Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

10. Detachment of the ciliary body, planned or inadvertent 11. Hyperosmotic agents, such as mannitol or urea

12. Iritis or iridocyclitis

13. After central retinal vein occlusion

2. Gross midline facial defects (median cleft face syndrome) 3. Dyscraniopygophalangea

4. Goldenhar syndrome (oculoauriculovertebral syndrome)

5. Goltz syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome)

6. Hallermannâ??Streiff syndrome (dyscephalic mandibulo-oculofacial syndrome)

7. Hypervitaminosis A

8. Idiopathic

9. Klinefelter syndrome (gynecomastia-aspermatogenesis)

10. Lanzieri syndrome (craniofacial malformations)

11. Leri syndrome (carpal tunnel syndrome)

12. Meckel syndrome (dysencephalia splanchnocystica syndrome)

13. Oculovertebral dysplasia (Weyersâ??Thier syndrome)

14. Otocephaly

15. Trisomy 13â??15

16. Sex-linked or recessive hereditary

17. Waardenburg anophthalmia syndrome (anophthalmos with limb anomalies)â??recessive

Graham CA, et al. X-linked clinical anophthalmos: localization of the gene to Xq27-Xq28.

Ophthal Paediatrics Genetics 1991;12:43â??48.

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Oculodigital Stimulation

The patient presses on the globe through the lids with the index finger or hand; the patient has poor visual acuity.

1. Bilateral congenital cataracts

2. Combined retinal detachment and congenital cataract

3. Congenital glaucoma

4. Congenital rubella syndrome (German measles)

5. Leber amaurosis congenita or other congenital retinal degeneration (Leber tapetoretinal dystrophy syndrome)

6. Norrie disease (fetal iritis syndrome)

7. Total corneal leukoma

Franklin AH. Norrie's disease. Am J Ophthalmol 1971;72:947â??948.

Roy FH. Ocular autostimulation. Am J Ophthalmol 1967;63:1776â??1777.Bibliographic Links

Anterior Segment Ischemia

This condition involves hypoxia with involvement of the cornea, iris, anterior chamber, lens, and ciliary body.

1. Damage to normal intact anterior vessels

A.Pressure

1. Scleral buckle

2. Suture (Jensen procedure)

B.Thermal

1. Cryotherapy

2. Diathermy

2. Disinsertion of normal vessels (Hummelsheim or Knapp procedure) 3. Fuchs syndrome (I) (heterochromic cyclitis syndrome)

4. Hematologic abnormality P.230

A.Extreme leukocytosis

B.Extreme thrombocytosis

C.Hyperglobulinemia

D.Red blood cell dysfunction including sickle cell trait

1. Hemoglobinopathy

2. Polycythemia vera (Vaquezâ??Osler syndrome)

5. Vessel wall abnormality (arteriosclerosis)

A.Arteriosclerosis

B.Giant cell arteritis

Birt CM, et al. Anterior segment ischemia in giant cell arteritis. Can J Ophthalmol 1994;29:93â??94.Bibliographic Links

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Saunder RA, et al. Anterior segment ischemia after strabismus surgery. Surv Ophthalmol Lasers 1995;38:456â??466.

7

Sclera

Blue Sclera

Blue sclera is characterized by localized or generalized blue coloration of sclera because of thinness and loss of water content, which allow underlying dark choroid to be seen.

1. Associated with high urine excretion

A.Folling syndrome (phenylketonuria)

B.Hypophosphatasia (phosphoethanolaminuria)

C.Lowe syndrome (oculocerebrorenal syndrome; chondroitin-4-sulfate-uria)

2. Associated with skeletal disorders

A.Brachmannâ??de Lange syndrome

B.Brittle cornea syndrome (blue sclera syndrome)â??recessive

C.Crouzon disease (craniofacial dysostosis)

D.Hallermannâ??Streiff syndrome (dyscephalia mandibulooculofacial syndrome)

E.*Marfan syndrome (dystrophia mesodermalis congenita)

F.Marshallâ??Smith syndrome

G.McCuneâ??Albright syndrome (fibrosus dysplasia)

H.Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (Maroteauxâ??Lamy syndrome)

