Starvation and cachexia

E.Dermatochalasis

F.Elephantiasis

1. Chronic eczema or infection (erysipelas)

2. Hemolymphangioma

3. Leprosy (Hansen disease)

4. Lues (syphilis)

5. Melkerssonâ??Rosenthal syndrome (Melkersson idiopathic fibroedema)

6. Nonneâ??Milroyâ??Meige disease (idiopathic hereditary lymphedema)

7. von Recklinghausen disease (neurofibromatosis)

8. Traumatic disruption of the lymph drainage system

9. Tuberculosis

G.Endocrine exophthalmos (hyperthyroidism)

H.Foix syndrome (cavernous sinus syndrome)

I.Granulomatous ileocolitis

J.Hutchinson syndrome (adrenal cortex neuroblastoma with orbital metastasis)

K.Infectious generalized diseases 1. Diphtheria

2. Infectious mononucleosis

3. Malaria

4. Meningococcal meningitis

5. Pertussis (whooping cough)

6. Rheumatic fever

7. Scarlet fever

8. Trypanosomiasis

9. Tuberculosis

10. Yellow fever

L. Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome

M.Nasal nerve syndrome (Charlin syndrome) P.70

N.Parasitic infestations 1. Anthrax

2. Ascariasis

3. Chlamydia

4. Dermatophytosis

5. Myiasis

6. Onchocerciasis syndrome (river blindness)

7. Tapeworms

8. Toxocariasis

9. Trichinosis

O.Protrusion of fat through orbital fascia

P.Retinoblastoma

Q.Stasis, including premenstrual edema

R.Superior vena cava syndrome

S.Systemic scleroderma (progressive systemic scleroderma)

T.*Tumors and pseudotumors

1. Benign and malignant ectodermal and mesodermal tumors

2. Brillâ??Symmers disease (lymphosarcoma)

3. Hemangiomas

4. Hodgkin disease

5. Leukemic deposit

6. Liposarcoma

7. Meningiomas of sphenoid ridge with impediment of venous circulation of ophthalmic veins or cavernous sinus

8. Neurofibromatosis

9. Pseudotumors

a.Amyloid degeneration

b.Eosinophilic or basophilic granulomas

U.Trauma

1. Basilar skull fractures

2. Injury

3. *Surgery

V.Angioneurotic edema caused by drugs, including the following: