Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

vitreous ray and cells, posterior cortical cataract, perivasculitis, partial thrombosis of central retinal vein, glaucoma, peripheral retinal hemorrhages, and retinal detachment may be present.

1. Dental infection

2. Hereditary

P.557

3. *Idiopathic

4. Multiple sclerosis (disseminated sclerosis)

5. Nematodiases

6. Rheumatic disease

7. Sarcoidosis syndrome (Schaumann syndrome)

8. Sinus infection

9. Streptococcal hypersensitivity

10. Syphilis (acquired lues)

11. Toxoplasmosis

12. Ulcerative colitis (inflammatory bowel disease)

Josephberg RG, et al. A fluorescein angiographic study of patients with pars planitis and peripheral exudation (snowbanking) before and after cryopexy. Ophthalmology 1994;101:262â??266.

Phillips WB, et al. Pars planitis presenting with vitreous hemorrhage. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1993;24:630â??631.

P.558

Diagnostic table

Differential diagnosis of pars planitis

View Table

17

Optic Nerve

Blurred Optic-Nerve Heads

Ciliooptic Vein

This vein appears at the disc edge and dips into the optic nerve to anastomose with branches of the central retinal vein

1. Congenital

2. Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen syndrome)

3. Sturgeâ??Weber syndrome (meningocutaneous syndrome)

Zaret CR, et al. Cilio-optic vein associated with phakomatosis. Ophthalmology 1980;87:330â??334.Bibliographic Links

Drusen of Optic Nerve

These white or yellow conglomerate, translucent bodies in the optic nerve may cause field defects.

P.560

1. Alagille syndrome

2. Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis)

3. Angioid streaks (pseudoxanthoma elasticum; Grönbladâ??Strandberg syndrome) 4. Associated with corneal dystrophy

5. Diabetes mellitus (Willis disease)

6. Friedreich ataxia

7. Glaucoma

8. Hereditaryâ??autosomal dominant

9. High myopia

10. Idiopathic

11. Meningioma (unusual)

12. Pituitary tumor (unusual)

13. Retinal vein occlusion

14. Retinitis pigmentosa

15. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

16. Status dysraphicus syndrome (Passow syndrome)

17. Syphilis (acquired lues)

18. Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville syndrome)

19. Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

Chern S, et al. Central retinal vein occlusion associated with drusen of the optic disc. Ann Ophthalmol 1991;23:66â??69.Bibliographic Links

Newell FW. Ophthalmology: principles and concepts, 7th ed. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1991.

Nischal KK, et al. Ocular ultrasound in Alagille syndrome. Ophthalmology 1997;104:79â??85.Bibliographic Links

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Fluid Enlargement of Retrobulbar Optic Nerve or Sheath (Demonstrated by Computed Tomographic Scanning and Echography)

1. Arachnoiditis

2. Basilar artery aneurysm

3. Bilateral temporal lobe cysts

4. Central retinal vein occlusion (see p. 468â??472) 5. Facial trauma

6. Iliojejunal bypass

7. Occipital intradural arteriovenous malformation

8. Optic-nerve meningioma

9. Optic-nerve sheath cyst

10. Pseudotumor cerebri

11. Subdural hematoma

12. Trauma (intrasheath hemorrhage of optic nerve)

13. Uveal meningeal syndrome

Hupp SL, Glaser JS. Optic nerve sheath decompression. Arch Ophthalmol 1987;105:386â??389.Bibliographic Links

Hyperemia of Optic Disc

1. Central retinal vein thrombosis (see p. 468â??472) 2. Hemangioma

3. Hypermetropia

P.561

4. Hypertensive retinopathy

5. Ischemic optic neuropathy

6. Neovascularization

7. Optic neuritis (see p. 578)

8. Papilledema (see p. 593)

9. Polycythemia vera (Vaquez disease)

10. von Hippelâ??Lindau disease (retinocerebral angiomatosis)

Duke-Elder S, Scott GI. System of ophthalmology, vol 12. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1971.

Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

The anterior form is occlusive disease of the optic-nerve head and retrolaminar region of the optic nerve; the posterior form is occlusion of one or more nutrient arteries to the rest of the optic nerve. Onset is usually sudden, with painless unilateral visual loss and visual-field defect.

1. Compression

A.Orbital hemorrhage (trauma)

B.Thyroid disease (Graves disease)

2. Drugs

A.Sumatriptan

B.Vigabatrin

3. Systemic diseases (often in combination)

A.Arteriosclerosis

B.Arrhythmia

C.Atherosclerosis

D.Cerebrovascular disease

E.Diabetes mellitus

F.Gastrointestinal ulcer

G.Hypercholesterolemia

H.Hyperhomocystinemia

I.Hyperparathyroidism

J.Hypertension, nocturnal hypotension

K.Ischemic heart disease

L.Sickle cell disease

M.Takayasu disease

4. Vasculitis

A.Allergic vasculitis

B.Buerger disease

C.Churgâ??Strauss syndrome (allergic granulomatosis and angiitis)

D.Collagen diseases, including polyarteritis nodosum and systemic lupus

E.Giant cell (temporal) arteritis

F.Postimmunization

G.Postviral vasculitis

H.Syphilis

5. Miscellaneous

A.Acute anemia P.562

B.Anemia combined with hypotension

C.Carotid artery disease

D.Fabry disease (angiokeratoma corporis diffusum)

E.Hypertensive with peritoneal dialysis

F.Low tension glaucoma

G.Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

H.Migraine

I.Polycythemia vera

J.Radiation

K.Retinal artery occlusion

L.Tobacco

M.Various vascular disorders (e.g., cavernous sinus thrombosis)

Feldon SE. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy: trouble waiting to happen. Ophthalmology 1999;106:651â??653.Bibliographic Links

Jackson TL, et al. Hypotensive ischemic optic neuropathy and peritoneal dialysis. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;128:109â??110.Bibliographic Links

Moster ML. Visual loss after coronary artery bypass surgery. Surv Ophthalmol 1998;42:453â??455.Bibliographic Links

Pianka P, et al. Hyperhomocystinemia in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, central retinal artery occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 2000;107:1588â??1592.Bibliographic Links

Salomon O, et al. Analysis of prothrombotic and vascular risk factors in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Ophthalmology 1999;106:739â??742.Bibliographic Links

Linear Hemorrhage on Optic Disc

1. Diabetes mellitus

2. Drusen of optic nerve

3. Glaucoma

4. Ischemic optic neuropathy

A.Altitudinal field loss

B.Dense arcuate field loss

C.Sector-shaped field loss

5. Isolated finding

6. Leukemia

7. Systemic hypertension

Jonas JB, Xu L. Optic disk hemorrhages in glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1994;118:1â??8.Bibliographic Links

Shihab ZM, et al. The significance of disc hemorrhage in open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1982;89:211.Bibliographic Links

Neovascularization of Optic Disc (Growth of Blood Vessels onto Optic Disc)

1. Anemia

2. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)

3. Arterial insufficiency

4. Behçet disease (oculobuccogenital syndrome)

5. Buerger disease (thromboangiitis obliterans)

6. Coats disease (retinal telangiectasia)

7. Choroidal rupture

8. Diabetes mellitus

9. Drusen of optic nerve head P.563

10. Eales disease (periphlebitis)

11. Geographic helicoid peripapillary choroidopathy

12. Glaucoma, chronic uncontrolled

13. Hereditary drusen of Bruch membrane

14. von Hippelâ??Lindau disease (retinocerebral angiomatosis)

15. Hypertensive retinopathy, advanced

16. Incontinentia pigmenti achromians (hypomelanosis of Ito syndrome)

17. Infection

A.Endophthalmitis

B.Congenital rubella syndrome (Gregg syndrome)

C.Histoplasmosis

D.Toxoplasmosis

18. Intraocular inflammation A. Rheumatoid arthritis

B.Sarcoidosis syndrome (Schaumann syndrome)

C.Uveitis (unspecified)

19. Myopia, severe

20. Norrie disease (fetal iritis syndrome)

21. Pseudotumor cerebri (Symond syndrome) 22. Retinal vein occlusion (see p. 468â??472) 23. Retinitis pigmentosa

24. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

25. Sickle cell disease (Herrick syndrome)

26. Takayasu disease (aortic arch syndrome)

27. Trauma

28. Tumors

A.Benign

1. von Hippelâ??Lindau disease

2. Juxtapapillary capillary hemangioma

3. Nevus

B.Malignant

1. Choroidal melanoma

2. Leukemia

3. Lymphoma

4. Metastatic tumors

29. Vogt-Koyangi-Harada syndrome (uveitis-vitiligo-alopecia-poliosis)

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Sanislo SR, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for optic disc neovascularization secondary to chronic uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:724â??731.Bibliographic Links

To KW, et al. Bilateral optic disc neovascularization in association with retinitis pigmentosa. Can J Ophthalmol 1991;26:152â??155.Bibliographic Links

Neuroretinitis (Inflammation of Optic Nerve and Adjacent

Retina)

1. Bartonella henselae infection

2. Cat-scratch disease P.564

3. Herpes simplex

4. Idiopathic

5. Mumps (epidemic parotitis)