Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Periphery and Disorders_Dartt, Bex, Amore_2011

Leone, Giovanni Battista Carcano 126

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle (LPS) 3, 17 action of 3–4, 4f

OO interacting with 4, 4f

passive downward forces interacting with 4–5 LFU see Lacrimal function unit

Lids see Eyelids

Limbal barrier function 468

Limbal epithelium, contact lens effects on 209 Limbal plexus 150

Limbal stem cells (LSC) characteristics of 180, 181t in corneal homeostasis 182 deficiency of 181, 470 niche of 179f, 181 transplant of 139

Limbal transplantation 185 Limbus 478

vasculature of 478, 479f Lipid layer of tear film 52, 61

contact lenses and 66 meibomian glands and 52, 53t

function of 60–61, 62f models for 61, 62f proteins in 61–62, 62f

Lipids mediators 475

meibomian glands producing amount of 64 composition of 63

turnover and synthesis of 63 Lipocalin 61

lipocalin-A 357

Lipophilic ester prodrug design 305–306, 307f, 308t Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 406, 431

LK see Lamellar keratoplasty

LKC see Lacrimal keratocunjunctivitis LL-37 see Cathelicidin

Local osmosis 173–174 Long-term depression (LTD) 6–7 Long-term potentiation (LTP) 6–7 LoxP 315

see also Cre-LoxP system

LPS see Levator palpebrae superioris muscle; Lipopolysaccharide LR see Lateral rectus muscle

LSC see Limbal stem cells LTD see Long-term depression

LTK see Laser thermokeratoplasty LTP see Long-term potentiation Lubrication

of mucins 124 tear film and 51

Lumican 219

keratan sulfate modifying 224–225 Lymphangiogenesis 465, 478 Lymphocytes see T-lymphocytes Lysozyme 356

M

M line 27

Macrophages 266–267, 376 Acanthamoeba keratitis and 414

conjunctival lamina propria and 434f, 436

in corneal graft rejection efferent immune response 394 role of 373

Macular corneal dystrophy 219, 230 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 7

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 347, 370–371, 413, 431 CTL and 364

Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (MHC class II) 339, 340, 373, 379, 381

Malignant melanoma 97, 97f

MALT see Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue; Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

Manifest 201

Mannose-binding protein (MBP) 413 Mannose-induced protease 133 (MIP-133) 413 MAPK see Mitogen-activated protein kinase MAR see Minimum angle of resolution Marker gene 327

Mast cells (MCs) 421, 421t ocular allergies and 421, 421f

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) 406

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 426, 459, 470, 475 corneal epithelial wound healing and 169

in fungal keratitis 427 MMP-9 406

Maurice, David 214, 223

pump-leak hypothesis and 283, 284f MBP see Mannose-binding protein M-cells see Membranous cells

MCs see Mast cells Mechanonociceptors 159, 160f Medawar, Peter 352, 361–362

Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) 40f, 42 bilateral 41f, 43

rostral interstitial nucleus of 41f, 43 Medial rectus muscle (MR) 17, 19, 20f

adduction with 45

CNIII innervating 18–19, 19f

Medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) 40f, 43 Meek, Keith 223

Meesman’s lesions 227 Meibom, Heinrich 60

Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) 53 chronic blepharitis from 65

Meibomian glands 51, 60–61, 116, 381 acinar cells in 62–63

anatomy and histology of 62, 63f development of 63 disorders/pathology of 64

chalazion 66, 66f chronic blepharitis 65 trachoma 66

evaporation for evaluating 65 in eyelids 60, 61f

lipids produced by amount of 64 composition of 63

turnover and synthesis of 63 as modified sebaceous gland 63 orifices of 61f

squeezing of 64–65, 65f

tear film lipid layer and 52, 53t function of 60–61, 62f

transillumination of eyelids showing 64–65, 65f Melanocytes 452

Membranous cells (M-cells) 431 Membranous lacrimal passage 127, 128f Menopausal women, dry in peri-/post- 382 Meridional amblyopia 506

Mesenchyme 9, 219

MGD see Meibomian gland dysfunction MHC see Major histocompatibility complex

MHC class II see Major histocompatibility complex class II molecules Mice see Knock-out mice; Mouse lines

Microfilariae 401

Milieu exte´rior, immunoglobulin transfer to 343 dIgA 343

pIgR 343

Millinewtons per meter (mN m 1) 60 Minimum angle of resolution (MAR) 494, 495f Minute of arc 494

