Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

B.High myopia

C.Keratoglobus

D.Marfan syndrome

E.Megalocornea

F.van der Hoeve syndrome (osteogenesis imperfecta)

5. *Photophobiaâ??anterior uveitis (many causes)

Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

Teekhasaenee C, Ritch R. Iridocorneal endothelial syndrome in Thai patients. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:187â??192.Bibliographic Links

Syndromes and Diseases Associated with Glaucoma

1. Ocular disease

A.Corneal endothelial disorders 1. Fuchs endothelial dystrophy

2. Iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome

a.Chandler syndrome

b.Coganâ??Reese (irisâ??nevus) syndrome

c.Progressive iris atrophy

3. Posterior polymorphous dystrophy

B.Developmental glaucoma with associated ocular anomalies 1. Aniridia

2. Axenfeldâ??Rieger syndrome

3. Congenital ectropion uveae

4. Congenital iris hypoplasia

5. Megalocornea

6. Microcornea

7. Peters anomaly

8. Sclerocornea

C.Elevated episcleral venous pressure (see p. 235)

D.Iris disorders 1. Iridoschisis

2. *Pigmentary glaucoma

E.Lens disorders 1. Cataract

a.Lens-particle glaucoma

b.Phacoanaphylaxis

c.Phacolytic (lens protein) glaucoma

d.Phacomorphic (intumescent lens) glaucoma

2. Dislocation of the lens

3. *Exfoliation syndrome

F.Medications or chemicals 1. Corticosteroids

2. Others

G.Myopia

H.Ocular hemorrhage

1. Degenerated ocular blood

a.Ghost cell glaucoma P.308

b.Hemolytic glaucoma

c.Hemosideric glaucoma

2. *(2) Hyphema

a.Blunt trauma

b.Intraocular surgery

1. Intraoperative

2. Postoperative

c.Penetrating trauma

d.Spontaneous

1. Anterior segment neovascularization

2. Intraocular tumor

3. Pupillary vascular tufts

(3)Orbital hemorrhage (massive)

(4)Vitreous hemorrhage (massive)

I.Ocular inflammation

1. Choroiditis and retinitis

a.Cytomegalic inclusion retinitis

b.Sympathetic ophthalmia

c.Toxocariasis

d.Vogtâ??Koyanagiâ??Harada syndrome

2. Episcleritis

3. *Iridocyclitis

a.Acute anterior iridocyclitis

b.Ankylosing spondylitis

c.Behçet disease

d.Fuchs heterochromic cyclitis

e.Glaucomatocyclitic crisis (Posnerâ??Schlossman syndrome)

f.Infectious diseases

1. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

2. Congenital rubella

3. Disseminated meningococcemia

4. Hansen disease (leprosy)

5. Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

6. Onchocerciasis (also keratitis)

7. Syphilis

g.Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

h.Pars planitis

i.Precipitates on the trabecular meshwork (Grant syndrome)

j.Reiter syndrome

k.Sarcoid

l.Trauma

(4)Keratitis

a.Adenovirus type 10

b.Herpes simplex

c.Herpes zoster

d.Interstitial keratitis

(5)Scleritis

*J. Ocular surgery

1. Aphakia or pseudophakia (see p. 405) P.309

2. Corticosteroid induced

3. Cyclodialysis cleft (sudden closure)

4. Epithelial downgrowth

5. Malignant (ciliary block) glaucoma

6. Penetrating keratoplasty

a.Distortion of angle structures

b.Graft rejection

7. Vitreoretinal procedures

a.Intravitreal gas

b.Pars plana vitrectomy

c.Retinal photocoagulation

d.Scleral buckling surgery e. Silicone oil

Ocular trauma

1. Chemical burns (acid, alkali, and others)

2. Contusion injuries

a.Angle recession

b.Hyphema

c.Iritis

d.Lens damage or dislocation e. Trabecular damage

3. Penetrating injuries

a.Epithelial downgrowth

b.Hyphema

c.Lens damage or dislocation

d.Peripheral anterior synechiae

4. Radiation damage

5. Retained intraocular foreign body (iron, copper)

6. Retrobulbar hemorrhage (massive) Ocular tumors

1. Benign tumors of the anterior uvea

a.Adenomas

b.Cysts (primary versus secondary)

c.Iris nevi

d.Leiomyomas

e.Melanocytomas

f.Melanoses

2. Histiocytosis X

3. Leukemias

4. Lymphomas

5. Metastatic tumors

a.Carcinomas (most commonly, breast carcinoma in females and lung carcinoma in males)

b.Melanomas

6. Multiple myeloma

7. Ocular tumors of childhood

a.Juvenile xanthogranuloma

b.Medulloepithelioma (diktyoma)

c.Retinoblastoma

Retinal, vitreous, and choroidal disorders

1. Angle closure

a.Acute choroidal hemorrhage

b.Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO)

c.Ciliochoroidal effusion

1. AIDS

2. Arteriovenous malformations

3. Inflammatory conditions

4. Nanophthalmos

5. Surgery

6. Trauma

7. Tumors

8. Uveal effusion syndrome

d.Hemorrhagic retinal and choroidal detachment

e.Iris retraction syndrome with retinal detachment (Campbell)

f.Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV)

g.Postoperative panretinal photocoagulation

h.Postoperative scleral buckle

i.Retinal dysplasia

j.Retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia)

*(2) Neovascular glaucoma (see p. 324)

(3)Retinitis pigmentosa

(4)Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (Schwartz syndrome)

2. Systemic disorders

A.AIDS

B.Angioneurotic edema (giant urticaria)

C.Ankylosing spondylitis (Marieâ??Strümpell disease)

D.Aortic arch syndrome

E.Behçet disease

F.Carotid artery occlusive disease

G.Carotidâ??cavernous fistula

H.Cavernous sinus thrombosis

I.Crouzon disease (craniofacial dysostosis)

J.Cushing disease

K.Developmental glaucoma as part of a syndrome

1. Bingâ??Neel [macroglobulinemia and central nervous system (CNS)] syndrome 2. Chondrodystrophy, joint dislocation, glaucoma, and mental retardation

3. Chromosomal abnormalities

a.Chromosome partial deletion (long-arm) syndrome

b.Pericentric inversion of chromosome II

c.Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)

d.Trisomy 16â??18 (Edward syndrome)

e.Trisomy F (17â??18)

f.Trisomy 13â??15 (Patau syndrome)

P.311

g.Turner syndrome (XO, gonadal dysgenesis)

h.9p syndrome

4. Cockayne syndrome

5. Congenital rubella syndrome

6. Cretinism (juvenile hypothyroidism)

7. Cystinosis

8. Dentalâ??ocularâ??cutaneous syndrome

9. Diamondâ??Blackfan syndrome

10. Ehlersâ??Danlos syndrome

11. Familial histiocytic dermatoarthritis syndrome

12. Fetal alcohol syndrome

13. Gorlinâ??Goltz (multiple basal cell nevi) syndrome

14. Hallermannâ??Streiff syndrome (oculomandibulofacial dyscephaly)

15. Homocystinuria

16. Kartagener syndrome (sinusitis-bronchiectasis-situs inversus) 17. Kimmelstielâ??Wilson syndrome

18. Klinefelter syndrome

19. Klippelâ??Trenaunayâ??Weber syndrome

20. Krabbe syndrome

21. Krause syndrome (congenital encephaloophthalmic dysplasia)

22. Lowe (oculocerebrorenal) syndrome

23. Marfan syndrome (arachnodactyly dystrophia mesodermalis congenita)

24. Meyerâ??Schwickerathâ??Weyers syndrome (oculodentodigital dysplasia)

25. Miller (Wilms aniridia) syndrome

26. MPS

a.Hurler syndrome (MPS IH)

b.Maroteauxâ??Lamy syndrome (MPS VI)

c.Morquio syndrome (MPS IV)

27. Nieden (telangiectasiaâ??cataract) syndrome

28. Pierre Robin syndrome (micrognathia-glossoptosis) syndrome

29. Praderâ??Willi syndrome (hypotonia, hypogonadism, obesity, and mental retardation)

30. Rubella syndrome

31. Rubinsteinâ??Taybi (broad thumb) syndrome

32. Silverman (battered-child) syndrome

33. Stickler syndrome (hereditary progressive arthroophthalmopathy)

34. Treacherâ??Collins syndrome

35. Ullrich syndrome (dyscraniopygophalangy)

36. Waardenburg syndrome

37. Wagner syndrome

38. Weberâ??Christian disease

39. Weilâ??Marchesani syndrome

40. X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) syndrome

41. Zellweger (cerebrohepatorenal) syndrome

L.*L. Diabetes

M.Epidemic dropsy (argemone oil poisoning)

N.Giant cell arteritis

O.*Graves disease

P.Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (nephropathia epidemica)

P.312

Q.*Herpes simplex

R.*Herpes zoster

S.Histiocytosis X

T.JRA

U.Juvenile xanthogranuloma

V.Leukemia

W. Lymphoma

X.Medications or chemicals

Y.Metastatic carcinoma

ZZ.Metastatic melanoma

AA.Multiple myeloma

BB.Phakomatoses

1. Nevus of Ota (oculodermal melanocytosis)

2. Sturgeâ??Weber syndrome (encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis)

3. von Hippelâ??Lindau disease

4. von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis

CC.Reiter syndrome

DD.Retinoblastoma

EE.Retrobulbar tumors

FF.Sarcoidosis

GG.Sickling disorders

HH.Superior vena cava (superior mediastinal) syndrome

II.Syphilis

JJ.Systemic corticosteroids

KK.Vogtâ??Koyanagiâ??Harada syndrome

Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.

Evans LS. Increased intraocular pressure in severely burned patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;111:56â??58.Bibliographic Links

Grant WM. Toxicology of the eye, 4th ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1993.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

Glaucoma Suspect, Adult

1. Advanced age

2. *Applanation reading 21 mm Hg or greater 3. Asymmetric intraocular pressures (IOPs) 4. Black race

5. Contusion-angle deformity glaucoma in the fellow eye 6. *Diabetes mellitus

7. Diurnal fluctuation in IOP of 10 mm Hg or greater 8. Endothelial dystrophy of the cornea

9. *Exfoliative syndrome (see p. 400) 10. Family history of glaucoma

11. *Hemorrhage at optic disc margin

12. High myopia

13. IOP elevation following use of corticosteroids

14. Krukenberg spindle or dense trabecular pigment band

15. *Prominent cupping of optic disc

A.Asymmetry of cup-to-disc ratio P.313

B.Cup-to-disc ratio 0.4

C.Cupping-to-disc margin

D.Vertical elongation of cup

16. Retinal detachment (see p. 487)

17. *Retinal vein occlusion (see p. 468â??472)

18. Schiötz scale reading 4.0/5.5 or 6.25/7.5 or less 19. Thyrotropic exophthalmos

20. *Visual field changes suggestive of glaucoma

Duane TD, Jaeger EA. Clinical ophthalmology. New York: Harper & Row, 1994.

Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma, 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

Elevated Intraocular Pressure Measurement with Normal-Appearing Optic Disc

1. Acromegaly

2. Anesthesia

A.Ketamine

B.Nitrous oxide with intravitreal gas

C.Succinylcholine

3. *Blepharospasm

4. Caffeine intake

5. Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

6. *Dysthyroid ophthalmopathy

7. Elevation in hemoglobin concentration

8. Excessive water intake

9. High scleral rigidity and indentation (e.g., Schiötz) tonometry 10. Horizontal gaze position

11. Hyperthermia

12. Hyperthyroid

13. Marked emotional stress

14. Mechanical factors in checking IOP (e.g., by patient's hair interfering with applanation tonometer arm)

15. Medications or chemicals

A.*Corticosteroids

B.Cycloplegics

C.Others

16. *Normal variation (ocular hypertension)

17. *Preglaucoma (IOP sufficiently elevated to cause damage to the optic nerve, but damage is not yet visible ophthalmoscopically)

18. Reduced gravity

19. Tight collar, short neck, obesity

20. Tobacco smoking

21. *Tonometer in need of calibration

22. Valsalva maneuver

23. Voluntary widening of palpebral fissure

Grant WM. Toxicology of the eye, 4th ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas, 1993.

Munoz M, Capo H. Differential intraocular pressure in restrictive strabismus. Am J Ophthalmol 1991;112:352â??353.Bibliographic Links

Shields MB. Textbook of glaucoma. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1992.

P.314

Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma

1. Corneal endothelial disorders

A.Fuchs endothelial dystrophy

B.Posterior polymorphous dystrophy

2. Elevated episcleral venous pressure (see p. 235) 3. Iris disorders

A.Iridoschisis

B.*Pigmentary glaucoma

4. Lens disorders

A.Cataract

1. Lens particle glaucoma

2. Phacoanaphylaxis

3. Phacolytic (lens protein) glaucoma

B.Displaced lens (see p. 317â??318)

C.*Exfoliation syndrome

5. Medications or chemicals

A.*Corticosteroids

B.Cycloplegic effect

C.Others

6. Ocular hemorrhage

7. Ocular inflammation

8. Ocular surgery

A.Alpha-chymotrypsin (enzyme glaucoma)

B.*Corticosteroid induced