Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Differential Diagnosis 7th edition_Roy_2002

5. Apparent paralysis of elevation of both eyes

A.Physiologic in older persons

B.Parinaud syndrome (divergence paralysis)

C.Chronic progressive external ophthalmology (CPEO)

D.Progressive supranuclear palsy

P.132

E.Myasthenia gravis

F.Midbrain lesion 1. Upgaze center

2. Bilateral third nerve palsy

3. Dorsal midbrain syndrome

G.Congenital fibrous syndrome

H.Thyroid myopathy

I.Metastatic tumor (breast cancer)

6. Paralysis of downward gaze

A.Reverse Parinaud syndrome

B.Associated with choreoathetotic syndromes

C.Parkinsonian syndromes

D.Myasthenia gravis

E.Miscellaneous

Flaherty MP, et al. Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles associated with cortical dysplasia and maldevelopment of the basal ganglia. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1313â??1322.Bibliographic Links

Keane JR. Ocular skew deviation. Arch Neurol 1975;32:185.Bibliographic Links

Metz HS. Double elevator palsy. J Ped Ophthal Strab 1981;18:31â??36.

Kushner BJ. Errors in the three-step test in the diagnosis of vertical strabismus. Ophthalmol 1989;96:127â??132.

Brown Superior Oblique Tendon Sheath Syndrome (Limitation of Elevation in Adduction that Resembles an Underaction of Inferior Oblique Muscle)

1. Congenital onset

A.Congenital Brown syndrome

B.Inelastic muscle-tendon complex

2. Anomalies of Superior Oblique Tendon fibers

3. Congenital pseudoâ??Brown Syndromeâ??anomalous inferior orbital adhesions

4. Posterior orbital bonds

5. Acquired onset

A.Acquired Brown syndrome

B.Peritrochlear scarring and adhesions

C.Chronic sinusitis

6. Traumaâ??superior temporal orbit

7. Blepharoplasty and fat removal

8. Lichen sclerosis at astrophicus and morpheae

9. Tendonâ??trochlear inflammation and edema

10. Idiopathic inflammatory (pain and click)

11. Trochlearitis with superior oblique myositis

12. Acute sinusitis

13. Adult rheumatoid arthritis

14. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

15. Systemic lupus erythematosus

16. Possibly distant trauma (CPR [cardiopulmonary resusitation] and long-bone fractures) 17. Possibly postpartum hormonal change

18. Superior nasal orbital mass

19. Glaucoma implant

20. Neoplasm P.133

21. Tight or inelastic superior oblique muscles

22. Thyroid disease (inelastic muscles)

23. Peribulbar anesthesia (inelastic tendon)

24. Hurler Scheie syndrome (inelastic tendon)

25. Superior oblique tuck (short tendon)

26. Idiopathic

27. Acquired pseudo-Brown syndrome

28. Orbital fracture

29. Retinal band around inferior oblique muscle

30. Inferior temporal adhesion

31. Following double plate Molteno implantation

Dobler-Dixon AA, et al. Prospective evaluation of extraocular motility following double-plate molteno implantation. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:1155â??1160.Bibliographic Links

Kaban JT, et al. Natural history of presumed congenital Brown's syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111:102.

Wang FM, et al. Brown's syndrome in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Ophthalmology 1984;91:23â??26.Bibliographic Links

Wilson ME, et al. Brown's syndrome. Surv Ophthal 1989;34:153.

Duane Syndrome

Congenital ocular motility disorder is characterized by limited abduction or limited adduction. The palpebral fissure narrows on attempted adduction.

1. Type 1 characteristics

a.A or V phenomena

b.Defective abduction

c.Palpebral fissure narrowing on adduction

d.Retraction of the globe

e. Updrift or downdrift of the affected eye on adduction or attempted abduction

2. Type 2 characteristics

a.Abduction appears to be normal or only slightly limited

b.Distinct narrowing of the palpebral fissure and retraction of the globe on attempted adduction.

c.Limitation or complete palsy of adduction with exotropia of the paretic eye.

3. Type 3 characteristics

a.Limitation or absence of both abduction and adduction of the affected eye

b.Globe retraction and narrowing of the palpebral fissure on attempted adduction

Duane A. Congenital deficiency of abduction associated with impairment of adduction, retraction movements, contraction of the palpebral fissure, and oblique movements of the eye. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114:1255â??1256.Bibliographic Links

Duane TD, et al. Pseudo-Duane's retraction syndrome. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1977;74:122â??132.Full TextBibliographic Links

Oculomotor Apraxia

Oculomotor apraxia is defined as defective or absent horizontal voluntary eye movements and includes head thrusting to look at objects to the side.

1. Ataxiaâ??telangiectasia syndrome P.134

2. Brain tumor

A.Astrocytoma

B.Lipoma

Cyclic, Recurrent, Repetitive, Episodic Disorders of

Extraocular Muscles

1. Cyclic strabismus

A.Associated with frontoorbital fibrous dysplasia

B.Associated with Graves disease

C.Associated with optic atrophy

D.Cyclic superior oblique palsy

E.Cyclic third nerve palsy

F.Esotropia, vertical

1. Comitant

2. Noncomitant

2. Cyclic vertical deviation

3. Diabetic nerve palsies

4. Myasthenia gravis P.135

5. Oculogyric crisis (see p. 152)

6. Periodic alternating gaze deviation

7. Periodic alternating nystagmus

8. Periodic vertical nystagmus

A.Associated with potassium abnormality

B.Familial

9. Petit mal epilepsy

A.Exotropia

B.Upward deviation

10. Ping-pong gaze

11. Recurrent sixth nerve paralysis in children (see p. 169) 12. Spasmus nutans

13. Twitch of lids (orbicularis)

Hamed L. Cyclic periodic disorders in diagnostic problems in clinical ophthalmology. Margo CL, ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1994.

Hoyt WF, Keane JR. Superior oblique myokymia. Arch Ophthalmol 1970;84:461â??467.Bibliographic Links

Windsor CE, Berg EF. Circadian heterotropia. Am J Ophthalmol 1969;67:565â??571.Bibliographic Links

Syndromes and Diseases Associated with Strabismus

1. Esotropia syndrome

2. Exotropia syndrome

3. Aarskog syndrome (facialâ??digitalâ??genital syndrome)

4. Aberfeld syndrome (congenital blepharophimosis associated with generalized myopathy) 5. Achondroplasia

6. Addison pernicious anemia

7. African eyeworm disease

8. Albinism

9. Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (pseudohypoparathyroidism)

10. Amyloidosis

11. Apert syndrome (acrocephalosyndactylism syndrome)

12. Arnoldâ??Chiari syndrome (platybasia syndrome)

13. Arylsulfatase A deficiency syndrome

14. Aspergillosis

15. Axenfeldâ??Schurenberg syndrome (cyclic oculomotor paralysis)

16. Bacterial endocarditis

17. Bang disease (brucellosis)

18. Behçet syndrome (oculobuccogenital syndrome)

19. Benedikt syndrome (tegmental syndrome)

20. Best disease (vitelliform dystrophy)

21. Bielschowskyâ??Lutzâ??Cogan syndrome (internuclear ophthalmoplegia)

22. Bingâ??Neel syndrome (associated with macroglobulinemia and central nervous system symptoms)

23. Blochâ??Sulzberger disease (incontinentia pigmenti)

24. Blocked nystagmus syndrome (nystagmus blockage syndrome)

25. Bonnetâ??Dechaumeâ??Blanc syndrome (neuroretinoangiomatosis syndrome)

26. Bonnevieâ??Ullrich syndrome (pterygolymphangiectasia)

27. Botulism P.136

28. Brownâ??Marie syndrome (hereditary ataxia syndrome) 29. Canine tooth syndrome (class VII superior oblique palsy) 30. Cerebral palsy

31. Chediakâ??Higashi syndrome (anomalous leukocytic inclusions with constitutional stigmata)

32. Chromosome partial deletion (short-arm) syndrome (Wolf syndrome)

33. Chromosome 13q partial deletion (long-arm) syndrome (thirteen Q syndrome) 34. Chromosome partial deletion (long-arm) syndrome (DeGrouchy syndrome) 35. Chromosome partial (short-arm) partial deletion syndrome

36. Congenital syphilis

37. Convergence insufficiency syndrome

38. Craniocarpotarsal dysplasia (Freemanâ??Sheldon syndrome; whistling face syndrome)

55. Drummond syndrome (idiopathic hypercalcemia)

56. Duane syndrome (retraction syndrome)

57. Ectrodactylyâ??ectodermal dysplasia clefting syndrome (EEC syndrome)

58. Ehlersâ??Danlos disease (fibrodysplasia elastica generalisata)

59. Electrical injury

60. Ellisâ??van Creveld syndrome (chondroectodermal dysplasia)

61. Encephalitis, acute

62. Engelmann syndrome (osteopathia hyperostotica scleroticans multiplex infantalis)

63. Epidermal nevus syndrome (ichthyosis hystrix) P.137

64. Erbâ??Goldflam disease

65. Fetal alcohol syndrome

66. Fibrosarcoma

67. François dyscephalic syndrome

68. Gaucher syndrome (glucocerebroside storage disease)

69. Gangliosidosis

A.Infantile (GM1)

B.Juvenile (GM2)

70. Goltz syndrome (focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome)

71. Gorlinâ??Goltz syndrome (multiple basal cell nevi syndrome)

72. Greig syndrome (ocular hypertelorism syndrome)

73. Grönbladâ??Strandberg syndrome (systemic elastodystrophy)

74. Hemangiomas

75. Hemifacial hyperplasia with strabismus (Bencze syndromeâ??autosomal dominant)

76. Hemifacial microsomia (otomandibular dysostosis)

77. Homocystinuria

78. Hurler disease (mucopolysaccharidoses type I)

79. Hutchinson syndrome (adrenal cortex neuroblastoma with orbital metastasis) 80. Hydrocephalus, congenital

81. Hydrophobia (rabies)

82. Hyperthyroidism

83. Hypocalcemia

84. Hypomelanosis of Ito syndrome (incontinentia pigmenti achromians)

85. Hypothermal injury

86. Hysteria

87. Infectious mononucleosis

88. Influenza

89. Jacobs syndrome (triple X syndrome)

90. Johnson syndrome (adherence syndrome)

91. Klippelâ??Feil syndrome (congenital brevicollis)

92. Koerberâ??Salusâ??Elschnig syndrome (nystagmus retractorius syndrome)

93. Kohnâ??Romano syndrome (telecanthus, ptosis, epicanthus inversus, blepharophimosis)

94. Krause syndrome (congenital encephaloophthalmic dysplasia)

95. Kugelbergâ??Welander syndrome (progressive muscle atrophy)

96. Kussmaul disease (necrotizing angiitis)

97. Larsen syndrome (hypertelorism, microtia, and facial clefting)

98. Laurenceâ??Moonâ??Bardetâ??Biedl syndrome (retinitis pigmentosa-polydactyly-adiposogenital syndrome)

99. Leigh disease (subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy)

100. Leukemia

101. Linear nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn

102. Lowe syndrome (oculocerebrorenal syndrome)

103. Lymphangioma

104. Lymphedema

105. Lymphoid hyperplasia (Burkitt lymphoma)

106. Malaria

107. Malignant hyperpyrexia syndrome

108. Malignant hyperthermia syndrome

109. Maple syrup urine disease P.138

110. Marcus Gunn syndrome (jaw-winking syndrome)

111. Marfan syndrome (arachnodactylyâ??dystrophia mesodermalis congenita)

112. Measles

113. Melnickâ??Needles syndrome (osteodysplasty)

114. Mieten syndrome (corneal opacity, nystagmus, flexion contracture, growth failure) 115. Millard-Gubler syndrome (abducensâ??facial hemiplegia alternans)

116. Möbius syndrome (congenital paralysis of sixth or seventh nerves) 117. Monofixation syndrome (blind-spot syndrome)

118. Morning glory syndrome (hereditary central glial anomaly of the optic disk) 119. Mucocele

120. Mucormycosis

121. Mulibrey nanism syndrome (Perheentupa syndrome)

122. Multiple lentigines syndrome (leopard syndrome)

123. Multiple sclerosis

124. Mumps

125. Myasthenia gravis (Erbâ??Goldflam syndrome)

126. Naegeli syndrome (melanophoric nevus syndrome)

127. Nematode ophthalmia syndrome (toxocariasis)

128. Neonatal hemolytic disease of hyperbilirubinemia

129. Neuroblastoma

130. Nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn

131. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

132. Nielsen syndrome (exhaustive psychosis syndrome)

133. Noonan syndrome (male Turner syndrome)

134. Nooneâ??Milroyâ??Meige disease (congenital trophedema)

135. Nothnagel syndrome (ophthalmoplegia cerebellar ataxia syndrome)

136. Nystagmus compensation syndrome

137. Obesityâ??cerebrolocularâ??skeletal anomalies syndrome

138. Ocular vaccinia

139. Oculocerebellar tegmental syndrome

140. Oculoâ??otoâ??ororenoerythropoietic syndrome

141. Ophthalmoplegic retinal degeneration syndrome

142. Orbital floor syndrome (Dejean syndrome)

143. Paget syndrome (osteitis deformans)

144. Pallisterâ??Killian syndrome

145. Papillonâ??Léage and Psaume syndrome (orodigital facial syndrome) 146. Parkinson syndrome

147. Parryâ??Romberg disease (progressive facial hemiatrophy)

148. Periocular and ocular metastatic tumors

149. Pertussis (whooping cough)

150. Pierre Robin syndrome (micrognathiaâ??glossoptosis syndrome)

151. Polymyalgia rheumatica

152. Postvaccinial ocular syndrome

153. Pseudoophthalmoplegia syndrome (Rothâ??Bielschowsky syndrome)

154. Praderâ??Willi syndrome (hypotoniaâ??obesity syndrome)

155. Pseudohypoparathyroidism (Seabrightâ??Bantam syndrome)

156. Reiter syndrome (conjunctivourethrosynovial syndrome)

157. Relapsing fever P.139

158. Retinoblastoma

159. Ring chromosome 18

160. Ring D chromosome

161. Ring dermoid syndrome

162. Rocky Mountain spotted fever

163. Rubella, congenital

164. Rubinsteinâ??Taybi syndrome (broad-thumb syndrome)

165. Sabinâ??Feldman syndrome

166. Sandifer syndrome (hiatus hernia-torticollis syndrome)

167. Schilder syndrome (encephalitis periaxialis diffusa)

168. Seckel bird-headed dwarfism

169. Skew deviation syndrome

170. Smallpox

171. Smithâ??Lemliâ??Opitz syndrome (cerebrohepatorenal syndrome)

172. Spongy degeneration of the white matter

173. Streptococcus

174. Superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome (Brown syndrome)

175. Supravalvular aortic stenosis syndrome (infantile hypercalcemia with mental retardation) 176. Tayâ??Sachs syndrome (familial amaurotic idiocy)

177. Temporal arteritis syndrome (cranial arteritis syndrome)

178. Terson syndrome (subarachnoid hemorrhage syndrome)

179. Thomsen syndrome (congenital myotonia syndrome)

180. Trichinosis

Fraunfelder FT, Fraunfelder FW. Drug-induced ocular side effects. Woburn, MA: