Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Periphery and Disorders_Dartt, Bex, Amore_2011

Anisometropia 91, 525

Ant1 see Adenine nucleotide translocator Ant2 see Adenine nucleotide translocator

Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) 352, 361, 362, 364, 365t, 368–369, 373, 390, 481

APCs and 378 induction of 362 ocular phase of 362 relevance of 364 splenic phase of 362

sympathetic nervous system and 362, 363f thymic phase of 362

Tregs in 363

Anterior lamellar keratoplasty 140 Anterior limiting lamella (ALL) 220

Anterior segment OCT (AS-OCT) 217, 218f see also Visante OCT

clinical applications for 238, 239f, 241f, 243f, 246f, 248f, 249f, 251f, 253f, 254f, 255f

devices for 238 principles of 238, 238f

Anterior synechia 226 Anterograde axonal transport 396 Anti-angiogenic molecules 475

angiostatin 475

arresten, canstatin, tumstatin 475 in CNV 466

in corneal angiogenic privilege 473t, 475 endostatin and neostatin 475

PEDF 475

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) 348–349, 368–369, 373, 444 ACAID-inducing 378

allergic eye disease and role of 378 AMD and 378

conjunctival 377 corneal 374

in inflammation 376, 376f, 376t LCs 374, 375t

transplantation 377 of corneal stroma 375 EAU and role of 379 in HSK 398

HSK and function of 377 of ocular surface 374, 374f of retina 374f, 379, 379t of sclera 374f, 379, 380t types of 373

of uvea 374f, 378, 378t Antigens 347

adaptive immune system and, trafficking, processing and T cell presentation of 348, 349f

histocompatibility 392

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) 433, 444 categories of 448–449

conjunctival epithelium secreting 435

corneal epithelium infection and response of 454 ocular surface defense mechanisms and 446f, 448

APCs see Antigen-presenting cells Apical squames 144, 144f Aponeurosis 17

Apoptosis 164

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and 410 AQP-1 see Aquaporin-1

Aquaporin-1 (AQP-1) 279–280, 280f, 283 in corneal endothelium 286

Aquaporins 283

Aqueous deficient dry eye (ADDE) 53 Aqueous humor

immunosuppression in 367, 368t, 369f a-MSH and 369

neuropeptides and 370 SOM, CGRP, VIP in 370 T cells and 367–368

Aqueous layer of tear film 53 Arresten 475

Artificial cornea (AC)

desired characteristics for 298 Kpro, types of 298, 299f need for 296, 297f regeneration with 300, 301f requirements for 297

self-assembled corneal equivalents 299

Artificial tears 388

Ascending neuromodulatory systems 493 AS-OCT see Anterior segment OCT Aspergillus keratitis 428, 429f

Asphericity 193

Asthenopia 529

Astigmat 506 refraction 508

Astigmatism 201, 327, 517, 525, 529

blurring and visual perception in 509, 510f, 511f definition/etymology of 506

image formation in 508, 508f astigmat refraction 508, 512 ocular 508f, 509

oblique 511, 512f ocular

classification of 509 contact lenses for 515

corneal keratometric power map for 513, 514f image formation in 508f, 509

measurement of 513 near work and 511 not correcting 516 origin of 507

prevalence and age-related changes in 507 spectacles for 515

surgery for 515

wave front technology for 205 with-the-rule/against-the-rule 507

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) 116

Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) 114, 185, 420, 420t, 478 see also Ocular allergies

Atopy 419

ATP see Adenosine triphosphate Attendant nystagmus 43 Autoantigen secretion 344 Autograft 470

Autoimmunity 381

afferent immune response in inflammation of 386, 386f efferent immune response in inflammation of 386f, 387

Autosomal dominant 272 Avascular cornea 148 Axis meridian 506

B

Bailey-Lovie chart 495, 495f

BALT see Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue Barriers 171

to Acanthamoeba keratitis 414

corneal endothelium and integrity of 286 cAMP-PKA axis in 289

MLC phosphorylation’s effects on 287 TJs and integrity of 286–287

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 95, 96f Basement membrane (BM) 143, 178

see also Epithelial basement membrane

corneal epithelial basal cells adhering to 145, 145f degradation of 165

regeneration of Bowman’s membrane and 263–264 Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) 467

BCC see Basal cell carcinoma

BCEC see Bovine conjunctival epithelial cell BEB see Benign essential blepharospasm Beer-Lambert law 193, 197

Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) 6, 7 causes of 7

genetics underlying 7

Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) 198–199 bFGF see Basic fibroblast growth factor

Bicarbonate-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (HCO3-ATPase) 279, 280–281, 280f

Binocular vision 45

Bioengineered corneas see Artificial cornea Biofilm 426

contact-lens-associated fungal keratitis and formation of 426, 427f Bioreversion 303–304

Blepharitis 91 chronic 65

in eyelids 97–98 posterior 97–98

seborrheic 97–98 staphylococcal 97–98

Blepharoplasty 91

Blepharospasm 3 benign essential 6, 7

causes of 7

genetics underlying 7 Blink oscillations 6, 6f

Blink-evoked eye movements 5–6 Blinking

anatomical organization of 4, 4f cornea irritation and 6, 6f modifiability of 6

protective function of 6

reflex, omnipause neurons blocking 6 saccades combined with 5–6

tear film distribution and 55 Blood vessels 129

BM see Basement membrane Bone-marrow-derived cells

in corneal epithelial wound healing and ECM communication 265 in corneal stroma 223

in lacrimal gland 69 Bony orbit

EOM in, anatomy of 17 muscles in 17, 18f

Bony passage 127, 128f Botulinum toxin A 47–48

Bovine conjunctival epithelial cell (BCEC) 310–312, 312f, 312t Bowman’s membrane 133, 146

dystrophies of 227

Reis-Buckler’s dystrophy 227, 227f Thiel-Behnke 227

regeneration of BM and 263–264

Brainstem, abnormal eye movements and disorders of horizontal movements 40f, 42

vertical movements 41f, 43 BrdU see Bromo-deoxyuridine Bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 291

Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) 340, 438 BSCVA see Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity

C

Ca2+ see Cytosolic calcium concentration CaCC see Calcium-activated chloride channel

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) 54, 83–84, 153–154, 154f in aqueous humor 370

Calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) 285, 285f CALT see Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue cAMP see Cyclic monophosphate

cAMP-PKA axis 289

Canaliculi, tear transport through 128 Candida keratitis 426

see also Fungal keratitis Canstatin 475

Canthal tendons (CT) 4f Capacitance veins, blood flow in 129 Capsid 327

Caspases 452

Cataract surgery, corneal nerve regeneration after 156 Cathelicidin (LL-37) 356

corneal epithelium infection response of 455 CD4+ T cells 381, 385

CD44 452, 456

CD80 339, 379

CD86 74, 339

CDKs see Cyclin-dependent kinases CEC see Corneal endothelial cells Cell cycle 290

Cell therapy 178 Cell-adhesion molecule 459 Cell-cell junctions

in corneal endothelium anatomy 272, 273f corneal epithelial wound healing and 166, 261

AJs 167, 167t

cytokines and GFs in 261, 262f desmosomes 167, 167t

gap junctions 166, 167t

TGF-b signaling pathways in 263 tight junctions 167, 167t

Cell-matrix junctions, corneal epithelial wound healing and 166 hemidesmosomes and adhesion complexes 167

Cell-volume control 175 Central cloudy dystrophy 231

CESCs see Corneal epithelial stem cells

CFTR see Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CGRP see Calcitonin gene-related peptide

Chalazion 66, 66f in eyelids 97, 97f

Chamber angle 272 Channels 500

ChAT see Choline acetyltransferase

CHED see Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy Chemokines 74, 396

corneal epithelium infection and response of 454 in HSK 398

innate immune system regulation of 359 in ocular allergies 425

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and 407 Chemosis 213

Chemotaxis 470 Chemotropic guidance 150

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) 33, 37 Choline transporter (ChT) 33, 37 Cholinergic agonists 121

signal transduction and 112, 113f protein secretion in 112–113

Chronic blepharitis 65, 91

Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) 27, 39 diplopia in myasthenia gravis compared to 41

occurrence of 30 slow progression of 39

ChT see Choline transporter Cicatrical entropion 94 Cicatricial ectropion 95 Cicatrization 185

CK see Conductive keratoplasty; Creatine kinase Cl channels 176

CLAU see Conjunctival limbal autograft Clodronate 413

CLPC see Contact-lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis CNIII see Oculomotor nerve

CNIV see Trochlear nerve

CNV see Corneal neovascularization CNVI see Abducens nerve Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer 150, 162 Cold-sensitive thermal receptors 159–160 Collagen 296

bundles 220, 221f

in corneal stroma 223–224

in Golgi tendon organs 36, 36f Collagenase (microbial) 459 Complement 347

active innate immune system role of 358 corneal epithelium infection and response of 455 passive innate immune system role of 357

Conductive keratoplasty (CK) 133, 140–141 Confocal microscopy 215, 217f, 234

clinical applications of 235 normal cornea 235, 235f, 236f

history of 234

pathological applications of 236, 237, 237f principles of 234, 235f

Confocal microscopy through focusing (CMTF) 236 Congenital hereditary dystrophy

endothelial 232

corneal endothelium and 281 stromal 231

Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) 281 Congenital misalignment (infantile strabismus) 43 Conidia 426

Conjugate gaze 46, 46f Conjunctiva 99–100, 178, 419

allergic reactions in 461, 461f APCs of 377

corneal infection compared to 462, 463f epithelium

AMP secretion of 435 fluid transfer across 100

immune surveillance of 432, 432f, 433f, 434f innate immune system defense factors of 433 PRRs and 433, 433f

Conjunctiva (continued) gene therapy 335

goblet cells in 100, 108, 109, 109f, 111f

mucin synthesis/secretion by 110, 111f, 112, 113f proliferation of 110, 111, 111f

IgA produced by 434f, 436 immunoregulation of 438 membrane types in 308–309 PD of 102–103

rabbit

bioelectric studies on 102, 102f electrolyte transport systems of 103 epithelia of 101, 101f

epithelial ion transport regulation in 104, 105f, 106f fluid transport studies across isolated 105

roles of 100 stem cells 182

tear fluid connecting cornea and 460, 461f inflammation and 463

topical drug delivery and role of 308 prodrug strategy in 310

transconjunctival pathway in 310, 311f, 312f, 312t transepithelial resistance of, determining 103 ussing chamber isolating 103

Conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) 340, 431, 434f, 435 corneal immune surveillance with 437, 439f

deregulation of 441f EALT and 438, 440f

immunoregulation in 438, 441f topography of 439f

Conjunctival epithelial cells 423, 424t Conjunctival fibroblasts 424 Conjunctival flap 139

Conjunctival lamina propria immune surveillance of 434f, 435 macrophages and 434f, 436 neutrophils protecting 437 T-lymphocytes in 434f, 435

Conjunctival limbal autograft (CLAU) 187 Conjunctival lymphoid follicles 437, 438f, 439f, 441f Conjunctival metaplasia 470

Connexin 219

Constitutive exocytosis 70–71 Contact lenses

advantages of 207 corneal infection and 211 fungal keratitis and 426

biofilm formation in 426, 427f lipid layer of tear film and 66 MPSs and care products for 211 mucins and 124

for myopia 523

for ocular astigmatism 515 ocular surface and effects of 209

alterations for 210

corneal epithelium/limbal epithelium 209 infection and 210

inflammation and 210 mechanical effects 211

orthokeratology for 211 types of 207, 208f, 208t, 209f

Contact-lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis (CLPC) 114, 207, 210 Continuous jerk nystagmus 44

Contrast constancy 500 Contrast-detection threshold 500

forced-choice paradigms for 500, 501f

Contrast-sensitivity function (CSF) 193, 196–197, 500, 502, 504f pre-/post LASIK 197f

temporal 501f, 503, 504f, 505f Convergence 529

Corectopia 226 Cornea

see also Artificial cornea; specific parts anatomy of layers of 133, 305f

APCs of 374

in inflammation 376, 376f, 376t LCs 374, 375t

transplantation and 377 avascular 148

Bowman’s membrane 133, 146 dystrophies of 227

confocal microscopy for normal 235, 235f, 236f conjunctiva infection compared to 462, 463f corneal angiogenic privilege and 468 Descemet’s membrane and 134, 134f, 148 disease processes of 135

endothelial disease 138 epithelial disease 135 Fuch’s dystrophy 138 keratoconus 137, 138f

pseudophakic bullous keratopathy 138 stromal disease 137

subepithelial disease 136 Thygeson’s punctate keratitis 136

epithelial basement membrane 133 epithelium 133

function of 134

as protective barrier 134 transparency and 134, 135f

histology of 478, 479f homeostasis of

FGF7 and maintenance of 323, 324f LSC in 182

hydration control of 171 immune privilege of 390

factors contributing to 390 site 391

immune surveillance of, CALT assisting 437, 439f infection of 211

infiltrates 207 inlays 205

irritation of, blinking and 6, 6f periphery, palisades of Vogt at 146, 148f

refractive surgery and biomechanical effects of 198 sensitivity of

injured 162 intact 162 LASIK and 162

sensory receptors of

functional properties of 158, 159f, 160f local inflammation and 160f, 161

stem cells of 108 structure of 305f

surgical intervention for 138

tear fluid connecting conjunctiva and 460, 461f inflammation and 463

topical drug delivery and role of 305, 305f, 307f, 308t, 309f transparency of 171, 172–173

transplants for 296–297 APCs function in 377 Corneal alymphaticity 481

Corneal angiogenic privilege 465, 466f angiogenic molecules in 473, 473t anti-angiogenic molecules in 473t, 475 cornea/corneal epithelium and 468 immune privilege and 467

regulatory factors of 473, 473t Corneal avascularity

as angiogenesis study platform 482 immune privilege of 481

loss of 481 maintenance of 470, 471 optical clarity and 479

pro-/anti-angiogenic forces of 479 transplants and 481

Corneal biopsy 140

Corneal dystrophies 219, 226, 290 anterior 226

EBMD 226 Meesman’s lesions 227

of Bowman’s membrane 227 Reis-Buckler’s dystrophy 227, 227f Thiel-Behnke 227

gene therapy treating 332, 334 alkali burn 333

CNV 334

corneal epithelial wound healing 332 corneal graft rejection 332

fibrotic scarring 333 granular 229

type 1 229, 229f type 2 229

macular 219, 230 posterior 231

congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy 232 Fuch’s dystrophy 231, 231f

polymorphous disease 226 stromal 228

central cloudy dystrophy 231 congenital hereditary 231 fleck dystrophy 231 gelatinous drop-like 230 lattice types of 228, 228f posterior amorphous 231 rare 230

Schnyder’s crystalline dystrophy 230 Corneal ectasia 201

Corneal endothelial cells (CEC) background for 290, 291f cell-cell contact inhibition of 291

E2F promoting proliferation of 294 ECM interactions with 293

FGF-2 signaling pathway and proliferation of 294 G1 phase of 290, 292f

cell cycle arrest in 291, 292f G1/S transition of 290–291, 292f human 291, 292f

age-related decrease in sensitivity to mitogen/GF in 293 proliferative capacity from central v. peripheral regions of 294

PKC signaling pathways regulating proliferation of 294 progression of 290, 291f

TGF-b in aqueous humor of 293 Corneal endothelium 134, 135f, 178

active transport and 284 regulation of 288

anatomy of 272, 273f

cell-cell junctions in 272, 273f

anion transporters and channels in 285, 285f AQP-1 in 286

barrier integrity in 286 cAMP-PKA axis in 289

MLC phosphorylation’s effects on 287 regulation of 288

bicarbonate/carbonic anhydrase and 285 biochemistry and metabolism in 275

cell division and replenishment in 276, 276f, 277f cytokines and immune privilege in 277, 278f deturgescence and role of 273f, 279, 279f

biochemistry of active 279, 280f physiological control of active 280

development of 273, 274f, 275f, 276f function of 283

stromal swelling pressure and maintenance of transparency for 283, 284f TJs of 283, 284f

genetic diseases of 281 Fuch’s dystrophy 281 PPMD/CHED 281

glucose and energy metabolism 275 nutrition/waste removal of 284

proteins synthesized for external transport in 278, 278f pump-leak mechanism in 286

stem cells 183

transcription factor’s role in 274, 277f Corneal epithelial stem cells (CESCs) 180

AM as carrier for 187 clinical outcome of 189 indications for 188, 188f

postoperative management for 187t, 189 procedure for 188

surgical procedure for 189 ex vivo expansion of 185, 187 location of 145–146

LSC

characteristics of 180, 181t in corneal homeostasis 182 deficiency of 181

niche of 179f, 181

at palisades of Vogt 145–146, 147f in vivo expansion of 186

Corneal epithelial wound healing 164, 261, 261f, 262f cell-cell junctions and 166, 261

AJs 167, 167t

cytokines and GFs in 261, 262f

desmosomes 167, 167t gap junctions 166, 167t tight junctions 167, 167t cell-matrix junctions and 166

hemidesmosomes and adhesion complexes 167 corneal nerves and 166

ECM communication in 264 bone-marrow-derived cells in 265 cellular responses in 265 suppressing/amplifying factors of 264

gene therapy treating 332 keratocyte changes during 265–266 MMPs and 169

phases of 164, 165f, 266, 266f active wound-healing phase 267 inflammatory phase 266 remodeling phase 267

termination of fibrotic repair response 262f, 267, 268f secreted factors involved in 168

TGF-b signaling pathways in 263, 323 Corneal epithelium 99–100, 133

apical squames of 144, 144f

basal cells adhering to BM of 145, 145f Ca2+ transport and 175

contact lens effects on 209

corneal angiogenic privilege and 468 functions of 143, 144f

HSV-1 eradication from 396 infection of 452

adhesion molecule response to 455 AMP response to 454

complement system response to 455 cytokine/chemokine response to 454 hBD response to 454

LL-37 response to 455 neuropeptide response to 457 sIgA response to 455

SP response to 456 thymosin-b4 for 457 TLR response to 453 VIP response to 456 ion transport in 171, 172f importance of 172

primary/secondary 173 receptor-mediated control of 175 stromal deturgescence coupled with 173

K+, Cl , Na+ channels and 176 KLAL and transplantation of indications for 186, 186f

postoperative management for 187, 187t surgical procedure for 186

mouse lines 319, 319f, 320f, 321f, 322f in passive innate immune system 355 PTK for defects of 191 structure/function of 452

transgenic and knock-out mice and specific promoter of 318 Corneal equivalents, self-assembled 299

Corneal erosion, recurrent 164, 226 Corneal gene therapy 327

methods for 327 AAV 330, 331f

lentivirus vectors 330–331, 331f nonviral vectors 331

viral vectors 330, 330f, 331f Corneal glue 139

Corneal graft 327

Corneal graft rejection 332

afferent immune response mechanisms/components of 392 direct/indirect allorecognition 392

histocompatibility antigens 392 T-lymphocyte activation 393

clinical features of 391, 391f

efferent immune response mechanisms/components of 393 immune privilege breakdown 394

macrophages 394 NK cells 394

T-lymphocyte activation 393 pathogenesis of 392, 392t prevention of 394

treatment of 394 Corneal guttata 226

Corneal keratometric power map for 513, 514f Corneal laceration repair 140

Corneal lenticules 185

Corneal neovascularization (CNV) 327, 478, 517 angiogenic/anti-angiogenic molecules in 466 clinical manifestations of 471, 472f etiology/epidemiology of 470, 471f, 472f, 472t gene therapy for 334

medical treatments for 476 surgical treatment for 476 therapy for 476

VEGF in 466 Corneal nerves

architecture of 150

intraepithelial nerve terminals 153, 154f limbal plexus 150

SEP 151

stromal plexus 151

subbasal nerve plexus 152, 153f corneal epithelial wound healing and 166 injuries and 162

neurochemistry of 154, 154f origins of 150, 151f regeneration of

cataract surgery 156 ocular surgery 155 PK 156, 157f refractive surgery 156

regrowth mechanisms of 157 remodeling 155

Corneal pannus 470

Corneal refractive surgery see Refractive surgery Corneal scars see Fibrotic scarring

Corneal staining 211

Corneal stroma 134, 146, 178, 327 anatomy of 220, 221f

APCs of 375

autoantigen secretion to 344 bone-marrow-derived cells in 223 collagen bundles in 223–224 development of 220

dystrophies of 228

central cloudy dystrophy 231 congenital hereditary 231 fleck dystrophy 231 gelatinous drop-like 230 lattice types of 228, 228f posterior amorphous 231 rare 230

Schnyder’s crystalline dystrophy 230 ECM 223

keratocytes of 221f, 222 mouse lines 317t, 318 PGs in 224

stem cells 183, 223

swelling pressure and maintenance of transparency of 283, 284f transparency of 223

Corneal verticillata 213 Corticosteroid 256, 268t, 269, 310–312

for dry eye 388 Cover test 45

CPEO see Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia Cre 315

CRE-adenovirus vector 327 Creatine kinase (CK)

in EOM metabolism 28 sarcomeric mitochondrial 28–29 ubiquitous mitochondrial 28–29

Cre-LoxP system 319 inducible 316, 317t pitfalls of 316, 316t

tissue-specific gene ablation using 316 Critical flicker frequency 500

Crypts 178 Crystallins 219, 223

CSF see Contrast-sensitivity function CT see Canthal tendons

CTL see Cytotoxic T lymphocyte

CTMF see Confocal microscopy through focusing CX3CR1 373

Cycles per degree 494

Cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) 72, 288

cAMP-PKA axis, in corneal endothelium barrier integrity 289 VIP and production of 87, 87f

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) 290 Cyclins 290

Cyclopetic refraction 201 Cycloplegic 529, 531–532 Cyclosporine 388

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) 104 Cytokeratin 178

Cytokines 347, 396

corneal endothelium, immune privilege and 277, 278f corneal epithelial wound healing and 261, 262f corneal epithelium infection and response of 454

in HSK 397

innate immune system regulation of 359 in ocular allergies 425

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis and 407 Th1 459

Th2 459 Cytoskeleton 164

subapical actin 71

Cytosolic calcium concentration (Ca2+)

adrenergic agonist signal transduction and 88, 88f corneal epithelium and transport of 175

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) 364

D

Dacryocystitis 126

Dacryolithiasis 126

Dacryostenosis 126 DAG see Diacylglyerol DC see Dendritic cell DC-LAMP/CD208 373 DC-SIGN/CD209 373

De Vasis Palpebrarum Novis Epistola (Meibom) 60 Defensins 143, 356

Delayed-type hypersensitivity 361, 377, 390 Dendritic cell (DC) 373, 431

intraocular 378 Dermatochalasis 91, 92, 93f

Descemet’s membrane 134, 134f, 148, 290 banded/nonbanded regions of 278–279, 278f copper deposition in 138

Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) 133, 213, 218

endothelial disease and 141, 141f Desiccating stress (DS) 381, 387 Desmosomes 167, 167t, 452 Detection acuity 494, 495f Deturgescence 171, 275–276, 283

corneal endothelium’s role in 273f, 279, 279f biochemistry of active 279, 280f physiological control of active 280

Dexamethasone (DX) 310–312, 311f, 312t Dextroversion 46

DHEA see Dihydroepiandrosterone DHT see Dihydrotestosterone Diabetic retinopathy 164 Diacylglyerol (DAG) 112

Diffuse lamellar keratitis 201 dIgA see Dimeric IgA DiGeorge syndrome 12

Dihydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) 75 Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

hypophysectomy and 75 lacrimal gland and 75

Dimeric IgA (dIgA) 74–75, 80, 343 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB) 28–29 Diplopia 39, 45

in CPEO compared to myasthenia gravis 41 Direct allorecognition 390

Corneal graft rejection afferent immune response and 392 Distichiasis 95

DNFB see 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene Dominant-negative mutant construct 327 Drug delivery see Topical drug delivery Dry eye 7, 108, 133, 381

anti-androgen therapy patients and 382

chronic pain with 382 LKC 382

in ocular surface 382 clinical features of 382 epidemiology of 381 gender and 74

goblet cells and types of LASIK 114

OCP 114

Sjo¨gren syndrome 114 topical preservatives 114 vitamin A deficiency 114

mucins and 125

in peri-/post-menopausal women 382 quality of life impact of 382–383 therapies for 388

artificial tears 388 corticosteroids 388 cyclosporine 388

mucin secretagogues 388 tetracyclines 389

DS see Desiccating stress

DSAEK see Descemet’s stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty DTS see Dysfunctional tear syndrome

Duchenne muscular dystrophy 39 Ductal cells, in lacrimal gland 68, 83, 84f

electrolyte/water secretion mechanisms by 73 DX see Dexamethasone

Dynamic visual acuity 498 Dysesthesias 158

Dysfunctional tear syndrome (DTS) 381 Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa 164

E

E2F 290

CEC proliferation promoted by 294 EALT see Eye-associated lymphoid tissue EAU see Experimental autoimmune uveitis EBM see Epithelial basement membrane

EBMD see Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy ECM see Extracellular matrix

Ectomesenchyme 219 Ectopic activity 158 Ectropion 91

cicatricial 95 eyelids and 95, 95f paralytic 95

EDE see Evaporative dry eye

EDL see Extensor digitorum longus EDTA see Ethylenediaminetetraacetate

Effector cells, innate immune system regulation of 359 Efferent immune response 390

in autoimmune-based inflammation 386f, 387

corneal graft rejection, mechanisms/components of 393 immune privilege breakdown 394

macrophages 394 NK cells 394

T-lymphocyte activation 393 immunoregulation and 385

Efferent tear ducts

see also Nasolacrimal ducts cavernous body of 129–130, 129f development of 126

history of 126 mechanisms of 126, 127t

EGF see Epidermal growth factor

EGFP see Enhanced green fluorescent protein EGFR see Epidermal growth factor receptor Eicosanoids 406

Electrochemical equilibrium 171 Electron transport chain 27

EOM mitochondria content and 30–31 Emmetropization 506, 507, 518, 521–522, 529 Endocytosis 68, 354

Endophthalmitis 354

Endostatin 475, 480 Endothelial disease 138

Fuch’s dystrophy 138

pseudophakic bullous keratopathy 138

surgical intervention for 141 DSAEK 141, 141f

Endothelial polymegathism 207

Endothelium of cornea see Corneal endothelium Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) 327

see also Green fluorescent protein Entropion 91

cicatrical 94

of eyelids 94, 94f involutional 94

EOM see Extraocular muscles Eosinophils 422

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) 290, 315, 452 ERK and 111–112

eyelid morphogenesis and 324, 325f mucin secretion and 113

receptors of 111

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) 324, 325f epi-LASIK see Epithelial laser in situ keratomileusis Epiphora 126

Epithelial basement membrane (EBM) 133, 226 dystrophy of 136, 226

reformation of 166

Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD) 136, 226 Epithelial cell migration 165–166

Epithelial disease 135

band keratopathy and 136 chemical/thermal burns and 136 iron deposition in 135, 136t medication toxicity for 136 staining patterns for 135, 136f, 136t surgical intervention for 139

amniotic membrane graft 139 conjunctival flap 139

corneal glue 139 EDTA 139, 139f

limbal stem cell transplant 139 pterygium excision 139

PTK 139

stromal puncture 140 tarsorrhaphy 140

Epithelial laser in situ keratomileusis (epi-LASIK) 204, 256 Epithelial renewal 175

ERK see Extracellular signal-regulated kinase Esotropia 39, 45

Esterases 303

Estradiol 77 pregnancy and 78

Estropia 529, 533

Ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) 133, 291–292 epithelial disease surgical intervention and 139, 139f

Evaporation

meibomian glands evaluation with 65 tear breakup from 124

from tear film 53, 53f Evaporative dry eye (EDE) 53 Excimer laser 193 Excyclotorsion 17

Exocytosis 68, 83 constitutive 70–71 process of 71

Exotropia 39, 45

Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) 373 APCs in 379

Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) 27, 28f Extracellular matrix (ECM) 256, 470

CEC interactions with 293

corneal epithelial wound healing and communication with 264 bone-marrow-derived cells in 265

cellular responses in 265 suppressing/amplifying factors of 264

corneal stroma 223 fibrotic scarring and 257

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 84, 86f EGF and 111–112

Extraocular muscles (EOM) 17

abnormal eye movements and 39, 40f, 41f

brainstem disorders and horizontal movements 40f, 42 brainstem disorders and vertical movements 41f, 43 CNVI, CNIII, CNIV disorders effecting 42 congenital misalignment 43

Extraocular muscles (EOM) (continued) disorders effecting 39

NMJ disorders and 40, 40f

visual system disorders effecting 44 ATP buffering system and 28–29

in bony orbit, anatomy of 17 clinical assessment of 46

eye movement function of 45 fibers of, classification for 27, 28f Golgi tendon organs in 36

occurrence, distribution, and number of 34t, 35 structure of 36, 36f

heterogeneity of 12 histological anatomy of 21

innervation 21 organization in 21, 21f, 22f

metabolism of CK in 28

gene expression profiling and 27 glycogen in 27–28

LDH in 27–28 mitochondrial content in 29

ATP generation of 31–32 as calcium sinks 30

capacity matched to contractile function of 31 differences of 30

electron transport chain and 30–31 energy supply matched to demand in 32

morphogenesis

development of 13f, 14–15, 15f

gene expression patterns in 15–16, 16f muscle spindles in 34, 35

occurrence, distribution, and number of 34, 34t structure of 34, 35f

MyHC isoforms in 22, 23f, 24f

nonuniform expression along muscle length of 23, 24f, 25f myofibers in 21, 22f

heterogeneity of 25 types of 21–22

origins of 9, 10f, 11f

prechordal mesoderm and 10, 11f palisade endings in 37

molecular characteristics of 37, 37f occurrence, distribution, and number of 34t, 36 structure of 37, 37f

proprioception and 33 arguments against 33–34

remodeling in 25

satellite cells within 25–26, 26f skeletal muscle fiber types in 22

Eye mobility 33 Eye movements

see also Abnormal eye movements; Blinking; Pursuit movements; Saccades blink-evoked 5–6

EOM functions for 45 functional classes of 39, 42t normal 45, 46f

Eye muscle progenitors determination of 11 LR formation and 12

myf5/myoD genes in 12, 13f pax3 gene 12

Eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT) 340, 431 CALT as part of 438, 440f

deregulation of 440, 441f

Eyelashes, in passive innate immune system 354 Eyelids

benign tumors of 97 blepharitis in 97–98 chalazion in 97, 97f dermatochalasis of 92, 93f distichiasis and 95 ectropion and 95, 95f entropion of 94, 94f evolutionary origin of 3

floppy lid syndrome and 95, 96f forces acting on 3–4, 4f hordeolum in 97

inflammatory an infectious disorders of 97 lower, anatomy of 91, 92f

malignant tumors of

BCC in 95, 96f

malignant melanoma 97, 97f SCC 96, 96f

sebaceous cell carcinoma 96–97, 97f margin of, anatomy of 91–92 meibomian glands in 60, 61f

morphogenesis of, EGFR/EGF TGFa on 324, 325f organization of 3

in passive innate immune system 354 ptosis of 93, 93f

retraction of 93, 94f

transillumination of, meibomian glands and 64–65, 65f trichiasis and 95

upper, anatomy of 91, 92f

F

F4/80 373

Fc Rn 345

Femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) 204 FGF see Fibroblast growth factor

FGF7, in corneal homeostasis maintenance 323, 324f Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 315

basic 467

FGF-2 signaling pathway 294

FGF7 in corneal homeostasis maintenance 323, 324f Fibrosis 256

Fibrotic scarring 257 AM for 269 ECM and 257

gene therapy for 333 injuries causing 257

medical problems caused by 259–260 modulation of 268

PRK causing 333 scar-reducing therapies for

currently available 268, 268t emerging 269

TGF-b mediating 257–258, 258–259, 258t Filarial disease 401

Filopodia 164 Fleck dystrophy 231

Fleming, Alexander 444–445 Floppy lid syndrome 95, 96f Fluorescein sodium 51

tear film stability measured with 55–56, 56f, 57f FMNS see Fusional maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome Follicles 213

Forced-choice paradigms 500

for contrast-detection threshold 500, 501f Form fruste keratoconus 201

Fourier analysis 500

FS-LASIK see Femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis Fuch’s dystrophy 138, 213, 214–215, 231, 231f

corneal endothelium and 281 Fungal corneal ulcers 137 Fungal keratitis

contact-lens-associated 426 biofilm formation in 426, 427f

innate immune system and 427, 428f, 429f MMPs in 427

trauma associated with 427 Fusarium keratitis 426

see also Fungal keratitis

Fusional maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (FMNS) 43–44

G

G1/S transition, of CEC 290–291, 292f Gabors 500, 501–502, 502f

GAGs see Glycosaminoglycans

GALT see Gut-associated lymphoid tissue Ganciclovir (GCV) 306–308, 308t

Gap junctions 166, 167t Gaze

conjugate 46, 46f disconjugate 46 primary 46, 46f GCV see Ganciclovir

Gelatinous drop-like dystrophy 230 Gene expression profiling 27

Gene therapy 327, 328t

see also Corneal gene therapy conjunctiva 335

corneal dystrophy treatment with 332, 334 alkali burn 333

CNV 334

corneal epithelial wound healing 332 corneal graft rejection 332

fibrotic scarring 333 lacrimal gland 334

GFP see Green fluorescent protein GFs see Growth factors Glaucoma 517

Glycan 116, 219 Glycocalyx 116, 143 Glycoforms 116 Glycogen

in EOM metabolism 27–28 glycolysis and breakdown of 28

Glycolysis 27

anaerobic breakdown of 29f glycogen breakdown in 28

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) 219, 272, 279 biosynthesis of 224–225

in PGs 224

swelling pressure and 283 Glycosylation 108

mucins and 120 Glycosyltransferases 120 Goblet cells 108, 381, 432

in conjunctiva 100, 108, 109, 109f, 111f

mucin synthesis/secretion by 110, 111f, 112, 113f proliferation of 110, 111, 111f

development of 108, 109f, 110f dry eye types and

LASIK 114

OCP 114

Sjo¨gren syndrome 114 topical preservatives 114 vitamin A deficiency 114

VIP receptors in 113 Golgi apparatus 120 Golgi tendon organs 33

collagen bundles in 36, 36f in EOM 36

occurrence, distribution, and number of 34t, 35 structure of 36, 36f

Granular dystrophies 229 type 1 229, 229f

type 2 229

Green fluorescent protein (GFP) 318, 373 see also Enhanced green fluorescent protein

Growth factors (GFs) 470

See also specific growth factors

corneal epithelial wound healing and 261, 262f HCEC and age-related decrease in sensitivity to 293

in ocular surface tissue morphogenesis in transgenic mice 321 regeneration regulated by 257–258

wnt family of 12

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) 340 Guttae 213

Guttata 283

H

HA see Hyaluronan Haze 327, 333

hBDs see Human b-defensins

HCEC see Human corneal endothelial cells

HCO3-ATPase see Bicarbonate-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase Head

myogenesis 9

regulatory networks of 14t paraxial mesoderm 10, 11f

Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) 108 Helper T cell 459

HEMA see Hydroxethylmethacrylate Hemangiogenesis 478

Hemidesmosomes 452

adhesion complexes and 145, 145f cell-matrix junctions and 167

Hemifacial spasm (HFS) 3 course of 7–8

pulsatile arterial compression and 8 Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) 12 Herpes simplex virus 137, 453 Herpes stromal keratitis (HSK)

APCs in 398 causes of 397 chemokines in 398 cytokines in 397

epidemiology and pathogenesis of human 399 history of 396

HSV-1

angiogenesis in 399 management of 400

pathogenesis models for 399 T cells in 397

Herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK) 377 HEVs see High endothelial venules HFS see Hemifacial spasm

HGF see Hepatocyte growth factor

High endothelial venules (HEVs) 431, 433f, 434f, 437 Higher-order aberration (HOA) 205

wave front technology for 205 High-order wave front aberrations 506 Histocompatibility antigens 392

HLA see Human leukocyte antigen HLA-DR 419

HMG-CoA 60

HOA see Higher-order aberration Holorine 60

Homeobox protein 272, 274–275 Homeostasis

corneal

FGF7 and maintenance of 323, 324f LSC in 182

immune 367 LFU’s role in 383

ocular surface repair and 179 Hordeolum 97

Horizontal gaze palsy 40f, 42–43 Horner’s muscle 126, 128–129 HPA see Helix pomatia agglutinin

HSK see Herpes stromal keratitis; Herpetic stromal keratitis HSV-1

corneal epithelium, eradication of 396 HSK

angiogenesis in 399 management of 400

latency 396

in trigeminal ganglia 397 Huang, David 237–238 Human b-defensins (hBDs) 454

Human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) 291, 292f age-related decrease in sensitivity to mitogen/GF in 293

proliferative capacity from central v. peripheral regions of 294 Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) 431

Hurler’s syndrome 219 Hyaluronan (HA) 225 Hydrophilic 60 Hydrophobic 60

Hydroxethylmethacrylate (HEMA) 207 Hyperacuity 497, 498f

Hypercapnia 470

Hyperemia 419 Hypermetropia 207, 507 Hyperopia 133, 201, 327

accommodation and 530 classifications of 529 clinical presentations of 531 early detection of 531

examination techniques of 531 LASIK/LASEK treatment of 204 management of 532

prevalence of 530, 530f time course of 530, 531f uncorrected 531

Hyperosmolarity, of tear film 57–58

Hypertrophic scar 256

Hypophysectomy 74

DHT and 75

Hypoxia 470

I

ICAM-1 see Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 ICR see Intracorneal ring

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 164 IFN- see Interferon gamma

IgA see Immunoglobulin A IgE see Immunoglobulin E IgG1 345

IL-1a, IL-b see Interleukin 1 alpha and 1 beta IL-6 see Interleukin 6

IL-12 see Interleukin 12 IL-18 see Interleukin 18 Image contrast 500, 501f Immune homeostasis 367 Immune privilege 367, 390

see also Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation corneal 390

factors contributing to 390 site 391

corneal angiogenic privilege and 467 corneal endothelium, cytokines and 277, 278f

corneal graft rejection efferent immune response and breakdown of 394 factors breaking 353

history of 361 immunosuppression/immunoregulation factors of 368 innate 359

lessons of 371

ocular-induced regulatory cells of 364, 365t suppressive factors maintaining 352–353, 352t VCAID and 364

Immune surveillance 396 conjunctival epithelium and 432

epithelial morphology and function in 432, 432f, 433f, 434f of conjunctival lamina propria 434f, 435

of cornea, CALT assisting 437, 439f Immunoglobulin A (IgA) 434f, 436

see also Secretory immunoglobulin A Immunoglobulin E (IgE) 424 Immunoglobulins

IgG1 345

transfer to milieu exte´rior dIgA 343

pIgR 343

Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) 348–349 Immunoregulation

afferent immune response of 385 in CALT 438, 441f

of conjunctiva 438

efferent immune response of 385 immune privilege and 368

Immunosuppression

in aqueous humor 367, 368t, 369f

in aqueous humor, neuropeptides and 370 a-MSH and 369

immune privilege and 368 TGF-b and 368

Incyclotorsion 17

Indirect allorecognition 390

Corneal graft rejection afferent immune response and 392 Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) 44

Infantile strabismus 43

Inferior oblique (IO) 17, 19, 20f anatomy of 20–21

Inferior rectus muscle, CNIII innervating 18–19, 19f Inflammation 347

afferent immune response in autoimmunity and 386, 386f corneal APCs in 376, 376f, 376t

corneal sensory receptors and local 160f, 161

efferent immune response in autoimmunity and 386f, 387 of ocular surface from contact lenses 210 signs/symptoms of 459

tear fluid and 460

as diagnostic indicator 462

tear fluid connecting cornea/conjunctiva and 463

Inhibitory PAS protein (IPAS) 467 Innate immune privilege 359 Innate immune system 347, 354, 367

Acanthamoeba keratitis and 414, 415, 415t active 357

complement system in 358 PRRs in 357, 358t

adaptive immune system’s link to 359

of conjunctiva epithelium, defense factors of 433 cytokines/chemokines/effector cells regulating 359 fungal keratitis and 427, 428f, 429f

passive 354

anatomic/physical barriers of 354, 355f chemical barriers of 356

complement system in 357 corneal epithelium 355 eyelids and eyelashes 354 posterior lens capsule 355 RPE 355

tear film in 354, 356f tiers of 354

INO see Internuclear ophthalmoplegia INS see Infantile nystagmus syndrome Integrins 143

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) 431 Interferometer, thin film 57

Interferon gamma (IFN- ) 74, 413 in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis

IL-18 and 408 SP in 408

Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) 406 Interleukin 1 alpha and 1 beta (IL-1a, IL-b) 74, 480 Interleukin 6 (IL-6) 74

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) 74

in Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis 408 Interleukin 18 (IL-18) 408

Interlobular duct epithelial cells 80, 81f Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) 42–43 Interpenetrating polymeric networks (IPNs) 296 Intracorneal ring (ICR) 201

for myopia 206, 206f

Intraepithelial nerve terminals 153, 154f Intraocular pressure (IOP) 310

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (IpRGCs) 487 in PLR afferent pathway 490, 490f

Intussusception 465 Involutional entropion 94 IO see Inferior oblique Ion channels 158

sensory receptors and 159f, 161

Ion transport, in corneal epithelium 171, 172f importance of 172

primary/secondary 173 receptor-mediated control of 175 stromal deturgescence coupled with 173

IOP see Intraocular pressure IPAS see Inhibitory PAS protein

IPNs see Interpenetrating polymeric networks

IpRGCs see Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells Ipsilateral facial nucleus 3–4, 4f

IRF1 see Interferon regulatory factor 1 Iridectomy 150

Iris musculature 489, 489f

ITAMs see Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs

J

Jones tube 128–129

K

K+ channels 176 Kearns-Sayre syndrome 39 Keloid 256

KEP see Keratoepithelioplasty Kepler, Johannes 518–519 Kera see Mouse keratocan gene Keratan sulfate 219, 220

lumican modified by 224–225