Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

paresis of horizontal conjugate gaze, nystagmus, ataxia, and Korsakoff psychosis

2. Intracranial

A.Carotid artery aneurysm (foramen lacerum syndrome)

B.Cerebellopontine angle tumor, such as acoustic neuroma, producing unilateral deafness, facial paralysis, diplopia, and papilledema

C.Chickenpox

D.Coccidioidomycosis

E.Congenital absence of sixth nerve

F.Cushing syndrome (II) (angle tumor syndrome)

G.Dandyâ??Walker syndrome (atresia of the foramen Magendie)

H.Diphtheria

I.Gradenigo syndromeâ??osteitis of petrous tip of pyramid following homolateral mastoid or middle ear infection; facial pain (fifth nerve involvement)

J.Greig syndrome (ocular hypertelorism syndrome)

K.Hydrophobia (rabies)

L.Hydrocephalus (decreased intracranial pressure)

P.162

P.163

P.164

P.165

P.166

M.Increased intracranial pressure

N.Malaria

O.Massive pituitary adenoma

P.Measles

Q.Meningitis

R.Möbius syndrome (congenital paralysis of sixth and seventh nerves)

S.Neuritis because of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, herpes zoster, poliomyelitis, lead or arsenic poisoning, multiple sclerosis, syphilis, brucellosis

T.Ophthalmoplegic migraine syndrome

U.Osteosarcoma

V.Passow syndrome (status dysraphicus syndrome)

W. Pseudotumor cerebri (Symonds syndrome)

X.Raymond syndrome (pontine syndrome)

Y.Relapsing polychondritis

ZZ.Skeletal dysplasia (mental retardation, abducens palsy)â??x-linked AA. Skull fracturesâ??usually crush injury

BB.Spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery

CC.Subdural hematoma

Trichinellosis

Tumor extension as chordoma

Vascular lesions, because of congenital aneurysm, arteriovenous fistulas, diabetes, hypertension

Water-soluble contrast myelography

3. Lesions affecting exit of sixth nerve from cranial cavity

A.Cavernous sinus syndrome (Foix syndrome)

B.Le Fort I maxillary osteotomy

C.Optic nerve sheath fenestration

D.Orbital apex lesion

E.Percutaneous thermal ablation of trigeminal nerve rootlet

F.Sphenocavernous syndrome

G.Sphenopalatine fossa lesionâ??loss of tearing and paresis of second division of fifth nerve, most frequently because of malignant tumor

H.Superior orbital fissure syndrome

I.Tolosaâ??Hunt syndrome (painful ophthalmoplegia)

J.Transient in newborns

4. Other

A.Cluster headache

B.Cretinism (hypothyroid goiter)

C.Duane syndrome (retraction syndrome)

D.Engelmann syndrome (hereditary multiple diaphyseal sclerosis)

E.Following lumbar puncture, lumbar anesthesia, or Pantopaque injection for myelography

F.Kahler disease (multiple myeloma)

G.Lupus erythematosus (Kaposiâ??Libmanâ??Sacks syndrome)

H.Myasthenia gravis

I.Optic nerve sheath fenestration (rare)

J.Preeclampsia

K.Sarcoidosis

L.Secondary to immunization or viral illness

P.167

M.Toxic substances, such as arsenic, carbon tetrachloride, dichloroacetylene, Dilantin, gold salts, isoniazid, nitrofuran, thalidomide, trichloroethylene, furaltadone (Altafur), lithium

Press, 1998.

Mullaney PB, et al. Ophthalmic involvement as a presenting feature of nonorbital childhood parameningeal embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Ophthalmology

2001;108:179â??182.Bibliographic Links

Roy FH. Ocular syndromes and systemic diseases, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2002.

