Kopelman JE, McLean IW, Rosenberg SH: Multivariate analysis of risk factors for metastasis in retinoblastoma treated by enucleation.

Ophthalmology 94:371, 1987

Lam BL, Judisch GF, Sobol WM et al.: Visual prognosis in macular retinoblastomas. Am J Ophthalmol 110:229, 1990

Lueder GT, Judish GF, O’Gorman TW: Second nonocular tumors in survivors of heritable retinoblastoma. Arch Ophthalmol 104:372, 1986

Magramm I, Abramson DH, Ellsworth RM: Optic nerve involvement in retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology 96:217, 1989

Marback EF, Arias VE, Paranhos A Jr et al.: Tumour angiogenesis as a prognostic factor for disease dissemination in retinoblastoma. Br J Ophthalmol 87:1224, 2003

Mashayekhi A, Shields CL, Eagle RC Jr et al.: Cavitary changes in retinoblastoma: relationship to chemoresistance. Ophthalmology 112:1145, 2005

Mendoza AE, Shew JY, Lee E et al.: A case of synovial sarcoma with abnormal expression of the human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Hum Pathol 19:487, 1988

Messmer EP, Heinrich LT, Hopping W et al.: Risk factors for metastases in patients with retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology 98:136, 1991

Mohney BG, Robertson DM: Ancillary testing for metastasis in patients with newly diagnosed retinoblastoma. Am J Ophthalmol 118:707, 1994

Notis CM, Niksarli K, Abramson DH et al.: Parents with unilateral retinoblastoma: Their a ected children. Br J Ophthalmol 80:197, 1996

Pinarli FG, Oguz A, Karadeniz C et al.: Second primary myogenic sarcoma in a patient with bilateral retinoblastoma. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 21:545, 2004

Roarty JD, McLean IW, Zimmerman LE: Incidence of second neoplasms in patients with bilateral retinoblastoma. Ophthalmology 95:1583, 1988

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Shields CL, Shields JA, Baez KA et al.: Choroidal invasion of retinoblastoma: Metastatic potential and clinical risk factors. Br J Ophthalmol 77:544, 1993

Shields CL, Shields JA, Baez KA et al.: Optic nerve invasion of retinoblastoma: Metastatic potential and clinical risk factors. Cancer 73:692, 1994

T’Ang A, Varley JM, Chakraborty S et al.: Structural rearrangement of the retinoblastoma gene in human breast carcinoma. Science 242:263, 1988

Traboulsi EI, Zimmerman LE, Manz HJ: Cutaneous malignant melanoma in survivors of heritable retinoblastoma. Arch Ophthalmol 106:1059, 1988

Pseudoglioma

General Information

Guemes A, Wright KW, Humayun M et al.: Leukocoria caused by occult penetrating trauma in a child. Am J Ophthalmol 124:117, 1997

Paysee EA, Coats D, Chévez-Barrios P: An unusual case of leukocoria: Heterotopic brain arising from the retina. Arch Ophthalmol 121:119, 2003

Shields JA, Parsons HM, Shields CL et al.: Lesions simulating retinoblastoma. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 28:338, 1991

Shields JA, Shields CL, Parsons HM: Di erential diagnosis of retinoblastoma. Retina 11:232, 1991

Yano M: Pseudogliomas: di erential diagnosis of retinoblastoma. Ophthalmol Dig 34:9, 1972

Leukokoria: Persistent Hyperplastic Primary

Vitreous

Caudill JW, Streeten BW, Tso MOM: Phacoanaphylactoid reaction in persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Ophthalmology 92:1153, 1985

Chang BM, Liebmann JM, Ritch R: Angle closure in younger patients.

Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 100:201, 2002

Font RL, Yano M, Zimmerman LE: Intraocular adipose tissue and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Arch Ophthalmol 82:43, 1969

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Goldberg MF: Persistent fetal vasculature (PFV): An integrated interpretation of signs and symptoms associated with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). LIV Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture.

Am J Ophthalmol 124:587, 1997

Guigis MF, White FV, Dunbar JA et al.: Optic nerve teratoma and odontogenic dermoid cyst in a neonate with persistent fetal vasculature. Arch Ophthalmol 120:1582, 2002

Hermsen VM, Conahan JB, Koops BL et al.: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous associated with protein C deficiency. Am J Ophthalmol 109:608, 1990

Khaliq S, Hameed A, Ismail M et al.: Locus for autosomal recessive nonsyndromic persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:2225, 2001

Khan AO: Buphthalmos in the setting of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous cataract. Am J Ophthalmol 136:945, 2003

Lee SJ, Ling JX, AabergTM et al.: Lenticular fibroxanthomatous nodule.

Am J Ophthalmol 135:229, 2003

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Sanghvi DA, Sanghvi CA, Purandare NC: Bilateral persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Australas Radiol 49:72, 2005

Suzuki K, Nakamura M, Amano E et al.: Case of chromosome 6p25 terminal deletion associated with Axenfeld–Rieger syndrome and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Am J Med Genet A 140:503, 2006

Leukokoria: Retinal Dysplasia

Fulton AB, Craft JL, Howard RO et al.: Human retinal dysplasia. Am J Ophthalmol 85:690, 1978

Godel V, Romano A, Stein R et al.: Primary retinal dysplasia transmitted as X-chromosome-linked recessive disorder. Am J Ophthalmol 86:221, 1978

Hoepner J, Yano M: Spectrum of ocular abnormalities in trisomy 13– 15. Am J Ophthalmol 74:729, 1972

Lahav M, Albert DM: Clinical and histopathologic classification of retinal dysplasia. Am J Ophthalmol 75:648, 1973

Leukokoria: Retinopathy of Prematurity

Chan-Ling T, Tour S, Hollander H et al.: Vascular changes and their mechanisms in the feline. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 33:2128, 1992

Coats DK, Miller AM, Hussein MA et al.: Involution of retinopathy of prematurity after laser treatment: factors associated with development of retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol 140:214, 2005

Csak K, Szabo V, Szabo A et al.: Pathogenesis and genetic basis for retinopathy of prematurity. Front Biosci 11:908, 2006

Darlow BA, Horwood LJ, Clement RS: Retinopathy of prematurity: risk factors in a prospective population-based study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 6:62, 1992

Fetter WP, van Duin VJ, Baerts W et al.: Visual acuity and visual field development after cryocoagulation in infants with retinopathy of prematurity. Acta Paediatr 81:25, 1992

Foos RY: Retinopathy of prematurity: Pathologic correlation of clinical stages. Retina 7:260, 1987

Garcia-Valenzuela E, Kaufman LM: High myopia associated with retinopathy of prematurity is primarily lenticular. J AAPOS 9:121, 2005 Hartnett ME, McColm JR: Retinal features predictive of progressive

stage 4 retinopathy of prematurity. Retina 24:237, 2004

Keith CG, Doyle LW: Retinopathy of prematurity in infants weighing 1000–1499 g at birth. Paediatr Child Health 31:134, 1995

Kivlin JD, Biglan AW, Gordon RA et al.: Early retinal vessel development and iris vessel dilatation as factors in retinopathy of prematurity.

Arch Ophthalmol 114:150, 1996

Palmer EA, Flynn JT, Hardy RJ et al.: Incidence and early course of retinopathy of prematurity. Ophthalmology 98:1628, 1991

Patz A: Observations on the retinopathy of prematurity. Am J Ophthalmol 100:164, 1985

Repka MX, Palmer EA, Tung B et al.: Involution of retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 118:645, 2000

Reynolds JD, Dobson V, Quinn GE et al.: Evidence-based screening criteria for retinopathy of prematurity: natural history data from the CRYO-ROP and LIGHT-ROP studies. Arch Ophthalmol 120:1470, 2002

Rowlands E, Ionides AC, Chinn S et al.: Reduced incidence of retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 85:933, 2001

Shah PK, Narendran V, Saravanan VR et al.: Fulminate retinopathy of prematurity—clinical characteristics and laser outcome. Indian J Ophthalmol 53:261, 2005

Sira IB, Nissenkorn I, Kremer I: Retinopathy of prematurity. Surv Ophthalmol 33:1, 1988

Steidl SM, Hirose T: Subretinal organization in stage 5 retinopathy of prematurity. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 241:263, 2003

Stone J, Chan-Ling T, Pe’er J et al.: Roles of vascular endothelial growth factor and astrocyte degeneration in the genesis of retinopathy of prematurity. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:290, 1996

Leukokoria: Coats’ Disease

Alexandridou A, Stavrou P: Bilateral Coats’ disease: long-term follow up. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 80:98, 2002

Anandan M, Porter NJ, Nemeth AH et al.: Coats-type retinal telangiectasia in case of Kabuki make-up syndrome (Niikawa–Uroki syndrome). Ophthalmic Genet 26:181, 2005

Beby F, Roche O, Burillon C et al.: Coats’ disease and bilateral cataract in a child with Turner syndrome: a case report. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 243:1291, 2005

Cahill M, O’Keefe M, Acheson R et al.: Classification of the spectrum of Coats’ disease as subtypes of idiopathic retinal telangiectasis with exudation. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 79:596, 2001

Chang M, McLean IW, Merritt JC: Coats’ disease. A study of 62 histologically confirmed cases. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 21:163, 1984

Crow YJ, McMenamin J, Haenggeli CA et al.: Coats’ plus: a progressive familial syndrome of bilateral Coats’ disease, characteristic cerebral calcification, leukoencephalopathy, slow preand post-natal linear growth and defects of bone marrow and integument. Neuropediatrics 35:10, 2004

Eibschitz-Tsimhoni M, Johnson MW, Johnson TM et al.: Coats’ syndrome as a cause of secondary open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 34:312, 2003

Galluzzi P, Venturi C, Cerase A et al.: Coats disease: smaller volume of the a ected globe. Radiology 221:64, 2001

Gass JD, Oyakawa RT: Idiopathic juxtafoveolar retinal telangiectasis.

Arch Ophthalmol 100:769, 1982

Haik BG: Advanced Coats’ disease. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 89:371, 1991

Khurana RN, Samuel MA, Murphree AL et al.: Subfoveal nodule in Coats’ disease. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 33:301, 2005

Maruoka K, Yamamoto M, Fujita H et al.: A case of Coats’ disease in a low-birth-weight infant. Ophthalmologica 219:401, 2005

Paunescu LA, Ko TH, Duker JS et al.: Idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasis: new findings by ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 113:48, 2006

Pe’er J: Calcification in Coats’ disease. Am J Ophthalmol 106:742, 1988

Senft SH, Hidayat AA, Cavender JC: Atypical Coats’ disease. Retina

14:36, 1994

Shields JA, Fammartino J, Shields CL: Coats’ disease as a cause of anterior chamber cholesterolosis. Arch Ophthalmol 113:975, 1995

Shields JA, Shields CL, Honavar SG et al.: Classification and management of Coats disease: The 2000 Proctor Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 131:572, 2001

Shields JA, Shields CL, Honavar SG et al.: Clinical variations and complications of Coats’ disease in 150 cases.The 2000 Sanford Gi ord Memorial Lecture. Am J Ophthalmol 131:561, 2001

Smithen LM, Spaide RF: Photodynamic therapy and intravitreal triamcinolone for a subretinal neovascularization in bilateral idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis. Am J Ophthalmol 138:884, 2004

Smithen LM, Brown GC, Brucker AJ et al.: Coats’ disease diagnosed in adulthood. Ophthalmology 112:1072, 2005

Watzke RC, Klein ML, Folk JC et al.: Long-term juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasia. Retina 25:727, 2005

Leukokoria: Norrie’s Disease

Bateman JB, Kojis TL, Cantor RM et al.: Linkage analysis of Norrie disease with an X-chromosomal ornithine aminotransferase locus.

Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 91:299, 1993

Chen ZY, Battinelli EM, Fielder A et al.: A mutation in the Norrie disease gene (NDP) associated with X-linked familial exudative vitreoretinopathy. Nat Genet 5:180, 1993

Chynn EW, Walton DS, Hahn L et al.: Norrie disease: Diagnosis of a simplex case by DNA analysis. Arch Ophthalmol 114:1136, 1996

Clement F, Beckford CA, Corral A et al.: X-linked familial exudative vitreoretinopathy: Report of one family. Retina 15:141, 1995

Dryja TP: Bilateral leukocoria (Norrie’s disease) in a newborn. Presented at the Verhoe Society meeting, 1994

Enyedi LB, de Juan E, Gaitan A: Ultrastructural study of Norrie’s disease. Am J Ophthalmol 111:439, 1991

Luhmann UF, Lin J, Acar N et al.: Role of the Norrie disease pseudoglioma gene in sprouting angiogenesis during development of the retinal vasculature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46:3372, 2005

Ohlmann A, Scholz M, Goldwich A et al.: Ectopic norrin induces growth of ocular capillaries and restores normal retinal angiogenesis in Norrie disease mutant mice. J Neurosci 25:1701, 2005

Rehm HL, Zhang DS, Brown MC et al.: Vascular defects and sensorineural deafness in a mouse model of Norrie disease. J Neurosci 22:4286, 2002

Royer G, Hanein S, Raclin V et al.: NDP gene mutations in 14 French families with Norrie disease. Hum Mutat 22:499, 2003

Ruether K, van de Pol D, Jaissle G et al.: Retinoschisis alterations in the mouse eye caused by gene targeting of the Norrie disease gene. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 38:710, 1997

Shastry BS, Pendergast SD, Hartzer MK et al.: Identification of missense mutations in the Norrie disease gene associated with advanced retinopathy of prematurity. Arch Ophthalmol 115:651, 1997

Sims KB, Irvine AR, Good WV: Norrie disease in a family with a manifesting female carrier. Arch Ophthalmol 115:517, 1997

Wong F, Goldberg MF, Hao Y: Identification of a nonsense mutation at codon 128 of the Norrie’s disease gene in a male infant. Arch Ophthalmol 111:1553, 1993

Xu Q, Wang Y, Dabdoub A et al.: Vascular development in the retina and inner ear: control by Norrin and Frizzled-4, a high-a nity ligandreceptor pair. Cell 116:883, 2004

Leukokoria: Incontinentia Pigmenti

Aradhya S, Bardaro T, Galgoczy P et al.: Multiple pathogenic and benign genomic rearrangements occur at a 35 kb duplication involving the NEMO and LAGE2 genes. Hum Mol Genet 10:2557, 2001

Berlin AL, Paller AS, Chan LS: Incontinentia pigmenti: a review and update on the molecular basis of pathophysiology. J Am Acad Dermatol 47:169, 2002

Bodak N, Hadj-Rabia S, Hamel-Teillac D et al.: Late recurrence of inflammatory first-stage lesions in incontinentia pigmenti: an unusual phenomenon and a fascinating pathologic mechanism. Arch Dermatol 139:201, 2003

Catalano RA: Incontinentia pigmenti. Am J Ophthalmol 110:696, 1990

Chan YC, Happle R, Giam YC: Whorled scarring alopecia: a rare phenomenon in incontinentia pigmenti? J Am Acad Dermatol 49:929, 2003

Cox JJ, Holden ST, Dee S et al.: Identification of a 650 kb duplication at the X chromosome breakpoint in a patient with 46,X,t(X;8)(q28;q12) and non-syndromic mental retardation. J Med Genet 40:169, 2003

Ferreira RC, Ferreira LC, Forstat L et al.: Corneal abnormalities associated with incontinentia pigmenti. Am J Ophthalmol 123:549, 1997

Fowell SM, Greenwald MJ, Prendiville JS et al.: Ocular findings of incontinentia pigmenti in a male infant with Klinefelter syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 29:180, 1992

Goldberg MF: T he blinding mechanisms of incontinentia pigmentI.

Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 92:167, 1994

Goldberg MF, Custis PH: Retinal and other manifestations of incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch–Sulzberger syndrome). Ophthalmology 100:1645, 1993

Jean-Baptiste S, O’Toole EA, Chen M et al.: Expression of eotaxin, an eosinophil-selective chemokine, parallels eosinophil accumulation in the vesiculobullous stage of incontinentia pigmenti. Clin Exp Immunol 127:470, 2002

Kenwrick S, Wo endin H, Jakins T et al.: Survival of male patients with incontinentia pigmenti carrying a lethal mutation can be explained by

somatic mosaicism or Klinefelter syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 69:1210, 2001

Martinez-Pomar N, Munoz-Saa I, Heine-Suner D et al.: A new mutation in exon 7 of NEMO gene: late skewed X-chromosome inactivationinanincontinentiapigmentifemalepatientwithimmunodeficiency. Hum Genet 118:458, 2005

Montes CM, Maize JC, Guerry-Force ML: Incontinentia pigmenti with painful subungual tumors: a two-generation study. J Am Acad Dermatol 50:S45, 2004

Porksen G, Pfei er C, Hahn G et al.: Neonatal seizures in two sisters with incontinentia pigmenti. Neuropediatrics 35:139, 2004

Renas-Sordo ML, Vallejo-Vega B, Hernandez-Zamora E et al.: Incontinentia pigmenti (IP2): familiar case report with a ected men. Literature review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 10(Suppl. 2):E122, 2005

Shields CL, Eagle RC Jr, Shah RM et al.: Multifocal hypopigmented retinal pigment epithelial lesions in incontinentia pigmentI. Retina 26:328, 2006

Wald KJ, Mehta MC, Katsumi O et al.: Retinal detachments in incontinentia pigmentI. Arch Ophthalmol 111:614, 1993

Wu HP, Wang YL, Chang HH et al.: Dental anomalies in two patients with incontinentia pigmenti. J Formos Med Assoc 104:427, 2005

Yano M: Incontinentia pigmenti (letter). Arch Ophthalmol 94:1631, 1976

Leukokoria: Other Causes

Bekibele CO, Ogunbiyi JO: Inflammatory orbital pseudotumor simulating retinoblastoma in a one year old girl. West Afr J Med 21:77, 2002

Bhende P, Babu K, Kumari P et al.: Solitary retinal astrocytoma in an infant. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 41:305, 2004

Freitag SK, Eagle RC Jr, Shields JA et al.: Melanogenic neuroectodermal tumor of the retina (primary malignant melanoma of the retina).

Arch Ophthalmol 115:1581, 1997

Imhof SM, Moll AC, van d V et al.: Retinoblastoma and retinal astrocytoma: unusual double tumour in one eye. Br J Ophthalmol 86:1441, 2002

Lev D, Binson I, Foldes AJ et al.: Decreased bone density in carriers and patients of an Israeli family with the osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome. Isr Med Assoc J 5:419, 2003

Patel S, Dondey J, Chan HS et al.: Leukocoria caused by intraocular heterotopic brain tissue. Arch Ophthalmol 122:390, 2004

Reese AB: Massive retinal fibrosis in children. Am J Ophthalmol 19:576, 1936

Shields JA, Shields CL, Eagle RC Jr et al.: Endogenous endophthalmitis simulating retinoblastoma. Retina 15:213, 1995

Shields CL, Shields JA, Eagle RC Jr et al.: Progressive enlargement of acquired retinal astrocytoma in 2 cases. Ophthalmology 111:363, 2004

degenerations, 236–240 diabetes mellitus, 596, 598 drug-induced pigmentation,

235–236 inflammation see conjunctivitis melanocytes, 667

nonsurgical trauma burns, 152

chemical injuries, 151–152 contusion, 135

radiation injuries, 156 normal anatomy, 223–225 sarcoidosis, 94, 96 scarring, 229–231, 232

systemic diseases a ecting, 235–236, 451

vascular disorders, 225–226 diabetes mellitus, 596, 598 hemorrhage, 135, 226, 238 see also ataxia-telangiectasia

“conjunctival cysts”, 540–542

conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 245–246

conjunctival lymphedema, congenital, 225 conjunctivitis, 226–235

acute, 226–228 allergic, 5, 232–234 chronic, 228–229 with filtering bleb, 121

immunologic, 234–235 infectious, 231–232 inflammatory membranes, 227 ligneous, 227–228

physical causes see conjunctiva, nonsurgical trauma

scarring, 229–231, 232 streptothrix infection, 84 see also keratoconjunctivitis

conjunctivochalasis, 240 contact dermatitis, 182 contusion, 134–145, 146–147 copper

as intraocular foreign body, 148–149 Kayser–Fleischer rings, 149, 310–311

cornea, 255–314

collagen heterogeneity, 9 congenital anomalies, 46, 172, 256,

257–265

crystalline deposits, 302, 313–314 cutis laxa, 180

degenerations, 274–285 epithelial, 274–276 stromal, 275, 276–285

diabetes mellitus, 276, 596–599 dystrophies, 285–309

endothelial, 285, 305–309, 640 epithelial, 285, 286–289 stromal, 238, 285, 290–305, 452 subepithelial, 285, 289–290

edema

glaucoma, 654, 655, 656

after intraocular surgery, 112, 115, 598 after retinal detachment surgery, 126

glaucoma, 632, 640, 654, 655–657 hereditary benign intraepithelial

dyskeratosis, 242 inflammation see keratitis

iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome, 639–641, 642–644

iron deposition, 24, 304 neoplasms, 314 nonsurgical trauma

burns, 152

chemical injuries, 151–152 contusion, 134–136, 146–147 copper deposition, 149 foreign bodies, 150

penetration/perforation, 146–147, 148 radiation injuries, 156

normal anatomy, 255–257, 625–627 pigmentations, 309–313

drug-induced, 235–236, 311–313 pseudoexfoliation syndrome, 369 sequelae of uveitis, 67

stromal layer see stromal layer of cornea surgical trauma

intraocular surgery, 111, 112, 115 keratoplasty, 129–133, 152

retinal detachment surgery, 125, 126, 127

touch syndrome, 113, 483 vitrectomy, 598

thickness, 257, 628 ulcer

glaucoma, 654, 656 with hypopyon, 2, 61

cornea guttata, 305–307 cornea plana, 258–259 cornea verticillata, 289

corneal dystrophy of Bowman’s layer

type 1 (CDB1; Reis–Bücklers dystrophy), 290, 291, 292–293, 295, 296

type 2 (CDB2), 290, 291, 292–293, 295 corneal fibrosis syndrome, 285 corneosclera, normal anatomy, 625–627 cornstarch emboli, 153

cornu cutaneum, 196 coronal adenoma, 349–350 corpora amylacea, 521–522 corpora arenacea, 522

cortical cataracts, 373, 375–380, 599 corticosteroid-induced glaucoma, 652 cotton-wool spots, 404–405, 407, 408, 410,

412, 610 Cowden’s disease, 204 cowpox (vaccinia), 176–177

crab louse (Phthirus pubis), 178, 179 cranial arteritis, 507–509, 513

craniocerebellocardiac (3C) syndrome, 631 cri du chat syndrome, 40

Crohn’s disease, 67 Cross syndrome, 396 cryptococcosis, 85–86

cryptophthalmos, 169–170 crystalline deposits

cataracts, 376, 380, 382 corneal, 302, 313–314

neural retinal detachment, 469, 470 crystalline retinal degeneration, 442 crystalline retinopathy, 448–450 cutaneous horn, 196

cuticular drusen, 427 cutis laxa, 180–181

cyclitic membrane, 68, 69, 142, 143 cyclitis, glaucoma, 645–647 cyclodialysis, 138, 139

cyclopia, 45, 47

cylindroma (malignant) see adenoid cystic carcinoma

cylindroma (turban tumor), 207 cystic disease of the retina (juvenile

retinoschisis), 437–440, 757 cystic epithelioma, 202–203, 204

cystic macular degeneration (Best’s disease), 442, 443

cystic nevus, conjunctiva, 677 cysticercosis, 92, 93

cystine, Christmas-tree cataract, 376, 380 cystinosis (Lignac’s disease), 299–302, 314,

447

cystoid degeneration, retina, 144, 419–420, 421

cystoid macular dystrophy, dominant, 443 cystoid macular edema (CME), 122–123,

124, 483, 705, 706

cysts

benign cutaneous, 188–189, 190–191 conjunctival, 241, 540–542

hematic, 545 iris pigment, 684

lacrimal duct (dacryops), 564 with microphthalmos, 531–532 neural retinal, 398–399, 469 optic nerve, 522

uveal, 339–341, 419, 643 vitreous, 482, 487

see also dermoid cysts; epidermoid cysts cytoid bodies, 404, 405, 408, 412, 610 cytokeratin, 19

cytokines, 3, 4, 12, 17, 18, 19

ocular cicatricial pemphigoid, 230 vernal keratoconjunctivitis, 233–234

cytomegalic inclusion disease, 77–78 cytomegalovirus (CMV), 77

AIDS patients, 21, 77, 78, 87 retinitis, 77, 78, 87

cytopathies see mitochondrial myopathies