Miosis 487

MIP-133 see Mannose-induced protease 133 Mitochondria, EOM content of 29

ATP generation of 31–32 as calcium sinks 30

capacity matched to contractile function of 31 differences of 30

electron transport chain and 30–31 energy supply matched to demand in 32

Mitogen 290

HCEC and age-related decrease in sensitivity to 293 Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) 84, 406

adrenergic agonists signal transduction and 88f, 89 p38MAPK 323

protein secretion in lacrimal gland and activation of 86f, 87 signal transduction and 86f, 87

VIP 88

Mitomycin C (MMC) 256, 268–269 MLC see Myosin light chain

MLF see Medial longitudinal fasciculus MMC see Mitomycin C

MMP-9 see Matrix metalloproteinase-9 MMPs see Matrix metalloproteinases mN m 1 see Millinewtons per meter Modulation-transfer function (MTF) 193

computing/measuring 196–197 pre-/post LASIK 197f

Mooren’s ulcer 185

LK for peripheral corneal ulcers and 191, 192f Morphogenesis 9

EOM

development of 13f, 14–15, 15f

gene expression patterns in 15–16, 16f muscle 14

trapezius muscle 14

Motility assessment see Ocular motility assessment Motor proteins 68, 71

Mouse keratocan gene (Kera) 318 Mouse lines

see also Knock-out mice

corneal epithelium-specific 319, 319f, 320f, 321f, 322f corneal stroma-specific 317t, 318

Pax6OS-rtTA 321

MPSs see Multipurpose solutions MR see Medial rectus muscle

MRI see Magnetic resonance imaging MS see Multiple sclerosis

MTF see Modulation-transfer function Mucin deficiency, on ocular surface 113

allergies and 114 OCP 114

Sjo¨gren syndrome 114 vitamin A deficiency 114

Mucin layer of tear film 55 Mucin secretagogues 388 Mucins 108, 116

antimicrobial activity of 124 architecture of 116, 117f, 118f, 119f biosynthesis of 119

classifications of 118

conjunctival goblet cells synthesizing/secreting, control of 110, 112, 113f

contact lens wear and 124 dry eye and 125

EGF and secretion of 113 function of 121

gel formation of 122, 122f, 123f glycosylation and 120 immune protection of 124

individual variation of 121, 121f, 122f lubrication of 124

mucus gel and 116 physical/chemical barriers of 123 secreted 118, 120f

control of 121 surface-associated 118, 119f synthetic pathways of 119 turnover of 119, 120

degradation for 121 recycling for 120

Mucopolysaccharidosis 334

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 340, 438 of nasolacrimal ducts 130–131

Mucosal immune system 413 Acanthamoeba keratitis and 416, 416t

autoantigen secretion to corneal stroma 344 effector sites of 341

niches of 341, 342f Fc Rn and 345 IgG1 and 345

immunoglobulin transfer to milieu exte´rior in 343 inductive site organization in 340, 340f infection tolerance/response of 342f, 345 physiology of 339

reproductive hormones influencing tissues of 79 Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) 69 Mucus gel 116

Mu¨ller’s muscle 3 action of 3–4, 4f anatomy of 91, 92f

Multiple sclerosis (MS) 42–43

Multipurpose solutions (MPSs) 207, 210–211, 426 contact lens care products and 211

Munnerlyn formula 193 Muscarinic receptors 83 Muscle spindles 33

in EOM 34, 35

occurrence, distribution, and number of 34, 34t structure of 34, 35f

MVN see Medial vestibular nucleus Myasthenia gravis 39

diplopia in CPEO compared to 41 in NMJ 40–41

Mydriasis 487 Myf5 genes 12, 13f

MyHC isoforms see Myosin heavy chain isoforms Myoblasts 9

myf5/myoD genes 12, 13f MyoD genes 12, 13f

Myoepithelial cells, in lacrimal gland 69, 83, 84f Myofibers, in EOM 21, 22f

heterogeneity of 25 types of 21–22

Myofibroblast 219, 256 reduced transparency of 267 in regeneration 258–259, 260f TGF-b and 222–223, 222t

Myogenesis head 9

regulatory networks of 14t

of paraxial mesoderm, neural crest and 11f, 15 of skeletal muscles 9

trunk, regulatory networks of 14t Myopia 201, 207, 327, 518f

classifications of 519

clinical management of 518f, 522 contact lenses for 523 correction and prevention in 522

pharmacological treatment in 524 positive additions for nearwork in 523 refractive surgery options for 523

vision therapy and biofeedback training in 523 epidemiology of 520

etiology of 520, 521f

health and economic impacts of 517 ICR for 206, 206f

natural history of 518

structural correlates, molecular/anatomical changes in 518 Myopic regression, LASIK and 203

Myosin heavy chain isoforms (MyHC isoforms) 17 in EOM 22, 23f, 24f

nonuniform expression along muscle length of 23, 24f, 25f Myosin light chain (MLC), phosphorylation of 287, 287f

corneal endothelium barrier integrity and effect of 287 Myotendinous cylinders see Palisade endings

Myotome 9

N

Na, K-ATPase see Potassium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase; Sodium-potassium-dependent ATPase

Na+ channels 176

NAD+ see Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH 27, 28

Nasolacrimal ducts 126 anatomy/dimensions of 127, 128f

comparative 127 immune mechanisms of

adaptive 130 innate 130, 130t

MALT of 130–131 sIgA in 130

tear absorption in 131, 131f tear transport through 129, 129f

Natural killer cells (NK) 126, 130

in corneal graft rejection efferent immune response 394 regulation of 370–371

NBCel see Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter Neostatin 475

Neovascularization see Corneal neovascularization Nerve impulse 158

Net flux 171

Neural crest 9, 11, 11f, 178, 219, 220–222 action of 11

development of 274f, 275f

myogenic paraxial mesoderm and 11f, 15 Neural reflex arc 84, 85f

Neurite 150 Neuromuscular contacts 37

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) 21

abnormal eye movement and disorders of 40, 40f en plaque/en grappe 21–22

myasthenia gravis at 40–41 Neuropathic pain 158 Neuropeptides 367, 368

corneal epithelium infection response of 457

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and 408, 410 apoptosis 410

SP and 408

TLRs 409

VIP and 409 Neurotendinous contacts 37 Neurotransmitters 83–84 Neurotrophic epitheliopathy 150 Neurotrophic keratitis 150 Neutrophils 266–267

Acanthamoeba keratitis and 414

conjunctival lamina propria and protective functions of 437 ocular allergies and 422

NF-kB see Nuclear factor-kappa B Niches 143, 178

LSC 179f, 181

of mucosal immune system 341, 342f Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) 27

see also NADH

Nitric oxide (NO) 88f, 89 NK see Natural killer cells NLRs see NOD-like receptors

NMJ see Neuromuscular junction NMR see Nuclear magnetic resonance NO see Nitric oxide

NO synthase (NOS) 89

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) 357, 358t Nonviral vectors 331

NOS see NO synthase

NPH see Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) 406, 452 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 75 Nucleotide agonists 121

Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (NPH) 40f, 43 Nystagmus 39

attendant 43 continuous jerk 44 function of 42t infantile 44

O

Oblique astigmatism 511, 512f

OCP see Ocular cicatrical pemphigoid OCT see Optical coherence tomography Ocular allergies

AKC 420, 420t

cellular mechanisms in 421, 421t conjunctival epithelial cells and 423, 424t conjunctival fibroblasts and 424 cytokines, chemokines in 425 eosinophils and neutrophils in 422

MCs and 421, 421f molecular mechanisms of 424

costimulatory 424 IgE 424

PAC 419, 420t SAC 419, 420t

T-lymphocytes and 422, 422f, 423f types of 420t, 423

VKC 420, 420t Ocular astigmatism

classification of 509 contact lenses for 515

image formation in 508f, 509 measurement of 513

corneal keratometric power map for 513, 514f

near work and 511 not correcting 516 origin of 507

prevalence and age-related changes in 507 spectacles for 515

surgery for 515

wave front technology for 205

Ocular cicatrical pemphigoid (OCP) 114, 185, 186 Ocular irritation 7

Ocular motility assessment 46, 47 Ocular surface 178

anatomy of 178, 179f APCs of 374, 374f carbohydrates at 124

contact lens wear’s effects on 209 alterations for 210

corneal epithelium/limbal epithelium 209 infection and 210

inflammation and 210 mechanical effects 211

damage to 185

defense mechanisms of 445f, 447 AMPs and 446f, 448 mechanical/physical 447 PRRs in 448

development of 179

dry eye chronic pain in 382 environmental impact on 384 homeostasis and repair of 179 mucin deficiency on 113

allergies and 114 OCP 114

Sjo¨gren syndrome 114 vitamin A deficiency 114

pathophysiology of 345 reconstruction of

AM and 188 history/concept of 186

sIgA at 433f, 436

tear absorption and 59 tear film and

absorption of 59 anchoring of 123, 123f

transgenic mice, GFs of morphogenesis in tissues of 321 Ocular wound healing 260, 260f

TGF-b and 260–261

Ocular-induced regulatory cells 364, 365t Oculomotor nerve (CNIII) 17

abnormal eye movements from disorders of 42 inferior rectus muscle innervated by 18–19, 19f MR innervated by 18–19, 19f

SR innervated by 18–19 Omnipause neurons 3

reflex blinking blocked by 6 Onchocerciasis (river blindness) 401, 402f

Wolbachia in pathogenesis of 402, 403f OO see Orbicularis oculi muscle Opsonization 347, 354

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) 217, 218f, 234, 237 see also Anterior segment OCT; Visante OCT

Optical zone 193 Optokinetic reflexes 39, 42t Optotype 494, 495f

Ora serrata 17

Oral mucosal epithelial cells 185 ex vivo expansion of 189

cell culture procedure for 189 clinical outcome for 190 concept of 189

indications for 190, 190f

surgical procedure and postoperative management for 190 Orbicularis oculi muscle (OO) 3

action of 3–4, 4f

LP interacting with 4, 4f Orchiectomy 74 Orthokeratology 207

contact lenses and 211 Orthotopic graft/transplant 327 Osmolarity 60

of tear film 57

Oxidative phosphorylation 27

P

PAC see Perennial allergic conjunctivitis Pachymetry 213

Palisade endings 33 in EOM

function of 37

molecular characteristics of 37, 37f occurrence, distribution, and number of 34t, 36 structure of 37, 37f

Palisades of Vogt

CESCs at 145–146, 147f

at corneal periphery 146, 148f Palmer, Lisa 519

PAMPs see Pathogen-associated molecular patterns PAMR see Peri-junctional actomyosin ring Papillas 213

Paralytic ectropion 95

Paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF) 40f, 43 Parasitic corneal ulcers 137

Parasympathetic nerves 69–70 in lacrimal gland 83–84

Paraxial mesoderm 9 head 10, 11f

neural crest and myogenic 11f, 15 skeletal muscles in 9

Paraxial optics 506 Paraxis 12

Paresis 3

Passive downward forces 3–4, 4f LP interacting with 4–5

Passive innate immune system see Innate immune system, passive Pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) 347

in active innate immune system 357, 358t in adaptive immune system 347–348 conjunctival epithelium and 433, 433f ocular surface defense mechanisms and 448

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) 347, 452 Pattern recognition receptor 444

Pax3 gene 12 Pax6 gene 318 Pax6OS-rtTA 321

PD see Potential difference

PDGF see Platelet-derived growth factor PDS see Pigment dispersion syndrome PEDF see Pigment-epithelial-derived factor PEEs see Punctate epithelial erosions

Penetrating keratoplasty (PK) 133, 185, 226, 296, 327, 470, 506 corneal nerve regeneration after 156, 157f

indications for 390

stromal disease surgical intervention with 140, 140f survival with 390

Peptidases 303–304

Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC) 114, 419, 420t see also Ocular allergies

Perforating keratoplasty 478

Peri-junctional actomyosin ring (PAMR) 283, 286–287 Peripheral corneal ulcers, LK for 191

Mooren’s ulcer 191, 192f RA and 191

Peroxynitrite 406 Persistence length 116

PET see Positron emission tomography PGs see Proteoglycans Phacoemulsification 150

Phagocytosis 164, 347, 354 Phenotype 164

Phoria 45

Phospholipase C (PLC) 84

Phospholipase D (PLD) 86 Phosphorylation, of MLC 287, 287f

corneal endothelium barrier integrity and effect of 287 Photophobia 419

Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) 133, 140–141, 201, 234, 296 fibrotic scarring from 333

history of 194 history/evolution of 202 LASEK compared to 203–204 side effects of 198

Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) 133, 226 for corneal epithelial defect 191

epithelial disease surgical intervention and 139

Pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) 213 Pigment-epithelial-derived factor (PEDF) 475 pIgR see Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor Pitx2 transcription factor 12, 14f

PK see Penetrating keratoplasty PKA see Protein kinase A PKC see Protein kinase C

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) 256, 260 PLC see Phospholipase C

PLD see Phospholipase D PLR see Pupillary light reflex

PLZF see Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein PMMA see Polymethylmethacrylate

PMN cells see Polymorphonuclear cells PNR see Pupillary near response

Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) 343, 344f acute regulation of traffic of 343

Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 207 ablation of 197–198

Polymodal nociceptors 158–159, 160f Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN cells) 164, 347

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and 407 PON see Pretectal olivary nucleus Positron emission tomography (PET) 7 Posterior amorphous dystrophy 231 Posterior blepharitis 97–98

Posterior lens capsule, in passive innate immune system 355 Posterior polymorphous dystrophy (PPMD) 213, 226

corneal endothelium and 281

Potassium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Na, K-ATPase) 279, 280–281, 280f

Potential difference (PD) 102–103

PPMD see Posterior polymorphous dystrophy PPRF see Paramedian pontine reticular formation Prechordal mesoderm, EOM origins and 10, 11f Pregnancy

estradiol and 78 progesterone and 78 prolactin and 77–78 TGF-b and 79–80

Preocular tear film 83 Presbyopia 201

Pretectal olivary nucleus (PON) 490 Preterminal axons 37

Primary eye motility disorders treatment 47 Primary gaze 46, 46f

PRK see Photorefractive keratectomy Prodrugs 303

conjunctiva’s role in topical drug delivery and 310 design of 303–304, 304f

effectiveness of 303, 313

lipophilic ester design for 305–306, 307f, 308t transporter-targeted 312

Progenitors see Eye muscle progenitors Progesterone 77

pregnancy and 78

Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) 43 Prolactin 77

lacrimal gland and 77 pregnancy and 77–78

Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) 293 Proprioception 33

EOM and 33

arguments against 33–34 Proprioceptors 33

Prosthetic keratoplasty 141 Proteases 303–304

Protein

cholinergic agonists signal transduction and secretion of 112–113

in corneal endothelium and synthesis for external transport 278, 278f EGFP 327

GFP 318, 373 homeobox 272, 274–275

lacrimal gland and secretion of 70, 72f MAPK activation in 86f, 87

in lipid layer of tear film 61–62, 62f MBP 413

motor 68, 71 rab 68, 71

membrane trafficking and 71 SNARE 68, 71

membrane trafficking and 71–72

River blindness see Onchocerciasis RK see Radial keratotomy

Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus (riMLF) 41f, 43 RPE see Retinal pigment epithelium

rtTA see Reverse tetracycline transcriptional activator RVD see Regulatory volume decrease

RVI see Regulatory volume increase

S

SAC see Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis Saccades 3, 39, 42t

blinking combined with 5–6 downward 4–5

generation of 45–46 horizontal 40f, 43

SAI see Surface asymmetry index Sarcomeric mitochondrial CK (sCK) 28–29 Satellite cells 17

in EOM 25–26, 26f Scar-reducing therapies

currently available 268, 268t emerging 269

Scars see Fibrotic scarring

SCC see Sebaceous cell carcinoma; Squamous cell carcinoma Scheimpflug imaging 133

Schele’s syndrome 219 Schlemm’s canal 272

Schnyder’s crystalline dystrophy 230 sCK see Sarcomeric mitochondrial CK Sclera, APCs of 374f, 379, 380t Sclerotic scatter 213, 214

Scott, Alan 47–48

SEALs see Superior epithelial arcuate lesions Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) 114, 419, 420t

see also Ocular allergies

Sebaceous cell carcinoma (SCC) 96–97, 97f Seborrheic blepharitis 97–98

Secreted mucins 118, 120f Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)

corneal epithelium infection and role of 455 lacrimal glands contributing 74–75 lactation and 79–80

in nasolacrimal ducts 130 at ocular surface 433f, 436 role of 357

in tear film 446

Secretory phospholipase A2 356 Self-assembled corneal equivalents 299 Sensitive period 525

for amblyopia development 526 Sensory afferents 158

Sensory receptors 158 cold-sensitive thermal 159–160 of cornea

functional properties of 158, 159f, 160f local inflammation and 160f, 161

ion channels and 159f, 161 mechanonociceptors 159, 160f polymodal nociceptors 158–159, 160f silent nociceptors 160