Rucker CW. The causes of paralysis of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves. Am J Ophthalmol 1966;61:1293.Bibliographic Links

Childhood Causes of Sixth Nerve (Abducans) Palsy

1. Trauma

2. Neoplasm

3. Undetermined

4. Viral/benign

5. Gradenigo syndrome

6. Meningitis/encephalitis

7. Pseudotumor cerebri

8. Leukemia

9. Hydrocephalus

10. Arteriovenous malformation, brain

11. Multiple sclerosis

12. Miscellaneous

Holmes JM, et al. Pediatric third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies: a population-based study. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:388â??392.Bibliographic Links

Kodsi SR, Younge BR. Acquired oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent cranial nerve palsies in pediatric patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114,5:568â??574.

Childhood Causes of Third, Fourth, and Sixth Nerve Palsy

1. Trauma

2. Neoplasm

3. Undetermined

4. Postoperative cause

5. Meningitis

6. Hydrocephalus

7. Ophthalmoplegic migraine

8. Viral infection

9. Aneurysm

10. Other

Holmes JM, et al. Pediatric third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies: a population-based study. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:388â??392.Bibliographic Links

Kodsi SR, Younge BR. Acquired oculomotor, trochlear, and abducent cranial nerve palsies in pediatric patients. Am J Ophthalmol 1992;114:568â??574.Bibliographic Links

P.168

Acute Ophthalmoplegia (Acute Onset of Extraocular Muscle

Palsy)

1. Infranuclear

A.Aneurysm of internal carotid artery or circle of Willis

B.Trauma

1. Orbital fracture

2. Orbital hematoma

C.Orbital cellulitis secondary to acute paranasal sinusitis including mucormycosis in a diabetic

D.Ophthalmoplegic migraine

E.Myasthenia gravis

F.Orbital pseudotumor

G.Orbital tumors

1. Lymphoma

2. Metastatic

3. Rhabdomyosarcoma

2. Nuclear

A.Acute and subacute infections 1. Infectious encephalitis

a. Viral encephalitis

i.Anterior poliomyelitis

ii.Encephalitis lethargica and other epidemic viral encephalitides

iii.Fisher syndrome (ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, areflexia)

iv.Rabies

v.Vaccinal encephalitis

vi.Varicella, variola, measles, mumps, influenza, infectious mononucleosis

vii.Zoster

b. Organismal encephalitic infections

i.Typhoid

i.Scarlet fever

ii.Whooping cough

iii.Gas gangrene

iv.Septicemia

v.Pneumonia

vi.Typhus

vii.Malaria

ii.Acute central nervous system diseases

i.Acute demyelinating diseasesâ??acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, acute multiple sclerosis

ii.Neuritic infections

a.Polyradiculoneuritis

b.Epidemic paralyzing vertigo

c.Acute infectious (rheumatic) polyneuritis

d.Interstitial neuritisâ??meningitis, cranial sinusitis, petrositis, nasal sinusitis, orbital periostitis, orbital abscess

iii.Widespread infections

a.Meningovascular syphilis P.169

b.Mucormycosis (diabetes, immunosuppressed, AIDS)

c.Tuberculosis

d.Torula and cryptococcosis

iv.Toxic conditions

a.Diphtheria

b.Tetanus

c.Botulism

v.Allergic conditions

a.Sarcoidosis syndrome (Schaumann syndrome)

b.Recurrent multiple cranial nerve palsies

2. Metabolic diseases

1. Deficiency diseases

a.Thiamine deficiency (Wernickeâ??Korsakoff syndrome)

b.Nicotinic acid deficiencyâ??pellagra

c.Ascorbic acid deficiencyâ??scurvy

2. Diabetes

3. Anemias

a. Primary anemiaâ??leukemia

b. Secondary anemia (loss of blood)

4. Exophthalmic ophthalmoplegia

5. Porphyria

3. Poisoning such as lead, carbon monoxide, snake poisons, wasp stings, ergot, sulfuric acid, phosphorus, triorthoceresylphosphate, and dichloroacetylene

4. Drugs, including the following: