Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

B.Poisons (inhalation, skin absorption, or ingestion) 1. Carbon dioxide

2. Lead

3. Methyl alcohol

C.Vaccines

1. Diphtheriaâ??tetanus toxoidsâ??pertussis vaccine (absorbed)

2. Influenza virus vaccine

3. Measles or mumps or rubella live vaccine

2. Intracranial causesâ??usually bilateral

A.Tumors

1. *Frontal lobe lesionâ??mental changes (apathy, euphoria, and social behavioral changes); normal visual field if confined to frontal lobe; most likely, tumors are medulloblastoma, meningioma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, or metastasis from lung or breast

2. *Temporal lobe lesionsâ??formed hallucinations, superior homonymous quadrantanopia, or homonymous hemianopia, ipsilateral mydriatic fixed pupil and oculomotor paresis, and contralateral facial palsy; most likely, tumors are medulloblastoma, meningioma, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, or metastasis from lung or breast

3. *Parietal lobe lesionsâ??visual agnosia such as alexia or dyslexia, complete homonymous hemianopia, or inferior homonymous quadrantanopia, disturbances of trigeminal nerve, including decreased corneal sensation and positive (asymmetric response) optokinetic nystagmus; most likely caused by:

a.Astrocytoma

b.Glioblastoma

c.Medulloblastoma

d.Meningioma

e. Metastasis from lung or breast

4. Occipital lobe lesionsâ??unformed visual hallucinations and homonymous congruous visual field defect; most likely caused by the following:

a.Astrocytoma

b.Glioblastoma

c.Hemangioma

d.Meningioma

e. Metastasis from lung or breast

5. Third-ventricle and sellar lesionsâ??visual field of bitemporal hemianopia or unilateral blindness and contralateral temporal hemianopia; most likely, tumors are craniopharyngioma

6. Fourth-ventricle and cerebellum lesionsâ??ataxia, asynergy, dysmetria, hypotonia, and acquired jerk nystagmus, usually horizontal and more pronounced in lateral

gaze; most likely caused by:

a.Astrocytoma

b.Hemangioblastoma

c.Medulloblastoma

d.Metastasis from lung or breast

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7. Cerebellar-pontine angle tumor such as Cushing syndrome II (acoustic neuroma syndrome)

8. Base skull tumor, such as Garcin syndrome (half-base syndrome)

9. Chiasmal tumor such as Fröhlich syndrome (dystrophia adiposogenitalis) 10. Neuroblastoma

11. Russell syndrome (diencephalic syndrome)

12. Zollingerâ??Ellison syndrome (polyglandular adenomatosis syndrome)

B.Decreased intracranial capacity, such as in acrocephalosyndactyly (Apert disease), Arnoldâ??Chiari syndrome (cerebellomedullary malformation syndrome), craniofacial dysostosis (Crouzon disease), craniostenosis, hypertelorism, and tower skull (oxycephaly)

C.Pseudotumor cerebri (Symonds syndrome)â??bilateral papilledema and increased intracranial pressure but negative neurologic and general physical findings

1. Addison disease (adrenal cortical insufficiency)

2. Autosomal dominant endosteal hyperostosis

3. Chronic respiratory insufficiency

4. Familial Mediterranean fever

5. Hypertension

6. Multiple sclerosis

7. Polyangiitis overlap syndrome

8. Psittacosis

9. Renal disease

10. Reye syndrome

11. Sarcoidosis

12. SLE

13. Thrombocytopenia purpura

14. Vitamin A (excessive) after overeating carrots in a weight loss program 15. Drugs including the following:

16. Franklâ??Hochwart syndrome (pinealâ??neurologicâ??ophthalmic syndrome)

17. Glomus jugulare tumor

18. Iron-deficiency anemia

19. Menarche

20. Pregnancy

21. Thrombosis of the sagittal or lateral sinus, such as that following otitis media in children

22. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

3. Neurologic disorders

A.Cerebral palsy

B.Fosterâ??Kennedy syndrome

1. Aneurysm of internal carotid, anterior cerebral, or anterior communicating artery 2. Arteriosclerotic plaques of internal carotid or anterior cerebral arteries

3. Chiasmal arachnoiditis secondary to trauma, spinal anesthesia, or syphilis 4. Craniopharyngioma with forward extension

5. Frontal lobe tumors or abscess

6. Glioma of the intracranial portion of optic nerve

7. Internal hydrocephalus because of tumor of posterior fossa

8. Old unilateral optic nerve atrophy (e.g., consecutive ischemic optic neuropathies) 9. Olfactory groove, sphenoid ridge and suprasellar meningioma

C.High cerebrospinal fluid protein content and defective absorption (e.g., Guillainâ??Barré syndrome (Acute Infectious Neuritis))

D.Muscular dystrophy

E.Parkinson syndrome (shaking palsy)

F.Status dysraphicus syndrome (Passow syndrome, syringomyelia)

G.Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage

4. Miscellaneous

A.Abscess

B.Angioedema

C.Brownâ??Séquard syndrome

D.Camuratiâ??Engelmann syndrome (progressive diaphyseal dysplasia)

E.Chediakâ??Higashi syndrome (anomalous leukocytic inclusions with constitutional stigma)

F.Churgâ??Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis)

G.Citrullinemia (late onset)

H.Degos syndrome (malignant atrophic papulosis)

I.Fabry disease (angiokeratoma corporis diffusum)

J.Hydrocephalus

K.Kenny syndrome

L.McCuneâ??Albright syndrome (fibrosus dysplasia)

M.Nocturnal hypoventilation

N.Pelizaeusâ??Merzbacher syndrome (aplasia axialis extracorticalis congenita)

O.Polymyalgia rheumatica

P.Primary hyperoxaluria type

Q.Renal insufficiency

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5. Ocular causeâ??usually unilateral

A.Acute glaucoma

B.ACME (Irvineâ??Gass syndrome)

C.Central retinal vein or artery occlusion

D.Hypotony, including that following intraocular surgery

E.Inflammatory

1. Bird-shot retinochoroidenopathy

2. Gumma of nerve head

3. Juxtapapillary choroiditis

4. Neuroretinitis (see p. 563)

5. Retinal vasculitis

6. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

7. Sarcoidosis

8. Tuberculoma of nerve head

9. Uveitis

10. Vasculitis

F.Trauma

G.Tumors

1. Glioma

2. Hemangioma

3. Melanocytoma

4. Melanotic sarcoma

5. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen disease)

6. Periocular and ocular metastatic tumors

7. Secondary carcinoma

8. Tuberous sclerosis

6. Orbital causeâ??usually unilateral, may have exophthalmos

A.Aneurysm of the ophthalmic artery

B.Orbital abscess

C.Rollet syndrome (orbital apex syndrome)

D.Scaphocephaly syndrome (craniofacial dysostosis)

E.Sinusitis

F.Superior orbital fissure syndrome (Rochonâ??Duvigneaud syndrome)

G.Trauma

H.Tumors 1. Benign

a.Cystic adenoma

b.Dermoid cyst

c.Osteopetrosis (Albersâ??Schonberg disease)

d.Paget disease

2. Malignant

a. Fibrosarcoma

b.Glioma

c.Hutchinsonâ??Pepper syndrome

d.Lacrimal gland e. Lymphosarcoma

f.Myosarcoma P.595

g.Osteosarcoma

h.Secondary metastasis and extension from nasopharynx or sinuses

3. Orbital invasion by intracranial tumor (e.g., chordoma)

7. Systemic diseasesâ??usually bilateral

A.Blood dyscrasias

1. Iron-deficiency anemias

2. Pernicious anemia

3. Thrombocytopenic purpura

B.Carbohydrate metabolisms disorders 1. Diabetes mellitus

2. ML III

3. MPS II (Hunter syndrome)

4. MPS VI (Maroteauxâ??Lamy syndrome)

C.Cardiopulmonary insufficiency

1. Chronic bronchitis

2. Congenital heart disease

3. Cystic fibrosis of lungs

4. Pickwickian syndrome

5. Pulmonary emphysema

D.Collagen diseases

1. Polyarteritis nodosa

2. PSS (scleroderma)

3. Relapsing polychondritis

4. SLE

E.Endocrine

1. Addison disease (adrenal cortical insufficiency)

2. Diabetes mellitus (Willis disease)

3. Hyperparathyroidism

4. Hyperthyroidism (Basedow syndrome)

5. Hypothyroidism

6. Hypocalcemia

7. Hypoparathyroidism

8. Hypophosphatasia

9. Idiopathic hypercalcemia (Drummond syndrome)

10. Menses

11. Pituitary deficiency

12. Pregnancy

13. Pseudohypoparathyroidism syndrome

14. Suppression of adrenal function from prolonged use of steroids 15. Suprarenalâ??sympathetic syndrome

F.Giant cell (temporal arteritis)

G.Hypertension/arteriosclerosis

H.Infectious (rare usually optic neuritis) 1. AIDS

2. Anterior poliomyelitis

3. Bang disease (brucellosis)

4. Chickenpox

5. Coccidioidomycosis

6. Echinococcosis (hydatid cyst)

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7. Encephalitis

8. Infectious mononucleosis

9. Lyme disease (borreliosis, relapsing fever)

10. Malaria

11. Meningitis

12. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

13. Parasitic infections (e.g., cysticercosis, cryptococcus)

14. Parinaud syndrome (divergence paralysis)

15. Pertussis (whooping cough)

16. Presumed ocular histoplasmosis

17. Psittacosis

18. Sandfly fever (Pappataci fever)

19. Trichinellosis

20. Whipple disease (intestinal lipodystrophy)

I.Postinfectious

1. Guillain-Barré syndrome (acute infectious neuritis) 2. Reye syndrome (acute encephalopathy syndrome)

3. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (Dawson disease)

4. Vogtâ??Koyanagiâ??Harada syndrome (uveitisâ??vitiligoâ??alopeciaâ??poliosis)

J.Myeloproliferative diseases

1. Histiocytosis X (lipoid granuloma)

2. Hodgkin disease

3. Leukemia

4. Multiple myeloma

5. Mycosis fungoides (Sézary syndrome)

6. Polycythemia vera

K.Paraproteinemias

1. Cryoglobulinemia

2. Macroglobulinemia