Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

C.Systemic

1. Betamethasone (Celestone)

2. Cortisone acetate

3. Dexamethasone (Decadron)

4. Hydrocortisone (Cortef, Solu-Cortef)

5. Methylprednisolone (Medrol)

6. Paramethasone (Haldrone)

7. Prednisolone

8. Prednisone (Deltasone)

9. Triamcinolone (Aristocort)

10. Idiopathic lens swelling

A.Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)

B.Sulfanilamide

C.Others

11. Intraocular injection

A.Alpha-chymotrypsin (enzyme glaucoma)

B.Urokinase

C.*Viscoelastic (Healon, others)

12. Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

13. Miotics

A.Carbachol

B.Demecarium (Humorsol)

C.Echothiophate (phospholine iodide)

D.Pilocarpine

14. Succinylcholine (Anectine)

15. Sympathomimetics

A.Ephedrine

B.Mydriatics

1. Dipivalyl epinephrine (Propine)

2. Epinephrine (many products)

3. Hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine)

4. Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)

C.Naphazoline (Naphcon)

D.Pheniramine maleate (Naphcon-A)

E.Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)

F.Tetrahydrozoline (Visine)

16. Testosterone

17. Vasodilators

A.Elevation of IOP following subconjunctival injection 1. Bamethan (Bupatol)

P.323

2. Isoxsuprine (Vasodilan)

3. Tolazoline (Priscoline)

4. Triaziquone (Trenimon)

B. Amyl nitrite (Vaporole)

18. Water (excessive intake)

May be potentiated by monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as phenelzine, pargyline, or tranylcypromine.

Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.

Grant WM. Toxicology of the eye, 4th ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1993.

Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

Primary Low-Tension Glaucoma

1. Nonglaucomatous optic nerve disorders resembling glaucomatous damage

A.Developmental abnormalities

1. Colobomas of the optic-nerve head, including optic pits 2. *Large physiologic cups

3. Tilted discs

B.Nonglaucomatous causes of acquired cupping 1. Compressive lesions

a.Aneurysm

b.Chiasmic arachnoiditis

c.Cyst

d.Tumor

2. * Ischemic optic neuropathy (especially arteritic)

C.* Nonglaucomatous causes of nerve fiber bundle defects on visual field testing 1. Chorioretinal lesions

a.Chorioretinitis

b.Retinal vascular occlusions

c.Tumors

2. Optic-nerve head lesions

a.Colobomas

b.Drusen

c.Other

3. Posterior lesion of the visual pathway

a.Meningioma

b.Pituitary tumor

c.Pseudotumor

d. Other

2. Undetected high-pressure glaucoma

A.Corneal edema giving false low measurement of IOP with applanation (e.g., Goldman or Perkins) tonometry

B.Intermittent elevation of IOP causing damage (IOP normal at time of examination)

1. Glaucomatocyclitic crisis (Posnerâ??Schlossman syndrome)

2. Intermittent angle closure

3. Others

P.324

C.Low scleral rigidity giving false low measurement of IOP with indentation (e.g., Schiötz) tonometry

D.*Prior elevation in pressure resulting in optic nerve damage

1. Burned-out open-angle glaucoma

2. Corticosteroids

3. Pigmentary glaucoma

4. Trauma

5. Uveitis

E.Wide diurnal variation (multiple measurements at different times of day required to rule-out high-pressure glaucoma)

Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.

Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

Werner EB. Low-tension glaucoma. In: Ritch R, et al. The glaucomas. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1989.

Neovascular Glaucoma

1. *Diabetic retinopathy

2. Extraocular vascular disorders

A.Aortic arch syndrome

B.*Carotid artery occlusive disease

C.Carotidâ??cavernous fistula

D.Giant cell arteritis

3. Ocular disordersâ??miscellaneous

A.Chronic glaucoma

B.Endophthalmitis

C.Iris melanoma

D.PHPV

E.Pseudophakia

F.Sympathetic ophthalmia

G.*Uveitis

4. Retinal disordersâ??miscellaneous

A.Choroidal melanoma

B.Coats exudative retinopathy

C.Eales disease

D.Metastatic carcinoma

E.Norrie disease

F.Optic nerve glioma with subsequent venous stasis retinopathy

G.Photoradiation or helium ion irradiation for uveal melanoma

H.*Retinal detachment (usually chronic)

I.Retinal vascular occlusive disorders 1. Branch retinal artery occlusion. 2. *Branch retinal vein occlusion 3. *Central retinal artery occlusion 4. *Central retinal vein occlusion

J.Retinoblastoma

K.Retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia)

P.325

L.Retinoschisis

M.Sickle cell retinopathy

N.Stickler syndrome (inherited vitreoretinal degeneration)

O.Syphilitic retinal vasculitis

Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.

Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

Hypotony

1. *Essential hypotension

2. Secondary hypotony

A.Cartilaginousâ??arthriticâ??ophthalmic deafness

B.Ciliochoroidal detachment

1. Chorioretinal inflammation

2. Ocular neoplasm

3. *Trauma, including ocular surgery

C.* Cyclitis

D.*Cyclodialysis

E.Decreased IOP from medications and chemicals 1. Alcuronium

2. Aminophylline (intravenous)

3. *Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (e.g., acetazolamide, methazolamide, ethoxzolamide)

4. Cardiac glycosides (digitoxin, digoxin, lanatoside-C, ouabain) 5. Dibenamine

6. Dihydroergotoxine (Hydergine)

7. HPMPC (cidofovir)

8. Hyperosmotics (urea, glycerin, mannitol, ascorbic acid, glycerol, ethanol, trometamol)

9. Isosorbide

10. Pargyline (Eutonyl)

11. Phentolamine (Regitine)

12. Propranolol (Inderal)

13. Thiopental (Pentothal)

F.* Deep anesthesia

G.Deep coma and severe cerebral disease

H.*Dehydrationâ??severe (e.g., cholera, dysentery, diabetic coma)

I.*Diabetic coma

J.*Glaucoma medications (beta-blockers, sympathomimetics, miotics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors)

K.Hilding syndrome

L.Horner syndrome

M.Hyperosmolarity

N.Intestinal perforation or obstruction

O.Intraocular lens mal position

P.Irradiation

Q.Morquioâ??Brailsford syndrome (MPS IV)

P.326

R.Myotonic dystrophy

S.Ocular ischemia

T.*Ocular trauma with or without visible ciliary body injury

U.*Perforating ocular trauma

V.*Phthisis

W. Postencephalitic syndrome

X.*Postoperative surgical procedures especially for glaucoma

Y.Raeder syndrome

ZZ. *Retinal detachment

*AA. Systemic hypotension-severe (circulatory collapse, medications)

BB. Uremic coma

*CC. Wound leak

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Scott RA, Pavesio C. Ocular side-effects from systemic HPMPC (Cidofovir) for a non-ocular cytomegalovirus infection. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:126â??127.Bibliographic Links

Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

Glaucoma Associated with Uveitis

1. Arthritis

2. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

3. Ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter syndrome, psoriatic arthritis

4. Fuchs heterochromic uveitis

5. Posnerâ??Schlossman syndrome (glaucomatocyclitic crisis)

6. Herpes simplex

7. Herpes zoster

8. Hansen disease

9. Rubella

10. Mumps and other viral infections

11. Gnathostomiasis

12. Traumatic uveitis

13. Phacoanaphylactic glaucoma

14. Phacolytic glaucoma

15. Pseudophakicâ??inflammatory glaucoma

16. Intermediate uveitis (pars planitis)

17. Posterior uveitis

a.Ocular toxoplasmosis

b.Acute retinal necrosis

c.AIDS

d.Other posterior uveitides

18. Panuveitis

a.Sarcoidosis

b.Behçet syndrome

c.Sympathetic ophthalmia

P.327

d.Vogtâ??Koyanagiâ??Harada syndrome

e.Congenital syphilis f. Acquired syphilis

g.Tuberculosis

h.Onchocerciasis

19. Masquerade syndromes

a.Intraocular neoplasia (uveal malignant melanoma, intraocular lymphoma, and others)

b.Retinal detachment

20. Open-angle glaucoma

21. Angle-closure glaucoma

22. Combined-mechanism glaucoma

Moorthy RS, et al. Glaucoma associated with uveitis. Surv Ophthal 1997;5:361â??394.