I.Osteogenesis imperfecta (van der Hoeve syndrome)

J.Paget syndrome (osteitis deformans)

K.Pierre Robin syndrome (micrognathiaâ??glossoptosis syndrome)

L.Robert syndrome

M.Silverâ??Russell syndrome

N.Werner syndrome (progeria of adults)

3. Chromosome disorders

A.Trisomy syndrome

B.Turner syndrome

4. Ocular

A.*Congenital glaucoma

B.Myopia

P.232

C.*Repeated surgeries

D.Scleromalacia (perforans)

E.Staphyloma

F.Trauma

P.235

Dilated Episcleral Vessels

1. Carotidâ??cavernous fistula

2. Cavernous sinus thrombosis (Foix syndrome)

3. *Chronic respiratory diseases

4. *Glaucoma, untreated

5. Increased viscosity of circulating blood

A.Leukemia (early)

B.Polycythemia vera (erythema, Vaquezâ??Osler syndrome)

6. Occlusion of orbital veins of the apex of the orbit

A.Endocrine exophthalmos of rapid development

B.Inflammatory lesions

C.Orbital thrombophlebitis

D.Tumor (rare)

7. Ophthalmic vein thrombosis

8. Tricuspid Incompetence

9. Uveal neoplasm with localized engorgement

Boniuk M. The ocular manifestations of ophthalmic vein and aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1972;76:1519â??1534.Bibliographic Links

Minas TF, Podos SM. Familial glaucoma associated with elevated episcleral venous pressure. Arch Ophthalmol 1968;80:202â??213.Bibliographic Links

Episcleritis

Episcleritis is a benign, self-limited, nodular or diffuse disease that usually resolves spontaneously within weeks but has a tendency to recur. Inflammation of episcleral tissues causes discomfort rather than pain; it does not affect visual acuity. Even recurrent attacks do not produce scleritis. Complications are minimal and include areas of scleral transparency and localized keratitis)

1. *Idiopathic (single, short episode that does not recur)

2. Associated with the following diseases (recurrent attacks)

A.Addison syndrome (adrenal cortical insufficiency)

B.Arthritides

1. Involving small and medium-sized vessels

a.Necrotizing granulomatous arthritis; Wegener granulomatosis (Wegener syndrome)

b. Polyarteritis nodosa (Kussmaul disease)

2. Involving small, medium, and large vessels

a.Arteritis in collagen vascular diseases

i.Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS; scleroderma)

ii.Rheumatoid arthritis

iii.Rheumatic fever

C.Cogan syndrome

D.Crohn disease (granulomatous ileocolitis)

E.Goodpasture syndrome (pulmonary hemosiderosis)

F.Heerfordt disease (uveoparotid fever)

G.Inflammatory pseudotumor

H.Initial manifestation of uveal melanoma (ciliary body)

P.236

I.Myeloproliferative diseases

1. Hodgkin disease

2. T-cell leukemia

J.Paraneoplastic syndromes

1. Dermatomyositis

2. Sweet syndrome (cutaneous paraneoplastic syndrome)

K.Paraproteinemia

1. Familial Mediterranean fever

2. Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma [increased immunoglobulin G (IgG)/IgA]

L.Parryâ??Romberg syndrome (progressive hemifacial atrophy)

M.Relapsing polychondritis

N.Skin diseases

1. Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE)

2. Erythema elevatum diutinum

3. Lichen planus

4. PSS; scleroderma

5. Psoriasis

6. Reiter syndrome (polyarteritis enterica)

7. Wiskottâ??Aldrich syndrome

O.Terrien marginal corneal disease

P.Ulcerative colitis (regional enteritis)

Q.Weberâ??Christian disease (systemic panniculitis)

R.Pseudoepiscleritis (lesions resembling episcleritis)

1. Conjunctivitis

2. In-growing lash

3. *Inflamed pinguecula

4. Punctate keratitis

5. Sclerosing keratitis

6. Wegener granulomatosis

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.

Kampik A, et al. Ocular ochronosis. Arch Ophthalmol 1980;98:1411.

Shields JA, et al. Uveal pseudomelanoma due to post-traumatic pigmentary migration. Arch Ophthalmol 1973;89:519â??522.Bibliographic Links