SEP see Subepithelial plexus Serotype 327

Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) 74 Sex hormones see Reproductive hormones Sex steroids 75

androgens 75 estradiol 77

pregnancy and 78 progesterone 77 prolactin 77

lacrimal gland and 77 pregnancy and 77–78

SHBG see Sex hormone-binding globulin Short interfering RNA (siRNA) 406 Short-circuit current 99

Siderophore 444

sIgA see Secretory immunoglobulin A

SIGIRR see Single immunoglobulin interleukin 1 receptor-related protein Signal transduction 83, 108, 158, 347

adrenergic agonists and 88 Ca2+ and PKC 88, 88f

MAPK 88f, 89 NO 88f, 89

cholinergic agonists and 112, 113f protein secretion in 112–113 lacrimal gland activation of 84, 85f

cholinergic agonist-activated 84, 86f MAPK-coupled 86f, 87

PLC-coupled 84

PLD-coupled 86 VIP and 87

adenylate cyclase 87, 87f MAPK 88

Silent nociceptors 160

Single immunoglobulin interleukin 1 receptor-related protein (SIGIRR) 406 siRNA see Short interfering RNA

Sjo¨gren syndrome 114 Skeletal muscles

fiber types of, in EOM 22 myogenesis of 9

in paraxial mesoderm 9 Sleep 493

Slit-lamp biomicroscopy 213

SLRP see Small leucine-rich proteoglycan Small leucine-rich proteoglycan (SLRP) 224 Smooth pursuit 39, 42t

SNARE protein 68, 71

membrane trafficking and 71–72 Snellen chart 494–495, 495f, 496, 510f, 525 SO see Superior oblique muscle

Sodium bicarbonate cotransporter (NBCel) 285, 285f Sodium-potassium-dependent ATPase (Na, K-ATPase) 74 SOM see Somatostatin

Somatostatin (SOM) 368 in aqueous humor 370

Somite cells 11 Sonoporation 327 SP see Substance P

Spatial frequency 500, 501, 502f, 503f, 504f Specular microscopy 214, 215f

Spherical aberration 197, 198f

Split scanning confocal microscope (SSCM) 234 Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 96, 96f Squamous epithelium 178

SR see Superior rectus muscle SRI see Surface regularity index

SSCM see Split scanning confocal microscope Staphylococcal blepharitis 97–98

Stem cells 272

see also Corneal epithelial stem cells; Limbal stem cells conjunctiva 182

cornea endothelium 183 corneal stroma 183, 223 properties of 180

Stensen, Niels 126 Stevens-Johnson syndrome 185, 186 Stokes lens 506

Strabismus 17, 39, 45, 91, 525, 529 botulinum toxin A in surgery for 47–48 treatment for 47

Streilein, J. Wayne 362

Striated muscles see Skeletal muscles Stroma see Corneal stroma

Stromal deturgescence 173 Stromal disease 137

degenerations of 137 dystrophies of 137, 137t infection of 137, 137f surgical intervention for 140

anterior lamellar keratoplasty 140 corneal biopsy 140

corneal laceration repair 140 PK 140, 140f

prosthetic keratoplasty 141 refractive surgery 140, 141f

Stromal fibrosis 222–223, 222t Stromal plexus 151

Stromal puncture 140 Subapical actin cytoskeleton 71 Subbasal nerve plexus 152, 153f

Subepithelial disease 136 EBM dystrophy 136 subepithelial infiltrates 136

Subepithelial infiltrates 136 Subepithelial plexus (SEP) 151 Subluxation 213

Substance P (SP) 407

corneal epithelium infection response of 456 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis 408

IFNproduction and 408 Superficial keratectomy 185

Superior epithelial arcuate lesions (SEALs) 207, 211 Superior oblique muscle (SO) 17, 19

anatomy of 19–20, 20f

Superior rectus muscle (SR) 17–18, 18f, 19, 20f CNIII innervating 18–19

Surface asymmetry index (SAI) 57 Surface regularity index (SRI) 57 Surface-associated mucins 118, 119f Sutural fibers 220

