Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

11. Neurogenic causes

A.Infectious conditions

1. Epidemic encephalitis

2. Anterior poliomyelitis

3. Exanthemas and acute infections, such as scarlet fever, mumps, measles, influenza, typhoid fever, dengue fever, viral hepatitis, amebic dysentery, and malaria

4. Herpes zoster

5. Syphilis (lues)

6. Tuberculosis

7. Leprosy (Hansen disease)

8. Focal infections, such as from teeth or nasal sinuses

B.Toxic conditions

1. Alcohol

2. Lead

3. Arsenic

4. Carbon monoxide

5. Diphtheritic paralysis

6. Botulism

7. Extensive burn

8. Snake venom

C.Degenerative conditions

1. Congenital hereditary ophthalmoplegia

2. Progressive congenital ophthalmoplegia

3. Hereditary ataxia

4. Myotonic dystrophy (Curschmannâ??Steinert syndrome)

5. Myasthenia gravis

D.Metabolic conditions

1. Acute hemorrhagic anterior polioencephalitis of Wernicke

2. Diabetes mellitus

3. Lactation

4. Following pregnancy

E.Isolated internal ophthalmoplegia

F.Isolated failure of near reflex, such as with inverse Argyllâ??Robertson pupil

G.Lesions of parasympathetic nuclei in midbrain

1. Encephalitis

2. Pineal tumor

3. Other signs of mesencephalic disease, including multiple sclerosis, infectious polyneuropathy, and vascular lesions

4. Syphilisâ??bilateral

H.Trauma to head or neck

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1. Cerebral concussion

2. Craniocervical extension injuries

Pau FH. Differential diagnosis of eye diseases, 2nd ed. New York: Thieme Medical, 1988.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Walsh FB, Hoyt WF. Clinical neuro-ophthalmology, 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985.

1980;87:122.Bibliographic Links

Jaffe NS. The vitreous in clinical ophthalmology. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1969.

Nirankari VS, et al. Pseudo-vitreous hemorrhage: a new intraoperative complication of sodium hyaluronate. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 1981;12:503.

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Diagnostic table

Posterior vitreous detachment

View Table

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Vitreous Hemorrhage

1. Acquired lues (syphilis)

2. Arsenic toxicity

3. Ascariasis

4. Avulsed retinal vessel syndrome

5. Battered baby syndrome (Silverman syndrome)

6. Behçet syndrome (dermatostomatoophthalmic syndrome)

7. Blood diseaseâ??retinal hemorrhage breaking into vitreous

A.Anemias

1. Aplastic anemia

2. Hemolytic anemia

3. Hypochromic anemia

4. Pernicious anemia

B.Dysproteinemiasâ??macroglobulins and cryoglobulins

C.Hemophilia associated with trauma

D.Leukemias

E.Multiple myeloma (Kahler disease)

F.Polycythemia vera (Vaquez disease)

G.Thrombocytopenic purpura

8. Coats disease (retinal telangiectasia)

9. Collagen disease

A.Dermatomyositis

B.Disseminated lupus erythematosus (Kaposiâ??Libmanâ??Sacks syndrome)

C.Polyarteritis nodosa (Kussmaul disease)

D.Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis)

10. Complete posterior vitreous detachment with collapse (10%â??15% at time of event) 11. Cysticercosis

12. Dengue fever

13. Diabetes mellitus-proliferative retinopathy

14. Dislocation of intraocular lenses

15. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

16. Drusen of optic disc

17. Eales disease

18. Exudative age-related macular degeneration

19. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy

20. Ganciclovir Implant

21. Gronbladâ??Strandberg syndrome (systemic elastodystrophy)

22. Hemorrhages in the newborn

A.Hemorrhagic disease of the newborn factor VII and prothrombin deficiency

B.Persistent vessels of the hyaloid system

C.Retinal hemorrhage of newborn breaking through to vitreous cavity

23. Iatrogenic globe perforation associated with strabismus surgery

24. Indomethacin reaction

25. Influenza

26. Intraocular foreign body

27. Intraocular tumor

28. Hypertension (venous occlusive disease)

29. Juvenile retinoschisis P.425

30. *Macroaneurysm (retinal arterial)

31. Malaria

32. Malignant melanoma

33. Migration from anterior bleeding as from angle-supported, iris-supported, or posterior chamber lenses

34. *Neovascularization following vascular occlusion (primarily venous occlusive disease) 35. Neovascularization of cataract wound

36. Ocular ischemic syndrome with neovascularization of disc

37. Pars planitis

38. Persistent hyaloid artery

39. Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV)

40. *Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)

41. Purtscher disease (traumatic retinal angiopathy)

42. Retinal angiomatosis (von Hippel disease)

43. *Retinal break or tear with or without retinal detachment and avulsed retinal vessels 44. *Retinal hemorrhage, including vein occlusion and sickle retinopathy, arterial

macroaneurysm

45. Retinal tacks (intrusion)

46. Retinoblastoma

47. Retinopathy of prematurity-proliferative stage

48. Scleral buckle (intrusion)

49. Sleep apnea

50. Sickle cell disease (Herrick syndrome)â??SA, SS, or SC

51. Surgical cataract complication with lenticular fragments dislocated into vitreous 52. Terson syndrome of associated vitreous and subarachnoid hemorrhage syndrome 53. Thalassemia (Cooley anemia)

54. Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)

55. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

56. Tuberous sclerosis

57. von Hippelâ??Lindau disease (angiomatosis retinae)

58. von Willebrand syndrome

59. Trauma

60. Traumatic asphyxia

61. Tuberculosis

62. Uveitis (associated with)

63. Varicella zoster

Kokame GT. Vitreous hemorrhage after intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and pneumatic displacement of submacular hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;129:546â??547.Bibliographic Links

Kuhn F, et al. Terson syndrome. Ophthalmology 1998;105:472â??477.Bibliographic Links

Potter MJ, et al. Vitrectomy for pars planitis complicated by vitreous hemorrhage: visual outcome and long-term follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;131:514â??515.Bibliographic Links

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.