Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Blood Flow and Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy_Mozaffarieh, Flammer_2009

Index

ABC transport proteins 56 acetylcholine 49 achromatic sensitivity 30

adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 56 adrenergic agonists 81

aging glutathione 73

normal tension glaucoma 39 primary open-angle glaucoma 38

AIDS 40, 66

AION see anterior ischemic optic neuropathy Alzheimer’s disease 89

aminoguanidine 84 anaesthetics 49, 51 angiography 18

angle closure glaucoma 35

anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) 40, 64, 65

anthocyanins 94 antioxidants 6, 72, 89, 93 apoptosis 12, 13, 75

arterial hypotension 39, 40–1 arteriosclerosis 3

arthritis 66 astrocytes 71, 75, 81 atherosclerosis 35, 40

ATP see adenosine triphosphate ATP-independent heat production 57 autoimmune diseases 3 autoregulation 41–2, 69, 75, 77

BBB see blood–brain barrier berries 94

bilberries 82, 94 bland atrophy 41, 64 β-blockers 56, 79, 81

blood–brain barrier (BBB) 48

blood flow eye 45–53

optic nerve head 48, 64 regulation 45, 46, 55 velocity 15, 19

blood pressure (BP) 2, 40–1, 42

primary vascular dysregulation 57, 59, 60, 75

see also hypertension; orthostatic hypotension

blood–retinal barrier 19 blueberries 95

body mass index 57 BP see blood pressure bradykinin 49, 51

cacao beans 87, 88

CAIs see carbonic anhydrase inhibitors calcium 48

calcium channel blockers (CCBs) 25, 56, 82, 83, 85–6

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) 81, 85, 86

cardiac output 41, 45, 46 carotid stenosis 40 cataracts 79

catechin 90

CCBs see calcium channel blockers cellular stress 11–13

central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) 65, 68 cGMP see cyclic guanine monophosphate cholinergic agonists 81

choroid, blood flow 47–8 chromatic sensitivity 30 circadian fluctuation 36 coenzyme Q10 95, 96 coffee 82, 90, 92

102 • INDEX

cold provocation 57

color Doppler imaging 20, 21, 22 comet assay 14–15, 71 congenital glaucoma 35, 36 contrast sensitivity 30

corneal thickness, primary open-angle glaucoma 38

coronary heart disease 92

CSC see central serous chorioretinopathy cup/disc ratio 39

cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) 49, 51

cytokines 73

diabetes 35, 39

diabetic autonomic neuropathy 63 differential light sensitivity (DLS) 22 dipyrimadole 83, 86, 87

disc haemorrhages 30, 31, 34, 39, 78 DLS see differential light sensitivity DNA 13

comet assay 14–15 glaucoma 71

Doppler effect 18–19, 20 dorzolamide 85

drugs 48

intraocular pressure 79, 81, 82 drug sensitivity 56, 58 dyslipidemia 35

dysplasis 13

dysregulation see vascular dysregulation

EDVFs see endothelial-derived vasoactive factors

EGFR see epidermal growth factor receptor electromagnetism 8

electron transport chain (ETC) 9 endosymbiosis 9

endothelial-derived vasoactive factors

(EDVFs) 45, 48, 50

endothelial nitric oxide synthase see nitric oxide synthase

endothelin-1 48, 51, 52, 53, 60 glaucoma 71

inhibition 83

endothelin (ET) 3, 40, 49–50 secondary vascular dysregulation 66

enzymes 48 epicatechin 90

epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 81–2 epigallocatechin 90

ET see endothelin

ETC see electron transport chain evolution 8–9

excitotoxicity 74 exercise 45

fibrin 36 fish 82

FLA see fluorescence angiography flavan-3-ols 87

flavonoids 89 fludrocortisone 80, 84

fluorescence angiography (FLA) 16–18, 31 flux 20

free radicals 5, 10, 87

French paradox 92 fundus photograph 32

gender 39, 61

giant cell arteritis 40, 70 ginkgo biloba 80, 82, 89–90, 91 glaucocorticoids 84

glaucoma

cellular stress 11 epidemiology 28 intraocular pressure 2 ocular blood flow 3 oxidative stress 71–4 prevalence 29

risk factors 35 symptoms 28, 30

glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) 2, 7, 27–34

atherosclerosis 40 blood pressure 40–1, 42

Flammer 77, 80 intraocular pressure 80 migraine 62

oxidative stress 87 pathogenesis 75–8 reperfusion injury 70–1 risk factors 36–8

vascular dysregulation 43, 61–3 glial cells 3, 47

activation 31, 33, 78 glutamate 73, 74 glutathione (GSH) 72

GON see glaucomatous optic neuropathy green tea 90

GSH see glutathione

haemorrhages 30, 31, 34, 39, 62, 78 handgrip test 25, 63

heat shock proteins (HSPs) 97–8

Heidelberg RetinalTomograph 31 hemorrhages 30, 31, 34, 39, 62, 78 high tension glaucoma (HTG) 31, 62 hormones 45, 48, 50, 53

HSPs see heat shock proteins HTG see high tension glaucoma hydrogen peroxide 11 hypertension 2, 35

hypotension see orthostatic hypotension hypothalamus 60

hypoxia 11

indoleamines 95 inflammation 52, 55

intraocular pressure (IOP) 1, 35–8 glaucomatous optic neuropathy 80 reduction 79–80, 81, 82 reperfusion injury 69, 75

risk factors 35, 36

IOP see intraocular pressure ischemia 34, 35, 69

juvenile glaucoma 35

kidneys 59

laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) 20, 21 laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) 19 laser scan imaging 31

LDF see laser Doppler flowmeter LDV see laser Doppler velocimetry lens luxation 35

light 6–7

lipid peroxidation 72 local anaesthetics 49, 51 lycopene 93–4

macular degeneration 30 magnesium 80, 82, 86

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 28 malonylaialdehyde (MDA) 72

matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) 71, 78, 97

MCP see 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione MDA see malonylaialdehyde

mechanical stress

epidermal growth factor receptor 81 primary vascular dysregulation 60, 85

melatonin 82, 95, 96, 97 metalloproteinases 72 metamorphopsia 30

INDEX • 103

metaplasia 13 3-methyl-1,2-cyclopentanedione (MCP) 92 microaneurysma 17

migraine 2, 43

glaucomatous optic neuropathy 62 primary vascular dysregulation 56, 61 vasospasm 62

mineralcorticoid 82 minute volume 45 mitochondria 70, 90

MMP-9 see matrix metalloproteinase-9

MRI see magnetic resonance imaging

Müller cells 73

multiple sclerosis 40, 52, 53, 60, 66 myopia 39

nailfold capillaromicroscopy 22, 23, 26, 57 necrosis 12

nerve fiber layer loss 31, 32 neural cells 47 neuroretinal rim 30 neurotransmitters 73 nifedipine 86

nimodipine 86

nitric oxide (NO) 47, 48–9, 50, 51, 73, 75 nitric oxide synthase (NOS) 48, 81

cacao beans 87 inhibition 83–4

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors 73–4

NO see nitric oxide nocturnal dips 40

normal tension glaucoma (NTG) 16, 31, 36, 59

risk factors 39, 61, 78

NOS see nitric oxide synthase NTG see normal tension glaucoma

occlusions 16

OCT see optical coherence tomography octopus perimeter 24

ocular hypertension (OHT) 37, 38 ocular perfusion 1, 77

ocular pulse amplitude (OPA) 22 OHT see ocular hypertension omega-3-fatty acids 82, 87, 88 ONH see optic nerve head

OPA see ocular pulse amplitude

optical coherence tomography (OCT) 31, 32 optic disc hemorrhage 30, 31, 34, 39

optic nerve 28, 31

optic nerve excavation 30, 31

104 • INDEX

optic nerve head (ONH) 2, 15, 47 bland atrophy 41

blood flow 48, 64 cupping 75 hemorrhages 62

organ transplantation 69

orthostatic hypotension 40, 59, 70, 78, 84 oxidation 5

oxidative stress 3, 6, 13, 87–97 comet assay 14–15 glaucoma 71–4

glaucomatous optic neuropathy 73 mitochondria 90

reperfusion injury 70, 75 oxygen 5, 7–9

activation 10–11 energy levels 12, 45 reperfusion injury 69

pain killers 58

perfusion pressure (PP) 2 pericytes 45, 49, 66 perimetry 22, 24

peripapillary atrophy 30, 31, 33, 39 peripheral claudication 89 peroxynitrate 75, 76, 92 personality 58

PGI2 see prostacyclin photons 6 photosensibilisation 12 photosynthesis 8

pigmentary dispertion glaucoma 35, 36 platelet aggregation 45

POAG see primary open-angle glaucoma polyarthritis 40

polyphenols 89, 90

PP see perfusion pressure preconditioning 13, 69, 70

primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) 35–6, 38, 69

primary vascular dysregulation (PVD) 2, 22,

55–68, 78 autoregulation 75, 85 blood pressure 50, 57, 59 emotional stress 60

eye circulation 63–4

glaucomatous optic neuropathy 61–3 mechanical stress 60

mechanisms 56–7 migraine 61 reperfusion injury 70 skin perfusion 58

symptoms 57–8 temperature 59 thirst 57, 60, 61

primary vasospastic syndrome see vasospasm

pro-oxidants 5, 13 prostacyclin (PGI2) 48 prostaglandin analogues 81 proteasomes 13, 71, 73 protein damage 72 provocation tests 25, 26

pseudoexfoliation glaucoma 35, 36

PVD see primary vascular dysregulation

quinones 94–5

radiation 11

reactive oxygen species (ROS) 3, 5, 15, 71 redox reaction 5–6

reperfusion injury 69–74, 75, 87 respiration 8

resveratrol 93 retina 31, 45–7

glial cell activation 33 glutamate 73

primary vascular dysregulation 63 retinal arterial branch occlusion 65, 66 retinal vein occlusion (RVO) 64

retinal vessel analyzer 18, 20

ROS see reactive oxygen species rubeosis 35

RVO see retinal vein occlusion

salt 80, 82

secondary vascular dysregulation (SVD) 66 serotonin 53

shifted light 19

shock-like states 70, 78, 84 Shy–Drager syndrome 63 silent myocardial ischemia 63

single cell gel electrophoresis 14 skin perfusion, primary vascular

dysregulation 58 sleep apnea 70, 78 sleep onset time 58, 59

smooth muscle cells 49, 66 sodium reabsorption 2, 59 splinter hemorrhages 62 stereo photography 31, 32

stress, primary vascular dysregulation 60, 85 Susac syndrome 65, 67

SVD see secondary vascular dysregulation

tea 82, 90, 91, 92 temperature 15–16

primary vascular dysregulation 59, 85 regulation 45, 48

thermography 59 thirst 57, 60, 61 tinnitus 89

TNF see tumor necrosis factor tomatoes 93–4

tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 73

ubiquinone 95 ubiquitin 72 ultrasound 15, 28 uveiitis 35

INDEX • 105

vascular dementia 89

vascular dysregulation 23, 39, 43, 55–68, 85 vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) 45 vascular tone 55

vasoconstriction 45, 53 drugs 79

vasodilation 41 vasospasm 55, 62, 86

visual field changes 22–5, 30, 37, 86 vitamins 90

VSMC see vascular smooth muscle cells

wine 82, 92–3