Symblepharon 185 Sympathetic nerves 69

in lacrimal gland 83–84

Sympathetic nervous system, ACAID and 362, 363f

T

T cell receptors (TCRs) 347–348, 348–349 T cells 396

activation of 348, 349f

adaptive immune system and antigen presentation to 348, 349f aqueous humor and 367–368

CD4+ 381, 385

differentiation and effector function of 350, 351f eye immune responses of 352, 352t

helper 459 in HSK 397

in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis 408 regulatory 396

T helper response 406

T regulatory cells (Tregs) 361 in ACAID 363

Tandem repeats 116

Tandem scanning confocal microscope (TSCM) 234 CTMF on 236

Tarsal plate 60 Tarsorrhaphy 140

Task-evoked pupillary responses (TEPRs) 492 TBUT see Tear breakup time

TCRs see T cell receptors

Tear breakup time (TBUT) 60–61

Tear drainage see Efferent tear ducts; Lacrimal passages; Nasolacrimal ducts Tear ducts see Efferent tear ducts; Lacrimal passages; Nasolacrimal ducts Tear film 51

aqueous layer of 53 distribution of 55 blinking and 55 drainage of 58, 58f

evaporation from 53, 53f hyperosmolarity 57–58 layers of 109–110

lipid layer of 52, 61 contact lenses and 66

meibomian glands and 52, 53t meibomian glands function in 60–61, 62f models for 61, 62f

protein in 61–62, 62f lubrication and 51

mechanical washing effect of 433 mucin layer of 55

ocular surface and absorption of 59 anchoring of 123, 123f

osmolarity 57

particle movement of 57

in passive innate immune system 354, 356f preocular 83

production of 54, 55f

protein concentration in 54, 54t, 70 sIgA in 446

stability of 55

fluorescein sodium for measuring 55–56, 56f, 57f structure and thickness of 51, 52f videokeratoscopy for assessing 57

Tear fluid

cornea and conjunctiva connected through 460, 461f inflammation and 463

inflammation and 460

as diagnostic indicator 462 Tear transport

in canaliculi 128

in nasolacrimal ducts and lacrimal sac 129, 129f Tear turnover (TTR) 54, 55, 55f

Tears

defense mechanisms of 444, 445f, 446f, 447f drainage of 58, 58f, 127t

evaporation and breakup of 124 nasolacrimal duct absorption of 131, 131f ocular surface absorption of 59 secretion of 109–110, 383, 383f, 384

Temporal contrast-sensitivity function 501f, 503, 504f, 505f

Temporal frequency 500 Tendinous annulus 17, 18f Tenon’s capsule 17

TEPRs see Task-evoked pupillary responses TER see Transendothelial electrical resistance Testosterone, estradiol and 77

Tet-ON system 315, 325 see also Cre-LoxP system

Tetracyclines

for dry eye 389 operator element 315

TFF see Trefoil factor family

TGFa see Transforming growth factor-alpha TGF-b see Transforming growth factor-beta TH see Tyrosine hydroxylase

Th1 cytokine 459 Th2 cytokine 459 Thiel-Behnke 227

Thin film interferometer 57 Thygeson’s punctate keratitis 136 Thymosin-b4 457

Thyroid ophthalmopathy 40

Tight junctions (TJs) 167, 167t, 283, 290 barrier integrity and 286–287 breakdown of 456

of corneal endothelium 283, 284f TJs see Tight junctions

TLRs see Toll-like receptors T-lymphocytes

in conjunctival lamina propria 434f, 435 corneal graft rejection and

afferent immune response 393 efferent immune response 393 ocular allergies and 422, 422f, 423f

TNF-a see Tumor necrosis factor Tolerance 432

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 357, 376, 401, 426 activation of 449f

corneal epithelium infection and response of 453 distribution of 448, 449f

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and 409

Wolbachia and 402, 404f, 405f TLR2/TLR6 403

Topical drug delivery 303 see also Prodrugs conjunctiva’s role in 308

prodrug strategy in 310

transconjunctival pathway in 310, 311f, 312f, 312t cornea’s role in 305, 305f, 307f, 308t, 309f subconjunctival 313

Trabecular beam 272 Trabeculectomy 150 Trachoma 66 Transcription factor

corneal endothelium and role of 274, 277f Lbx1 12

pitx2 12, 14f Transcytosis 68, 71

Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) 283

Transepithelial resistance 99

of conjunctiva, determining 103 Transepithelial voltage 99

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-a) 324, 325f

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-b) 74, 77, 220, 256, 290, 339, 341, 361 autoinduction of 259–260

in CEC aqueous humor 293

corneal epithelial wound healing and signaling pathways of 263, 323 in embryonic development 323

fibrotic scarring and regeneration mediated by 257–258, 258–259, 258t immunosuppression and 368

myofibroblasts and 222–223, 222t ocular wound healing and 260–261 pregnancy and 79–80

Transgenesis development of 315 of mice

corneal-epithelium-specific promoter for 318 GFs in ocular surface tissue morphogenesis in 321 keratocyte-specific promoter for 317 ocular-surface tissue-specific drive lines of 318

ocular-surface tissue-specific promoter identification in 317 Pax6 gene for 318

strategies for 317 process of 315

Trans-Golgi network 68, 70–71 Transient amplifying cell 272

Transient receptor potential protein 171 Transillumination of eyelids 64–65, 65f Transporter protein 303, 312

Trapezius muscle morphogenesis 14 Trefoil factor family (TFF) 130 Tregs see T regulatory cells Trichiasis 91

eyelids and 95 Trigeminal ganglia 396

HSV-1 in 397 Trigeminal nerve 6–7

Tritiated thymidine-labeling 452 Trochlear nerve (CNIV) 17, 18–19

abnormal eye movements from disorders of 42 Trophic substances 150, 452

Trophozoites 413

for Acanthamoeba keratitis 417 Tropia 45

Trunk myogenesis 14t

TSCM see Tandem scanning confocal microscope TTR see Tear turnover

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-a) 284f, 288 Tumors of eyelids

BCC in 95, 96f benign 97

malignant melanoma 97, 97f SCC 96, 96f

sebaceous cell carcinoma 96–97, 97f Tumstatin 475

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) 54

U

Ubiquitous mitochondrial CK (uCK) 28–29 UBM see Ultrasound biomicroscopy

uCK see Ubiquitous mitochondrial CK Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) 215 Unidirectional fluxes 99

Ussing, Hans 99 Ussing chamber 99, 102

conjunctiva isolation with 103 Uvea, APCs of 374f, 378, 378t

V

VAChT see Vesicular acetylcholine transporter

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) 148–149, 385, 473 in CNV 466

Vasculogenesis 465, 470

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) 69–70, 83–84 in aqueous humor 370

cAMP production and 87, 87f

corneal epithelium infection response of 456 goblet cells and receptors for 113

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and 409 signal transduction and 87

adenylate cyclase 87, 87f MAPK 88

VCAID see Vitreous cavity-associated immune deviation Vectors 327

lentivirus 330–331, 331f nonviral 331

viral 330, 330f, 331f

VEGF see Vascular endothelial growth factor Vergence 3, 42t

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) 114, 185, 420, 420t see also Ocular allergies

Vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) 33, 37 Vestibulo-ocular reflexes (VOR) 39, 42t

Wernicke’s encephalopathy and 43 Videokeratoscopy 51

tear film assessments using 57 VIP see Vasoactive intestinal peptide Viral vectors 330, 330f, 331f

Virion 396 Visante OCT 238

applications of 238 pachymetry map 239f

Visual acuity

detection and resolution 494, 495f dynamic 498

hyperacuity 497, 498f measurement of 494, 495f optical/neural limits on 496 over life 497, 498f reporting 496, 496t

retina and 497, 497f standards for 497

Visual angle 494 Visual fixation 42t

Vitamin A deficiency 114

Vitreous cavity-associated immune deviation (VCAID) 361, 364, 365t

immune privilege and 364

VKC see Vernal keratoconjunctivitis VOR see Vestibulo-ocular reflexes

W

Wave front aberrations 506 Wave front technology

for HOAs 205

for ocular astigmatism 205 Wavelets 500, 501–502, 502f Wernicke’s encephalopathy 43 Whitnall’s ligament 3–4, 4f With-the-rule 506, 507

Wnt family of growth factors 12

Wolbachia 401

filarial disease role of 401

in onchocerciasis pathogenesis 402, 403f TLRs and 402, 404f, 405f

TLR2/TLR6 403 Worm-like model 116 Wound healing

see also Corneal epithelial wound healing ocular 260, 260f

TGF-b and 260–261

Y

Young’s modulus 116

Z

Zim, Edward 481

Zonula occludens 452