Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002
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C.Distortion of anterior chamber angle from limbal or keratoplasty sutures
D.Early postoperative elevation of IOP following cataract surgery (especially in eyes with preexisting glaucoma)
E.Hemorrhage
1. Degenerated ocular blood
a.Ghost cell glaucoma
b.Hemolytic glaucoma
c.Hemosideric glaucoma
2. * Hyphema
3. Internal wound neovascularization (late postoperative hyphema)
4. Pseudophakia
a.Anterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL), including uveitis, glaucoma, hyphema (UGH) syndrome
b.Iris-fixated IOL
c.Posterior chamber IOL (usually sulcus fixation)
5. Retrobulbar hemorrhage (massive)
F.Inflammation
G.Intravitreal gas
H.Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy
I.Pseudophakic pigmentary dispersion (e.g., with posterior chamber implant)
J.Retained lens cortex
K.*Retained viscoelastic
L.Silicone oil
P.315
M.Sudden closure of cyclodialysis cleft
N.Vitreous filling anterior chamber
9. Ocular trauma
A.Chemical burns (acid, alkali, other)
B.Contusion
1. Angle recession
2. *Hyphema
3. Iritis
4. Trabecular damage
C.Radiation damage
D.Retained intraocular foreign body (iron, copper)
E.Retrobulbar hemorrhage (massive)
10. Ocular tumors
11. Retinal, vitreous, and choroidal disorders
A.*Neovascular glaucomaâ??open-angle stage (see p. 324)
B.Retinitis pigmentosa
C.Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (Schwartz syndrome)
12. Systemic, such as ocular amyloidosis
Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.
Grant WM. Toxicology of the eye, 4th ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1993.
Nelson GA, et al. Ocular amyloidosis and secondary glaucoma. Ophthalmology 106:1363â??1366.
Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
Unilateral Glaucoma
1. Corneal endothelial disorders
A.Fuchs endothelial dystrophy with angle closure due to thickened peripheral cornea
B.Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome 1. Chandler syndrome
2. Irisâ??nevus (Coganâ??Reese) syndrome
3. Progressive iris atrophy
2. Elevated episcleral venous pressure (see p. 235) 3. Lens disorders
A.Cataract
1. Lens-particle glaucoma
2. Phacoanaphylaxis
3. Phacolytic (lens protein) glaucoma
4. Phacomorphic (intumescent lens) glaucoma
B.Displacement of the lens 1. Buphthalmos
2. Cataract (mature or hypermature)
3. Exfoliation syndrome
4. Intraocular tumor
5. PHPV
6. Sturgeâ??Weber syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis)
7. Trauma
8. Uveitis
C.* Exfoliation syndrome (see p. 400)
4. Medications or chemicals P.316
A. Alpha-chymotrypsin (enzyme glaucoma)
B.Chemical burns
C.*Corticosteroids (topical or periocular)
D.Cycloplegics (angle closure or open angle)
E.Nitrous oxide inhalation with intraocular gas
F.Urokinase (intraocular)
G.Others
5. Ocular hemorrhage
6. Ocular inflammation
7. *Ocular surgery
8. Ocular trauma
9. Ocular tumors
10. Retinal, vitreous, and choroidal disorders
A.Angle closure
1. Acute choroidal hemorrhage
2. *CRVO
3. Ciliochoroidal effusion
a.Arteriovenous malformations
b.Inflammatory conditions
c.Nanophthalmos
d.Surgery
e.Trauma
f.Tumors
g. Uveal effusion syndrome
4. Hemorrhagic retinal and choroidal detachment
5. PHPV
6. *Postoperative panretinal photocoagulation
7. Postoperative scleral buckle
8. Retinal dysplasia
9. Retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia)
B.* Neovascular glaucoma (see p. 324)
1. *Diabetic retinopathy
2. Extraocular vascular disorders
a.Carotidâ??cavernous fistula
b.Carotid occlusive disease
c.Giant cell arteritis
3. Ocular disordersâ??miscellaneous
a.Chronic glaucoma
b.Endophthalmitis
c.Intraocular malignancy
d.Iris melanoma
e.PHPV
f.Photoradiation or helium ion irradiation for uveal melanoma
g.Pseudophakia
h.Sympathetic ophthalmia
i. *Uveitis (chronic)
4. Retinal disordersâ??miscellaneous
a.Coats disease P.317
b.Eales disease
c.Optic-nerve glioma with venous stasis
d.Retinal detachment (usually chronic) e. Retinal vascular occlusive disorders
1. Retinal artery occlusion central or branch
2. *Retinal vein occlusion central or branch
f.Retinoblastoma
g.Retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia)
h.Retinoschisis
i.Sickle cell retinopathy
C. Open-angle glaucoma associated with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (Schwartz syndrome)
Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.
Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.
Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.
Glaucoma Associated with Displaced Lens
1. Alport syndrome
2. Aniridia
3. Axenfeldâ??Rieger syndrome
4. Buphthalmos
5. *Cataract (mature or hypermature)
6. Cornea plana
7. Crouzon disease (craniofacial dysostosis)
8. Ectopia lentis et pupillae
9. Ehlersâ??Danlos syndrome
10. *Exfoliation syndrome (see p. 400) 11. High myopia
12. Homocystinuria
13. Hyperlysinemia
14. Intraocular tumor
15. Isolated microspherophakia
16. Klinefelter syndrome
17. Lowe (oculocerebrorenal) syndrome
18. *Marfan syndrome
19. Megalocornea
20. Oculodental syndrome
21. Refsum syndrome
22. Retinitis pigmentosa
23. Scleroderma
24. Simple ectopia lentis
25. Stickler syndrome
26. Sturgeâ??Weber syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis)
27. Sulfite oxidase deficiency
28. Syphilis
29. *Trauma
30. Treacherâ??Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis)
31. Uveitis P.318
32. Weillâ??Marchesani syndrome
Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.
Epstein DL. Chandler and Grant's glaucoma, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1986.
Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.
Glaucoma and Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure
1. Arteriovenous fistulas
A.Carotidâ??cavernous sinus fistulas
1. Spontaneous
2. Traumatic
B.Orbitalâ??meningeal shunts
C.Orbital varices
D.*Sturgeâ??Weber syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis)
2. Idiopathic elevation of episcleral venous pressure
A.*Familial
B.Sporadic
3. Venous obstruction
A.Cavernous sinus thrombosis
B.*Congestive heart failure
C.Episcleral
1. Chemical burns (acid, alkali, and others)
2. Radiation
D.Jugular venous obstruction
E.Ocular amyloidosis
F.Orbital
1. *Dysthyroid
2. Orbital vein thrombosis
3. Phlebitis
4. Pseudotumor
5. Retrobulbar tumor
G.Pulmonary venous obstruction
H.Superior vena cava (superior mediastinal) syndrome
Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.
Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.
Weinreb RN, et al. Glaucoma secondary to elevated episcleral venous pressure. In: Ritch R, et al. The glaucomas. St. Louis: CV Mosby, 1989.
Glaucoma Associated with Shallow Anterior Chamber
1. *Primary-angle closure
A.Plateau iris syndrome
B.*Relative pupillary block (most common)
2. Secondary-angle closure
A.*CRVO (central retinal vein occlusion)
B.Choroidal hemorrhage (acute)
C.Ciliochoroidal effusion
1. AIDS
2. Arteriovenous malformations P.319
3. *Inflammation
4. Nanophthalmos
5. Trauma
6. Tumor
7. Uveal effusion syndrome
D.Cystinosis
E.Drug-induced acute transitory myopia (diuretics, sulfonamides, and others)
F.Elevated episcleral venous pressure associated with arteriovenous fistula
G.Fuchs endothelial dystrophyâ??with peripheral corneal thickening
H.Hemorrhagic retinal and choroidal detachment
I.Hyperglycemia (acute)
J.Inflammation
1. Episcleritis
2. Iridocyclitis with posterior synechiae and iris bombe
3. Posterior scleritis
K.Intraocular tumor (posterior segment melanoma, metastatic carcinoma, retinoblastoma, medulloepithelioma, and others)
L.Lens dislocation (see p. 401â??404)
M.Luetic interstitial keratitis
N.Malignant (ciliary block) glaucoma
O.Maroteauxâ??Lamy syndrome (MPS VI)
P.Multiple cysts of the iris and ciliary body
Q.Nanophthalmos
R.Pars plana vitrectomy
S.PHPV
T.*Phakic or aphakic pupillary block
U.Phakomorphic (intumescent lens) glaucoma
V.Postoperative panretinal photocoagulation
W. Postoperative scleral buckle
X.Pupil dilatation, including topical dilatation and systemic decongestants, bronchodilators, gastroenterologic and genitourinary disorders.
Y.Retinal dysplasia
ZZ. Retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia)
Fraunfelder FT, Roy FH. Current ocular therapy, 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2000.
Mungan N, et al. Ultrasound biomicroscopy of the eye in cystinosis. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:1329â??1333.Bibliographic Links
Rho DS. Acute angle-closure glaucoma after albuterol nebulizer treatment. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:123â??124.Bibliographic Links
Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.
Glaucoma in Aphakia or Pseudophakia
1. Alpha-chymotrypsin (enzyme glaucoma)
2. Ciliary-block (malignant) glaucoma
3. *Corticosteroid induced
4. Degenerated intraocular blood
A.Ghost cell glaucoma
B.Hemolytic glaucoma
C.Hemosideric glaucoma
5. Distortion of the anterior chamber angle by limbal sutures
6. *Early postoperative pressure elevation (especially in eyes with preexisting glaucoma) P.320
7. Epithelial downgrowth
8. Fibrous proliferation
9. *Following Nd:YAG capsulotomy
10. Hyphema
A.Internal wound neovascularization (late postoperative hyphema)
B.Pseudophakia
1. Anterior chamber IOL (including the UGH syndrome)
2. Iris-fixated IOL
3. Posterior-chamber IOL (usually sulcus fixation)
11. Inflammation
12. Peripheral anterior synechiae
13. Primary open-angle glaucoma
14. Pseudophakic pigmentary dispersion
15. *Pupillary block
16. *Retained lens cortex
17. *Retained viscoelastic
18. Vitreous filling the anterior chamber
19. Vitreous hemorrhage (massive)
Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical Ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.
Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.
Tessler DR, et al. Persistently raised intraocular pressure following extracapsular cataract extraction. Br J Ophthalmol 1990;74:272â??274.Bibliographic Links
Medications and Chemicals that May Cause Elevated Intraocular Pressure
1. Anesthetic agents
A.Ketamine
B.Nitrous oxide (inhalation, especially in eyes with retinovitreal surgery and intraocular gas)
2. Anticholinergics/parasympatholytics
A.Antidepressants
1. Amitriptyline (Elavil)
2. Imipramine (Tofranil)
3. Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
4. Protriptyline (Vivactil)
5. Trimipramine (Surmontil)
B.Antihistamines
1. Anazolene (Vasocon-A)
2. Brompheniramine (Dimetane)
3. Cyclizine (Marezine)
4. Cyproheptadine (Periactin)
5. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
6. Orphenadrine (Norgesic)
7. Tripelennamine (Pyribenzamine)
C.Antiparkinson medications
1. Biperiden (Akineton)
2. Cycrimine (Pagitane)
3. Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride (Artane)
P.321
D.Antispasmodic agents
1. Dicyclomine (Bentyl)
2. Diphemanil methylsulfate (Prantal)
3. Hexocyclium methylsulfate (Tral)
4. Hyoscyamine (Donnatal, Donnagel)
5. Mepenzolate (Cantil)
6. Methscopolamine bromide (Pamine)
7. Oxyphenonium bromide (Antrenyl)
8. Propantheline bromide (Pro-Banthine)
9. Tridihexethyl chloride (Pathilon)
E.* Cycloplegics 1. Atropine
2. Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
3. Homatropine
4. Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
5. Scopolamine (Hyoscine)
F.Miscellaneous
1. Atropine (systemic)
2. Glycopyrrolate (Robinul)
G.Phenothiazine
1. Doxepin (Sinequan)
2. Haloperidol (Haldol)
3. Prochlorperazine (Compazine)
4. Promethazine (Phenergan)
5. Triflupromazine (Vesprin)
H.Poisoning
1. Belladonna
2. Jimson weed
3. Argemone oil (epidemic dropsy)
4. Caffeine
5. Carbon dioxide inhalation
6. Carmustine injection
7. Chemical burns
A.Acid
1. Chromic acid
2. Hydrochloric (muriatic) acid
3. Sulfuric (battery) acid
B.Alkali
1. Ammonium hydroxide (ammonia)
2. Calcium hydroxide (lime)
3. Sodium hydroxide (lye)
C.Dibent [b.f][l,4] oxazepine (CR tear gas)
D.Formaldehyde gas (in aqueous solution formalin)
8. CNS stimulants/anorexics
A.Dextroamphetamine
B.Methamphetamine
C.Phenmetrazine (Preludin)
D.Phentermine (Ionamin)
9. *Corticosteroids P.322
A.*Ocular (topical)
1. Dexamethasone (Decadron, Maxidex)
2. Fluorometholone (FML, Flarex)
3. Prednisolone acetate (Pred Forte)
4. Prednisolone sodium phosphate (Inflamase)
B.* Subconjunctival depot injection
1. Methylprednisolone acetate
2. Triamcinolone