Glaucoma Associated with Intraocular Tumors

1. Iris

A.Nevus

B.Melanocytoma

C.Iris pigment epithelium adenoma

D.Malignant melanoma

E.Metastatic

2. Ciliary body

A.Medulloepithelioma

B.Melanocytoma

C.Malignant melanoma

D.Metastatic

3. Choroid

A.Malignant melanoma

B.Metastatic

4. Optic nerve

A.Melanocytoma

B.Metastatic

5. Retinaâ??retinoblastoma

6. Metastatic

A.Carcinoma

B.Cutaneous melanoma

C.Breast

D.Lung

E.Kidneys

F.Testicles

G.Prostate

H.Pancreas

I.Colon

J.Gastrointestinal

P.328

7. Others

A.Leukemia

B.Lymphoma

C.Phakomatoses as Sturgeâ??Weber or neurofibromatosis

D.Multiple myelomas

E.Juvenile xanthogranuloma

Shields CL, et al. Prevalence and mechanisms of secondary intraocular pressure elevation in eyes with intraocular tumors. Ophthalmolology 1987;94:839â??846.

Sullivan L, et al. The ocular manifestations of the Sturge-Weber syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29:349â??356.Bibliographic Links

10

Anterior Chamber

Hypopyon (Pus in Anterior Chamber)

1. Hypopyon ulcerâ??corneal ulcer with pus in the anterior chamber

A.Acanthamoeba

B.Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

C.Aspergillus species

D.Candida albicans

E.Chemical injury

F.Diplococcus pneumoniae

G.Escherichia coli

H.Fusariam species

I.Herpes simplex

J.Herpes zoster

K.Measles

L.Moraxella

M.Neisseria gonorrhoeae

N.Proteus vulgaris

O.*Pseudomonas aeruginosa

P.330

P.Serratia species

Q.Smallpox

R.Spitting-cobra venom

S.Staphylococcus

T.*Streptococcus

2. Severe acute iridocyclitis

3. Repeated corneal transplantation of human amniotic membrane

4. Necrosis of intraocular tumors or metastasis

5. Retained intraocular foreign bodies, including toxic lens syndrome

6. Endophthalmitisâ??at time of surgical treatment, accidental trauma, in drug users, or spontaneous occurrence (see p. 223)

A.Acanthamoebae

B.Actinomycosis

C.Amebiasis

D.Aspergillosis species

E.Bacterial including bacillus cereus

F.Behçet syndrome

G.C. albicans

H.Coccidioidomycosis

I.Coenurosis

J.Cysticercosis

K.Fusarium species

L.Hydatid cyst

M.Influenza

N.Listeria monocytogenes

O.Lockjaw (Clostridium tetani)

P.Metastatic bacterial endophthalmitis

Q.Moraxella species

R.Mucor species

S.Mycobacterium avium

T.*Pseudomonas species

U.Relapsing fever

V.Serratia marcescens

W. Saprophytic fungi

X.*Staphylococcus

Y.*Streptoccus

ZZ.Sterile hypopyon

1. Behçet syndrome (oculobuccogenital syndrome)

2. Endotoxin contamination of ultrasonic bath

3. Following cyanoacrylate sealing of a corneal perforation

4. Following refractive surgery

5. Histiocytosis X (Handâ??Schüllerâ??Christian syndrome)

6. Intraocular lens or instrument polishing compounds or sterilization techniques 7. *Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

8. Laser iridotomy

9. Leukemia

10. *Reaction to lens protein P.331

11. Rough intraocular lens edges

12. von Bechterevâ??Strumpel syndrome (rheumatoid spondylitis)

AA.Stevensâ??Johnson syndrome (dermatostomatitis)

BB.Tight contact lens or contact lens overwear syndrome

CC.Tuberculosis

DD.Weil disease (leptospirosis)

EE.Yersiniosis

7. Drugs, including the following: