Index

Abacavir, 214

Absidia corymbifera, 285 Acanthamebiasis, 333 Acanthamoeba conjunctivitis, 144

Acanthamoeba keratitis, 148, 159, 162, 168–171, 177, 187

adenovirus punctate keratopathy, 168 anterior stromal infiltration, limbitis, and

episcleritis in, 170 classic ring abscess of, 170

contact lens–related keratopathies, 168 epithelial lesion and perineuritis in, 169

Hartmannella vermiformis, 168

Acanthamoeba scleritis, 174

adherence to contact lens materials of, 175 immunopathogenesis of, 174

prevention, 174

Acanthamoeba species/Acanthamoebiasis, 85–93, 334

18S rDNA gene tree, 87

morphological taxonomy, challenges of, 85–86 nuclear rDNA molecular analysis, 86 large-scale nuclear 18S rDNA analysis, 88 whole mitochondrial Genome RFLPs, 89–90 epidemiological associations, 90–91

animal experiments, 91 environmental isolates, 91 Acanthamoeba keratitis, 80

Acanthamoeba castellanii, 86–93 Acanthamoeba triangularis, 87

Acetylglucosamine, 1 Acetylmuramic acid, 1 Acid-fast bacteria, 155

Acinetobacter baumannii, 34 Actinomyces species, 34

recognition, 47

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 213–217

Acridine orange, 23, 39–40 Actinomycetes, 137 Active tuberculosis, 195

Actophorin, 93

Acute endophthalmitis

diagnostic guidelines for, 241, 245 symptoms of, 242

treatment guidelines for, 250 Acute follicular conjunctivitis, 141

due to Staphylococcus aureus, 133–134 Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis (AHC),

142–143, 186 Acute necrotizing fasciitis

Streptococcus pyogenes, 129

Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (APMPPE), 232

Acute postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis surgical management, 264–265

Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN) syndrome, 179, 200, 211–212

Acute suppurative endophthalmitis, due to

Staphylococcus aureus, 245 Acyclovir, 181, 182, 183, 214 Adenine arabinoside (ARA-A), 179 Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, 149 Adenovirus 11, 142

Adenovirus keratoconjunctivitis, 184–185 Aerosolized pentamidine, 336

Agar dilution method, 54–57 African trypanosomiasis, 334, 336 Alariasis, 339

Albendazole (Eskazole ), 128, 339, 340, 341 Albuminuria, 336

Aldox , 361

Allergic fungal rhinosinusitis with orbital involvement, 279–280

Alternaria alternata, keratitis due to, 294 Amikacin, 117, 242, 252, 253, 268, 324, 327 Amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT), 297 Amoxicillin, 128, 207

Amphotericin B, 51, 252, 255, 328

Amphotericin, 166, 225, 324, 327 Ampicillin, 327

Amprenavir, 215

Anaerobes, 34

Ancylostoma caninum, 203 Angiostrongyliasis, 342 Anterior blepharitis, 130–132

Anterior chamber, 107, 139–187, 326–327 Anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), 8–12

Anterior uveitis, 191–196 bacterial infection, 194–196 cause of, 192, 193 etiology, 192

mycobacterial infection, 195 non-infectious anterior uveitis, 192–196.

See also Viral infections parasitic infection, 196 spirochetal infection, 195 treatment, 196

Anthrax bacillus, 129 Antibacterial, 324 Antibiotics

intracellular and extracellular levels, 118–121 intravitreal doses of, 113

MBCs, 122

MICs, 122 sensitivities, 120

Antibiotics and antifungal drugs

delivery modes and formulations, 323–332 antibacterial, combinations, 326 antibacterial, commercial preparations, 326 antifungal, 324

antifungal, 326 antiprotozoal, 326 combinations, 324 eye drops, 324 ointment, 326

periocular injection, 323–326 topical preparations, 323

Antibiotics for endophthalmitis administration, 253

adjunctive routes, 253–254 systemic administration, 253

Antifungal drugs

delivery modes and formulations, 323–332. See also Antibiotics and antifungal drugs

Antifungal susceptibility testing, 49–57, 291 agar dilution method, 54–57

agar media, 50 broth media, 50

ocular filamentous fungal isolates, 53–54 Anti-inflammatory therapy, 254 Antimicrobial drops, 325

Antiprotozoal, 325, 326

Antiviral prophylaxis, against herpetic disease of anterior segment, 182–183

Aphakia, 113

Aqueous humor (AH), 108 quinolones effect, 109, 121–122

Arachnia propionica, 137 Arachnida/Arachnids, 333–343

Myiasis, 342

[Arachnida/Arachnids] Phthiariasis, 342–343

Arachidonic acid metabolic pathways, 14 Ascariasis, 339

Aspergillosis, 223, 228–230 Aspergillus endophthalmitis, 228–229 Aspergillus keratitis, 289

Aspergillus or Curvularia keratitis, 294 Atazanavir, 215

Atope, management, 351 Atopic blepharitis, 134

Atopic dermatitis, in blepharitis, 131 Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC), 134 Atopy, 134

Augmentin, 128

Aureobasidium pullulans, 289 Azidothymidine (AZT), 213, 214 Azithromycin, 118, 147, 151, 208, 256 Azoles, 50, 331

Babesiosis, 338

Bacillus spp, 268 Brucella abortus, 32

Bacillus anthracir, 128 Bacillus anthracis, 27

methylene blue stain, 28

Bacillus cereus, 27 Bacitracin, 324, 326

Bactec automated detection system, 38 Bacterial conjunctivitis, 139–141, 145 bacteria causing conjunctivitis, 140

common isolates, 140 less-frequent isolates, 140

laboratory investigations, 139 Bacterial endophthalmitis, 69–70

endogenous, 239–340 exogenous, 242–249

Bacterial infection, 194–196, 205–211 Borreliosis (Lyme disease), 206–208. See also

Borreliosis Brucellosis, 208–209

Syphilis, 205–206. See also Syphilis Tuberculosis, 209–210

uncommon bacterial infections, 210–211 Rickettsia, 211

Whipple’s disease, 208 Bacterial keratitis, 79–80 Bacterial rRNA complex, 63 Bacterial/viral conjunctivitis, 143 Bacteriology, 23–40

anaerobes, 34–35

cell wall, 23 organisms, 24–27

Staphylococcus organisms, 24 Streptococcus species, 24–27

culturing media, 35. See also Culturing media Gram-negative organisms. See Gram-negative

organisms Gram-positive bacilli, 29

[Bacteriology] gram-positive rods, 27–29

Gram-staining procedure, 39–40. See also Gram staining procedure

incubation, 38–39

Bartonella Lenselae, 195 Basidiobolus, 278

Bayesian methodology, 319 Benznidazole, 337 benzylpenicillin, 129 Betadine, 350

Biased error, 308 Bile-esculin agar, 37 Bio-Cell Tracer method, 52 Bithionol, 339

Blastomyces dermatitidis, 280, 281 Blepharitis, 8, 130–133, 130–134 anterior blepharitis, 130–132

atopic dermatitis in, 131 chronic anterior blepharitis, 132 clinical examination, 132 marginal blepharitis, 130

marginal infiltrate and conjunctival reaction associated with, 136

posterior blepharitis, 130–132 seborrhoeic dermatitis in, 131 ‘staphylococcal’ blepharitis, 130

Blood agar plate, 35–36 Blood–ocular barriers, 107 Borreliosis (Lyme disease), 206–208

erythema migrans, 207, 208

Lyme disease interstitial keratitis, 155, 157 Brain heart infusion, 49

Broad-range PCR, 64 commonly used primers, 65–67

Brolene, 173

Bromovinyldeoxyuridine (BVDU), 181 Broth dilution method, 57

drug solutions preparation, 57 test medium, 57

test procedure, 57

Brucella abortus, 208 Brucella melitensis, 209 Brucellosis, 208–209

Brucella abortus, 208 Brucella melitensis, 209

Bulbar conjunctiva, 142

Campylobacter jejuni, 33 Campylobacter species, 33 Canaliculitis, 136–137

Actinomyces sp, 136 Arachnia propionica, 136 H. influenzae, 136

pus, 136 Canaliculitis, 282

Candida albicans, 177, 217, 223, 240 budding yeast cells of, 50

[Candida albicans]

Candida endophthalmitis, 224, 226–228, 229 clinical diagnosis of, 228

corneal perforation due to, 167 keratitis due to, 166 pseudomycelium of, 49

white colonies, 49

Candida glabrata, 299

Candida infections, intraocular, 298 Candida keratitis, 329

Candida parapsilosis endophthalmitis, 299 Carbenicillin, 327

Carbol fuchsin, 40 Carshalton strain, 54 Caspofungin, 298, 301 Cataract

as severe microbial keratitis complication, 187 surgery, 262–263

endophthalmitis following, 265 Cefalexin, 137

Cefazolin, 113, 116, 324, 327 Cefotaxime, 128, 137

Ceftazidime, 166, 242, 252, 253, 324, 327 Ceftriaxone, 146

Cefuroxime axetil, 207

Cefuroxime, 128, 162, 260, 323, 324, 327 Cell-mediated immunity (CMI), 8–10 Cellulitis, 127–137

atopy, 134

blepharitis, 130–134. See also Blepharitis canaliculitis, 136–137

dacryocystitis, 137. See also Dacryocystitis necrotizing fasciitis, 128–130

orbital (postseptal) cellulitis, 127–128. See also Orbital (postseptal) cellulitis

preseptal cellulitis, 128 rosacea, 134–136

Central sterile supply service department (CSSD), 347

Cephalosporins, 116, 166, 323, 327 Cephalothin, 324

Cephazolin (or ceftazidime), 163, 242, 252

Chlamydia trachomatis, 84–85, 145, 147, 150 Chloramphenicol, 46, 112, 128, 324, 326 Chlorhexidine, 174

Chlorhexidine acetate, 349 Chlorhexidine digluconate, 325 Chlorhexidine, 132, 151, 171, 173, 260 Chlorine, 362

Chloroquine, 337 Chlortetracycline, 326 Chocolate agar, 37 Chorioretinitis, 225, 228, 339 Choroid, 196–198

Chronic anterior blepharitis, 132 Chronic blepharitis, 135 Chronic endophthalmitis, 244

treatment guidelines for, 251 Chronic localized noninvasive fungal infections, 279

Chronic orbital cellulitis, 278–279 chronic orbital aspergillosis, 278–279 chronic orbital infections, 279

chronic rhino-orbital-cerebral zygomycosis, 279

invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis, 279 Chronic progressive keratitis, 163

Chronic Staphylococcus aureus infection, 136 Chronic tuberculosis, 210

Cicatricial ectropion, 27 Cidofovir, 214, 221

Ciprofloxacin, 128, 162, 324, 325, 333, 325

Citrobacter species, 30 Clarithromycin, 12, 118–119, 256 Classic triple therapy, 200 CL-associated keratitis, 157 Clavulanic acid, 128

Clear corneal incision (CCI), 255 Clindamycin, 118, 129, 200, 222, 252, 327, 338

Clostridium perfringens, 268 Clotrimazole, 166, 324, 329

Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), 132, 158, 244, 247

Coccidioides immitis, 284, 285 Coccidioidomycosis, 223 Coenurus, 342

Cogan-1 syndrome, 155

Combinations, 324

Complete MoisturePlus± , 353, 362, 365

Acanthameba keratitis associated with Complete MoisturePlus± , 362

Concentration gradient, 115 Congenital mycotic dacryocystitis, 283

Congenital syphilitic chorioretinopathy, 206, 207 Congenital syphilitic infection, 156

Conidiobolus, 278 Conjunctiva, 133, 139–152

Acanthamoeba conjunctivitis, 144 acute follicular conjunctivitis, 141

Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis (AHC), 142–143

acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, 142 bacterial conjunctivitis, 139–141. See also

Bacterial conjunctivitis bacterial/viral conjunctivitis

differential diagnosis, 143 bulbar conjunctiva, 142 causing agents

fly larvae, 144–145 fungi, 144 helminths, 144 protozoa, 144

clinical presentation, 139 gonococcal keratoconjunctivitis, 146 herpes conjunctivitis, 145

marginal ulceration associated with, 151 meningococcal conjunctivitis, 141

Neonatal Inclusion Conjunctivitis (NIC), 150 presumed chlamydial conjunctivitis, 143–144 presumed viral conjunctivitis, 143

[Conjunctiva]

purulent conjunctivitis, 140 special forms of, 145–150

Ophthalmia neonatorum, 145–146. See also Ophthalmia neonatorum

Staphylococcus aureus, 139 systemic virus infection in, 143 tarsal conjunctiva, 142 temporal conjunctiva, 142 therapy of, 145

treatment, 150–152 NIC, 152 trachoma, 150–151 TRIC, 151–152

viral conjunctivitis, 141–142 Conjunctival ischemia, 325 Conjunctival rhinosporidiosis, 284 Conjunctival scarring, 147 Conjunctivitis, 186, 284–285 Contact lens (CL)

contact lens care solutions, contamination, 59 contact lens wear (CLW) associated microbial

keratitis, 310 overnight wear, 159 related keratopathies, 168 soft contact lens, 159 storage, 174

Contact lens-associated keratitis, 310, 353–365. See also Disinfection solutions

classification, 364

compliance versus non-compliance, 364 health warning, 364

hygiene required for infection prevention, 362–364

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis, 354–355 ReNu MoistureLoc-associated Fusarium

keratitis, 355–360 Cornea incision, 309 Cornea, 152–187

Acanthamoeba keratitis, 168–171. See also Acanthamoeba keratitis

Adenovirus Keratoconjunctivitis, 184–185 cornea transplants, HSV infection and, 183 corneal infiltration, 152

culture and drug sensitivity testing, 171–173 diagnosis, 160

edema, 152

Herpes zoster Ophthalmicus (VZV), 183–184 immune deposition, 16

immunity against infection, 4 infection causing agents

acid-fast bacteria, 155 Gram-negative cocci/diplobacilli, 154 Gram-positive cocci, 154

interstitial keratitis, 155 intraocular lenses (IOLs), 159

laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), 160 microbial keratitis, 152–158 microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis, 175 moraxella infection of, 153

[Cornea]

orthokeratology, 159–160

phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, 175–177 prevention, 185

silicone hydrogel (SH) contact lenses, 157

Staphylococcus aureus keratitis, 153 suppurative keratitis descmetocele, 154 suppurative keratitis, treatment of, 162–166.

See also Suppurative keratitis treatment, 173–174

virus infection, 177–178. See also Virus infection

Corneal graft, 152 Corneal incision, 260–261 Corneal infiltration, 152 Corneal opacity (CO), 148 Corticosteroids, 14

Corynebacteria diphtheriae, 29 Corynebacterium macginleyi, 246 Co-trimoxazole, 128

Creutzfeld Jacob disease (vCJD), 186, 346 Cryptococcosis, 229

Cryptococcus neoformans, 223, 229, 280 Crystalline keratopathy, 154, 159, 169 Culture and drug sensitivity testing, of cornea,

171–173 Culturing media, 35

bile-esculin agar, 37–38 blood agar plate, 35–36 brain-heart infusion broth, 38 chocolate agar, 37

EMB agar, 37 Lowenstein-Jensen medium, 38 MacConkey agar, 37 mannitol salts agar, 37 Sabouraud’s agar, 36 thioglycolate medium, 36

Curettage, 282

Cyclosporine, 13

Cysticercosis, 340

Cystoid macular edema, 222 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 85, 193, 218, 219

Dacrocystitis, 127–137 acute dacryocystitis, 137 chronic dacryocystitis, 137

Dacryoadenitis, 186

Dacryoadenitis, 283 Dacryocanaliculitis, 282 Dacryocystitis, 282–283 Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), 137 Darunavir, 215

Decay accelerating factor (DAF), 7 Deep infections of eyelid, 281 Delavirdine, 215

Delayed hypersensitivity (DH), 3 Dendritic ulcer, 179 Dendritiform ulceration, 168

Desmodine, 325 Dexamethasone injection, 254 Dexamethasone, 15, 246 Dextrose, 46

Dibromopropamidine (Brolene), 326 Didanosine, 214

Dideoxycytidine, 214

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC), 203, 204, 339, 340 Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis

(DUSN), 203–204 Diffusion, 106 Dihydroxypropoxymethylguanine

(DHPG), 220 Diloxanide furoate, 338 Disciform keratitis, 181 Disinfection solutions, 360–362

chlorine, 362

hydrogen peroxide, 360–361 multipurpose solutions, 361–362

Doxycycline, 337

Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm), 341

Echinococcus granulosus, 128 Econazole, 166, 324, 330 Edema, 152

Efavirenz, 215

ELISA, 141 Emtricitabine, 214 Encephalopathy, 341

Endogenous aspergillus endophthalmitis, 228 Endogenous endophthalmitis, 223

management, 240–242 treatment, 249–251

Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS) study, 253, 312

limitations of, 265–266 Endophthalmitis, 2, 78–79, 223, 226–231.

See also Postoperative endophthalmitis; Post-traumatic endophthalmitis

Aspergillosis, 228–230

Candidiasis, 226–228. See also Candida endophthalmitis

cryptococcosis, 229–230

endophthalmitis associated with Microbial Keratitis, 266

following cataract surgery epidemiology of outbreaks of, 265

Fusariosis, 230 Histoplasmosis, 230–231

prevention and trauma, 239–268. See also Prevention and trauma,

endophthalmitis Pseudallescheriosis, 230

saccular plaque-type endophthalmitis, 257 treatment, 249–267

acute endophthalmitis, 250 Amikacin, 252, 253 Amphotericin, 252

[endophthalmitis

treatment]

antibiotics administration, 253. See also Antibiotics

anti-inflammatory therapy, 254 Ceftazidime, 253

Cephazolin (or ceftazidime), 252 chronic endophthalmitis, 251 Clindamycin, 252 dexamethasone injection, 254

endogenous endophthalmitis, 249–251 endophthalmitis following

phacoemulsification cataract surgery, 255–257

exogenous endophthalmitis, 251–254 exogenous fungal endophthalmitis,

254–255 Gentamicin, 252 Miconazole, 252–253 Prednisolone, 254 Vancomycin, 252–253

Entamebiasis, 338

Enterobacteriaceae, 30 Enterovirus 70, 142

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 207

Eosin, 37, 256

Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar, 37 aerogenes-type, 37

coli-type, 37

Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC), 141, 184 Epidemiology, 307

Epiphora, 283 Epithelial barrier, 106 Epithelial keratitis, 184

Epstein-Barr Virus, 85, 186 Error, 307

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 29 Erythema migrans, 207

Erythromycin, 12, 132, 151, 164, 326, 327 Eschar, 131

Escherichia coli, 30 Ethyldeoxy-uridine (EDU), 181 Ethanol, 39

Ethidium bromide, 64 Exogenous endophthalmitis

treatment, 251–254 Amphotericin B, 255

for exogenous fungal endophthalmitis, 254–255

Extra capsular cataract extraction (ECCE), 255, 309

Extraocular fungal infections, 280–285 mycotic conjunctivitis, 284–285 mycotic dacryoadenitis, 283 mycotic dacryocanaliculitis, 282 mycotic dacryocystitis, 282–283

mycotic infections of eyelids, 280–281 Eye banking, 351–352

Eye drops, 324, 325, 346

Eye

Eye-associated lymphoid tissue (EALT), 17–19 fungal infections of, 271. See also Tropical

ophthalmomycoses pathogenic microbes invasion, 2 surface protection, 1

Eyelids, mycotic infections of. See Mycotic eyelid infections

Famciclovic, 214

Filamentary fungal keratitis, 166, 286, 293 Filariasis, 341

Flucloxacillin, 129, 132, 327

Fluconazole, 51, 225, 231, 293, 298, 324, 331 Flucytosine, 50, 329

Flucytosine, 324

Fluorescein, 152

Fluoresceinconjugated lectins (FCL), 291 5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC), 166 Fluoromethalone, 182

Fluoroquinolone, 164

Flurbiprofen, 15, 174 Fly larvae

causing conjunctivitis, 144–145

Oestris ovis, 144 Folinic acid, 200 Folliculitis, 136–137 Fortified drops, 323 Foscarnet, 214, 220, 221

Francisella tularensis, 32 Framycetin, 324, 326

Fuchs’ heterochromic iridocyclitis, 192 Fucidin, 14

Fucithalmic , 132, 349

Full Ziehl-Neelsen, 23 Fumagillin, 333

Fungal endophthalmitis, 71–72, 226 molecular method diagnosis of, 300 fungal endophthalmitis, endogenous, 240

Fungal infections, 223–232

clinical manifestations and organisms, 226 detection techniques, 44–46

diagnosis of, 41–43 endophthalmitis, 223

endogenous endophthalmitis, 223 endophthalmitis, 226–231. See also

Endophthalmitis identification flow chart, 48 Ocular Candida albicans, 223 pathophysiology, 226

risk factors, 224 ultrasonography in, 226

Fungal keratitis, 80, 166–168, 294 filamentary fungal keratitis, 166 Fungi, causing conjunctivitis, 144

Furazolidone, 338

Fusarium, 353–365 Fusarium keratitis, 294–295

[Fusarium keratitis]

associated with ReNu with MoistureLoc and other multipurpose solutions, 355–360

Fusarium solani plate culture, 55

Fusarium moniliforme endophthalmitis, 301 Fusarium solani keratitis, 289

Fusidic acid (gel basis; Fucithalmic), 324, 348

Ganciclovir, 214, 221 Gas gangrene, 128 Gatifloxacin, 164, 166

Gentamicin, 46, 114, 146, 162–163, 166, 252, 268, 323, 324, 326, 327, 349

Giardiasis, 338

Globe, 123–124

Globe, fungal infections of, 285–297

mycotic keratitis (keratomycosis), 286–297. See also Mycotic keratitis

mycotic scleritis, 285–286 Glycerol teichoic acid (GTA), 12 Gnathostomiasis, 341

Gomori methenamine silver (GMS), 55, 277 Gonococcal keratoconjunctivitis, 146 Gramicidin, 324, 326

Gram-negative bacteria, 25 Gram-negative cocci/diplobacilli, 29, 154 Gram-negative organisms

Gram-negative diplococci, 29 Neisseria organisms, 29–30. See also

Neisseria organisms Gram-negative rods, 30

Acinetobacter species, 34 Campylobacter species, 33

Haemophilus species, 31–32 Helicobacter species, 33–34

L. pneumophila, 32

Vibrio species, 32–33 Gram negative rods, 31–34

Acinetobacter species, 34 Campylobacter species, 33

Haemophilus species, 31–32 Helicobacter species, 33–34

L. pneumophila, 32

Vibrio species, 32–33 Gram-positive bacteria, 25

Gram-positive staphylococci, 26 Gram-positive cell wall, composition, 23 Gram-positive cocci, 154

Gram-positive rods, 27 bacillus species, 27–28

B. anthracis, 27 B. cereus, 27–28

Clostridium organisms, 28 Gram stain, 23

N. meningitidis, 30

Gram staining procedure, 39 acridine orange, 39 corneal smears, 40

[Gram staining procedure] modified Ziehl-Neelsen, 40 required reagents, 39

Graneodin, 326 Granular retinitis, 219 Griseofulvin, 281 Group orientation, 307

Haemophilus aegyptius, 31 Haemophilus influenzae, 31, 136, 265

orbital (postseptal) cellulitis, 127

Haemophilus paraphrophilus, 31

Haemophilus species, 31–32 Halofantrine, 337

Hartmannella vermiformis, 168

Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II (HRT-II), 290

Helicobacter species, 33 Helicobacter pylori, 33 Helminthes, 339–342

Alariasis, 339 Angiostrongyliasis, 342 Ascariasis, 339 Coenurus, 342 Cysticercosis, 340

Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm), 341 Filariasis, 341

Gnathostomiasis, 341 Hydatid disease, 340 Onchocerciasis, 340–341 Paragonimiasis, 339 Philophthalmiasis, 342 Schistosomiasis, 339 Sparagonosis, 342 Thelaziasis, 341 Toxocariasis, 339 Trichinosis, 340

Helminths, 144 Hematoxylin, 256

Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), 277 Herpes conjunctivitis, 145

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 83–84, 178–179 large geographic ulcer of, 180

primary, 178

Herpes simplex Virus (HSV), 193 Herpes viruses, 192

Herpes zoster Ophthalmicus (VZV), 183–184 Herpes zoster virus (HZV), 222

Herpetic eye disease

antiviral prophylaxis against, 182–183 epithelial dendritic ulcer due to, 179 therapy of, 179–182

Herpetic keratouveitis, 193 Hexamidine (Desmodine), 173 Hexamidine isethionate, 325 Hexamidine, 333

Hibiscrub, 350

Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), 213, 216

Histoplasmosis, 230–231

Histoplasma capsulatum, 52, 230 laboratory examination, 231 treatment, 231–232

Hospital ward, 347–348

Hospital-acquired ocular infection, prevention, 345–352

dressings, 346 eye drops, 346

outpatient clinic, 345–347 sampling equipment, 346 slit-lamp microscope, 346 sterilizers, 347

HSV infection and cornea transplants, 183 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 216 Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV-1),

194 Hydatid disease, 340

Hydrogen peroxide, 360–361 Hydrophilicity /lipophilicity, 105 Hygiene, 353–365

for microbial keratitis infection prevention, 362–364

Hypermetropia, 123 Hyphal infection, 166 Hyphema, 193 Hypopyon, 157, 193, 244

Idoxuridine (IDU), 179, 214 Imidazole, 329, 330

in keratomycosis treatment, 166 Immune modulation, 13

Immune ring, 16 Immune suppression, 13

Immunoglobulin A (IgA), 1, 144 Immunoglobulin G (IgG), 1 Immunopathogenesis, 12–13 Imprecision, 308

Incidence, 307

Inclusion conjunctivitis. See Trachoma/inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC)

Indinavir, 215

Indolent (metaherpetic) ulcers, 182 Infectious keratitis, 162, 286, 287 Inflammation, effects of, 112–115 Inocula, 50

Internal transcribed spacers (ITSs), 291 International Trachoma Initiative (ITI), 147 Interstitial keratitis, 155–156

Intradermal (Casoni) skin test, 128 Intraocular foreign body (IOFB)

prevention of endophthalmitis associated with, 268

Intraocular inflammation, 191 Intraocular lenses (IOLs), 159 Intraocular mycoses, 297–302

Candida glabrata, 299

of exogenous origin, 298–302

[Intraocular mycoses]

exogenous postoperative fungal endophthalmitis, 299

intraocular Candida infections, 298 Intraoperative prophylaxis, 262–263 Intravitreal cidofovir, 221 Intravitreal ganciclovir, 221

Intravitreal injection of antibiotics, 116–118, 231, 326–327

globe size and, 123–124

Invasive sino-orbital aspergillosis, 279 Iridocyclitis, 193

Iritis in secondary syphilis, 197 Itraconazole, 51, 225, 231, 324, 331, 333 Ivermectin (IVM), 204, 340, 341

Kaposi’s sarcoma, 216 Keratitis

keratitis due to Acanthameba, 80 bacterial keratitis, 79–80

due to Alternaria alternata, 294 CL associated keratitis, 159 CL-associated keratitis, 157

coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CNS) keratitis, 158

disciform keratitis, 181 fungal keratitis, 80, 166–168 due to Fusarium sp., 295 interstitial keratitis, 156–157 microbial keratitis, 156, 159

mycobacterial and nocardial keratitis, treatment, 166

pathogenesis, 179

Peptococcus (anaerobic streptococcus) keratitis, 165

Staphylococcus aureus keratitis, 157 stromal keratitis, 181

suppurative keratitis, 156

topical anesthetic abuse keratitis, 177 treatment, imidazoles in, 166

Keratoconjunctivitis, 5 adenoviral, 149 adenovirus, 184–185 microsporidial, 175

Keratomycosis, 286–297 Keratouveitis, 179

Ketoconazole, 51, 55, 167, 324, 330 Kimmig agar, 50

Kimura spatula, 82

Klebsiella pneumoniae, 30

Lacrimal drainage-associated lymphoid tissue (LDALT), 18

Lactodectus geometricus, 130 Lactophenol blue, 23 Lamivudine, 214

Lancefield Group A streptococcus, 25 Lancefield Group B streptococcus, 26 Lancefield Group C streptococcus, 26 Lancefield Group D streptococcus, 26 Langerhans cells (LCs), 3

Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), 160, 287 infections following, 160

Laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), 287

Lasiodiplodia theobromae, 155, 285, 289, 299 Late endophthalmitis

diagnostic guidelines for, 244

Leber’s idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis, 232–233

Lecytophora mutabilis, 301 Legionella pneumophila, 32 Leishmaniasis, 334, 337 Lepromatous leprosy, 195 Levofloxacin, 349 Levamisole, 339

Levofloxacin, 128, 145, 146, 162, 166, 260, 324, 354

Lipophilic antibiotics, 105 Lipophilicity /hydrophilicity, 105 Liposomal amphotericin B, 298

Listeria monocytogenes, 29 Listerosis, 29

Local corneal surface immunity, 3 Local delayed-type hypersensitivity, 3 Local immune complex disease, 15–16 Lopinavir, 215

Loxosclerma (necrotic eyelid), 131 Lowenstein-Jensen medium, 38 Loxosclerma, 131 Loxoscleromatis, 130

Lyme disease. See Borreliosis Lymphocytopenia, 15 Lysozyme, 1

MacConkey agar, 37 Macrolides, oral, 207

Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), 10

Malachite green, 40 Malaria, 337–338 Malarial infection, 338

Malassezia furfur, 280 Management of atope, 351 Mannitol salts agar, 37

Mannose-binding protein (MBP), 92 Marginal blepharitis, 130

Mazzotti reaction, 204 Measles, 185–186 Mebendazole, 339, 340 Mefloquine, 337

Meibomian gland disease (MGD), 132 Membrane cofactor protein (MCP), 7 Meningococcal conjunctivitis, 141 Methicillin, 327

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 162, 253

Methylene blue, 23

B. anthracis, 28 Metrifonate, 339, 340 Metronidazole, 338, 341

Miconazole, 51, 166, 252–253, 324, 327, 330 Microbial keratitis, 152–159

cataract as a complication of, 187 endophthalmitis associated with, 266 hygiene required to prevent, 362–364 investigation flow chart, 161

Microbiology

bacteriology. See Bacteriology mycology. See Mycology

Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis, 175, 333 Microsporidiosis, 333, 334

Minocycline, 200

Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), 122

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), 122 Mitochondrial 16S

rDNA sequences, 87 Modified Ziehl-Neelsen, 23, 40 Molecular biology, 61–94

ocular infections. See Ocular infections acanthamoeba, molecular analyses of, 85–93.

See also Acanthamoeba Molluscum contagiosum, 217 Moraxella infection of cornea, 153

Morganella morganii, 30

Morpholine propane sulfonic acid (MOPS), 57 Moxifloxacin, 162, 164, 166 Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT),

17–18

Mucosal immune system, 18 Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), 76

Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, 233–234

Multiplex PCR, 64 Multipurpose solutions, 361–362 Mumps, 186

Mycobacteria, 163 Mycobacterial infection, 195 Mycobacterial keratitis, 166

Mycobacterium chelonae infection, 40, 161, 164 treatment, 166

Mycobacteium lysodeikticus, 1 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 177, 195, 218 Mycological peptone, 46

Mycological pharmacopoeia, 328–332 Mycotic conjunctivitis, 284–285 Mycotic dacryoadenitis, 283

Mycotic dacryocanaliculitis, 282 Mycotic dacryocystitis, 282–283 Mycotic endophthalmitis, 300 Mycotic eyelid infections, 280–281

deep infections, 281 diagnosis, 281

etiological agents of, 280–281

[Mycotic eyelid infections] superficial infections, 281 therapy, 281

Mycotic keratitis (keratomycosis), 166, 286–297 antifungal agents in treatment of, 292 antifungal susceptibility testing, 291

clinical features, 287–289 demographic features, 286 diagnosis, 287

etiological agents and risk factors, 286–287 etiological agents in, 276–277 histopathological studies, 291

investigation and management flow chart, 288 management, 292–297

microbiological investigations, 290–291 molecular methods of diagnosis, 291 noninvasive diagnostic techniques, 290 prevention, 297

therapeutic surgery for, 295 types, 286

Mycotic scleritis, 285–286 Myiasis, 342

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), 23 N-acetylmuraminic acid (NAMA), 23 Natamycin (Pimaricin), 166, 168, 293, 324, 358 Necrosis, 325

Necrotic eyelid, 131 Necrotizing infection, 129, 130 Necrotizing fasciitis, 128–130 Necrotizing retinitis, 205 Neisseria organisms, 29

N. gonorrhoeae, 30 N. meningitidis, 30

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 30, 139 Neisseria meningitides, 30 Nelfinavir, 215

Neomycin, 324, 326

Neonatal chlamydial ophthalmia (NCO), 147 Neonatal Conjunctivitis (NIC), 152 Neonatal Inclusion Conjunctivitis (NIC), 150 Neonatal prophylaxis, 146

Neosporin, 324

Nested PCR, 64

Nevirapine, 215

Nifurtimox, 337

Niridazole, 341 Nocardia infection, 163

treatment, 166

Nocardia, 39

Nocardial keratitis, 166

Non-infectious anterior uveitis, 192–196. See also below Anterior uveitis

Non-infectious causes

of posterior uveitis, 232–234. See also below Posterior uveitis

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), 15, 182

Nosocomial systemic fungal infections, 225 Nuclear rDNA molecular analysis, 86 Nucleic acid sequence analysis, 75 Nystatin, 326, 329

Ocular Candida albicans, 223 Ocular chlamydia infection, 146

diagnostic tests, 143

Ocular infection, primary, 178 Ocular Onchocerciasis, 204–205

Ocular filamentous fungal isolates, 53–54 Ocular immune privilege, 6–8

primary features, 6 Ocular immune response

ACAID, 10–12

classic and alternate complement pathways, 8 EALT, 18–19

immediate hypersensitivity (IgE) reaction, 5–6 immune suppression, 13–15

anti-inflammatory, 14–15 immunosuppressive, 15 immunity against infection, 3 immunopathogenesis, 12–13

local corneal surface immunity, 3–5 local immune complex disease, 15–16 MALT, 17–18

POCAID, 10–12 Ocular infections

molecular diagnosis of, 61 endophthalmitis, 78–79

keratitis, 79–82. See also Keratitis pathogen identification, 74–75. See also

Pathogen identification

PCR, 61–74. See also Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

strain characterization, 76 routine use of PCR, 82–85

Ocular mycoses

antifungal susceptibility testing, 49–57 agar dilution method, 54–57

agar media, 50 broth media, 50

ocular filamentous fungal isolates, 53–54 broth dilution method, 57

drug solutions preparation, 57 test medium, 57

test procedure, 57 media contents, 46–49

brain heart infusion, 49 Sabouraud’s agar, 46

Ocular rhinosporidiosis, 284

Ocular therapy, antiviral drugs for, 181 Ocular tissues, 334–335

Ocular toxocara, 201–203 clinical presentation, 201–202

peripheral granuloma, 201 posterior pole granuloma, 201

diagnosis, 202–203

[Ocular toxocara]

Toxocara canis, 201 treatment, 203

Oestris ovis, 144

Ofloxacin, 128, 145, 146, 162, 166, 324, 325, 354 Ointment, 326

Onchocerca volvulus, 3

Onchocerca volvulus punctate keratitis, 174 Onchocerciasis, 196, 340–341

Operating theater, 348–349 Ophthalmia neonatorum, 145–146

causes of, 146 bacterial, 146 chemical, 146 chlamydial, 146 irritative, 146 nosocomial, 146 viral, 146

Ophthalmomycoses. See also Tropical ophthalmomycoses

antifungal drugs used in, 328–332 Opportunistic infections, 217–223

intraocular delivery, 220 parenteral therapy, 220

DHPG, 220 Foscarnet, 220

therapy, 220 Opsonophagocytosis, 12

Oral corticosteroid therapy, 201 Orbit, fungal infections of, 271–280

allergic fungal rhinosinusitis with orbital involvement, 279–280

chronic localized noninvasive fungal infections, 279

chronic orbital cellulitis, 278–279 chronic orbital aspergillosis, 278–279 chronic orbital infections, 279

Rhino-orbital-cerebral zygomycosis, 271–278 sites of, 272–275

Orbital (postseptal) cellulitis, 127–128

Haemophilus influenzae, 127 posttraumatic orbital cellulitis, 128

Orthokeratology, 159–160. See also Overnight orthokeratology (OK)

Outpatient clinic, 345–347

Overnight orthokeratology (OK), 159 Oxacillin, 324, 327

Oxamniquine, 339

Oxytetracycline, 135

Paecilomyces lilacinus endophthalmitis, 299 Paecilomyces lilacinus scleritis, 285 Paecilomyces lilacinus, 56, 301

Panuveitis, 202, 205 Papillary conjunctivitis, 184 Paracoccidioidomycosis, 281

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 280–281 Paragonimiasis, 203, 339

Parasitic infection, 196, 198–205 diagnosis, 200

diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis (DUSN), 203–204

ocular onchocerciasis, 204–205

ocular toxocara, 201–203. See also Ocular toxocara

toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, 198–200

Pasteurella multocida, 32 Pathogen identification, 74

genus or species-specific PCR, 74 hybridization analysis of PCR products, 74 nucleic acid sequence analysis, 75

RFLP analysis, 74 SSCP analysis, 74–75

Penciclovir, 183

Penetrating keratoplasty (PK), 309 Penicillin G, 324, 327 Pentamidine, 336, 338

Peptococcus (anaerobic streptococcus) keratitis, 165

Peptidoglycan, 23 Periocular injection, 323–326

Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stains, 277 Phacoemulsification cataract surgery, 242

endophthalmitis following, treatment, 255–257 presentation after, 256

Phacoemulsification cataract surgery, 309 Pharmacokinetics, pharmacology and. See

Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics

anterior chamber, penetration into, 107 blood–ocular barriers, 107–112

influencing barriers, 107 diffusion, 106

epithelial barrier, 106–107 inflammation, effects of, 112–115 intravitreal injection, 116–118 lipophilicity /hydrophilicity, 105 liposomal preparation, 118 repeated systemic dosing, 115

Pharyngoconjunctival fever (PCF), 141 Phenoxymethylpenicillin, 207

Phialophora verrucosa, 289 Philophthalmiasis, 342

Phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, 175–177 Phthiariasis, 342–343

Phycomycetes, 127 Pimaricin (Natamycin), 328 Piperacillin, 166, 324 Piperazine, 339

Pneumocystis carinii, 222 Pneumocystosis, 334, 336 Poisson approximation, 319 Polyene, 329

Polyfax, 326

Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), 171, 173, 325, 361

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 142, 240 amplified product, visualization of, 64

[Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)] broad-range, 64

multiplex, 64 nested, 64

ocular viral and chlamydial infections, diagnosing, 82–85

Adenovirus, testing for, 83

Chlamydia trachomatis, testing for, 84–85 CMV, testing for, 85

EBV, testing for, 85 HSV, testing for, 83–84

patient samples collection, 82–83 VZV, testing for, 84

real-time PCR, 68 Polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells, 119 Polymyxin B, 145, 324, 326 Polyquad, 361

Polytrim ointment, 132 Polytrim , 132, 324, 326, 333 Population, 307 Posaconazole, 167, 332 Posterior blepharitis, 130–132

Posterior chamber-associated immune deviation (POCAID), 8–12

Posterior uveitis, 196–234

anatomy and vascular supply, 198

bacterial infections, 205–211. See also Bacterial infections

differential patterns of, 196

fungal infections, 223–232. See also Fungal infections

non-infectious causes of, 232–234 APMPPE, 232

Leber’s idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis, 232–233

multiple evanescent white dot syndrome, 233–234

opportunistic infections, 217–223. See also Opportunistic infections

parasitic infections, 198–205. See also Parasitic infections

retina and choroid, 196–198 symptoms, 197

viral infections, 211–223. See also Viral infections

Postoperative endophthalmitis, 309 prophylaxis and risk factor analysis, 257–262

case definitions, 258–262 endophthalmitis cases, 258 intraoperative prophylaxis, 262–263 postoperative prophylaxis, 263–264 statistical analysis of data, 258–260 streptococcal cases, 261–262

study design, 257–258 subconjunctival antibiotic injection

prophylaxis, 263 risk factors of, 311

Postoperative prophylaxis, 263–264 Posttraumatic endophthalmitis, 267–268 Posttraumatic orbital cellulitis, 128

Povidone iodine, 349 Praziquantel, 339, 340

Preauricular lymphadenopathy, 142 Prednisolone, 15

oral administration, 254 Preseptal cellulitis, 128, 281

Presumed chlamydial conjunctivitis, 143–144 Presumed viral conjunctivitis, 143 Prevalence, 307

Prevention and trauma, endophthalmitis, 239–268. See also Acute endophthalmitis; Endogenous endophthalmitis; Late endophthalmitis

bacterial endophthalmitis, 239–340. See also Bacterial endophthalmitis

fungal endophthalmitis, 240 Prions, 186–187

Profilin, 92–93

Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN), 212 Propamidine isethionate, 324, 325, 333

Propionibacterium acnes, 34, 62–63, 118, 162, 246, 263, 265

Proptosis, 128 Protozoa, 333–338

Acanthamebiasis, 333 African Trypanosomiasis, 336 Babesiosis, 338

causing conjunctivitis, 144 Entamebiasis, 338 Giardiasis, 338 Leishmaniasis, 337 Malaria, 337–338 Microsporidiosis, 333 Pneumocystosis, 336

South American Trypanosomiasis, 337 Toxoplasmosis, 333–336

Providencia, 30 Pseudallescheriosis, 230 Pseudoglioma, 210

Pseudomonas species, 33

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, 2, 33, 155, 166

Pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis, 354–355 Pseudomonas cepacia, 33

Purulent conjunctivitis, 140 Pus, 136

Pyrantel, 339

Pyrexia, 226

Pyrimethamine, 200, 222, 333 Pyrimidine, 329

Questionnaire reporting surveys, 313–314 Quinine, 337, 338

Quinolone antibiotic, 354 Quinolones, 109, 128

Radial keratotomy incisions, 153

Random error, 308

Rare virus infections, 213 Recurrent herpetic eye disease, 179

ReNu MoistureLoc-associated Fusarium keratitis, 355–360

Retina, 196–198 Retinal necrosis, 212 Retinal vasculitis, 205

Retinitis in secondary syphilis, 197 Retinoblastoma, 210

Retinochoroiditis, 198–200. See also Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, 74

Retroseptal infection, 127

Retrospective and prospective studies, 308–312 case-control study, 310–311

cross-sectional study, 312 descriptive study, 308–310 longitudinal study, 311–312

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 7

Rhino-orbital-cerebral zygomycosis, 271–278 Rhinosporidiosis, 281, 284

Rhinosporidium seeberi, 284 Rhodesian and Gambian disease, 336 Ribitol teichoic acid, 5

Rickettsia, 211

Rifampicin, 128, 151, 164, 208, 326 Ritonavir, 215

Rosacea, 132, 134–135 blepharitis and, 134–136

Roth’s spots, 226

S. American trypanosomiasis, 334 Sabouraud’s agar, 36, 46

Saccular plaque-type endophthalmitis, 257 Safranin, 39

Saquinavir, 215

Scedosporium apiospermum, 52, 301 Scedosporium boydii, 289 Schistosomiasis, 339

Scleral tunnel incisions, 309 Scleritis, 285–286 Seborrhoeic dermatitis, 131

Secondary syphilis, iritis in, 197 Serine protease, 93

Serratia marcescensm, 30 Serum reagin tests, 207

Shigella, 30

Silicone hydrogel (SH) contact lenses, 157, 364 Silver sulphadiazine, 332

Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis, 74–75

Slit-lamp microscope, 346 Sodium stibogluconate, 337

South American Trypanosomiasis, 337 Southern blot, 61

Sparagonosis, 342

Species-specific PCR, 74 Spiramycin, 336 Spirochetal infection, 195 Spondyloarthropathy, 192

Staphylococcal blepharitis, 130, 134

Staphylococcus aureus, 24, 37, 63, 128, 127, 268 acute folliculitis due to, 133

acute toxic limbitis due to, 133 conjunctivitis due to, 133

Staphylococcus epidermidis, 24

Staphylococcus aureus keratitis, 153, 157, 177

Staphylococcus organisms, 24 gram-positive staphylococci, 26

Staphylococcus saprophyticus, 24 Statistical methods of analysis, 315–319 Stavudine, 214

Stenotrophomonas maltophila, 33 Stibogluconate, 337

Streptococcus pyogenes, 2, 127, 194 acute necrotizing fasciitis due to, 129

Streptococcus species, 24–25 Stromal keratitis, 181

Subconjunctival antibiotic injection prophylaxis, 263

Subconjunctival delivery, 323 Subconjunctival injections, 162 Sulphacetamide, 324, 326 Sulphadiazine, 200 Sulphadoxine, 337

Superficial infections of eyelid, 281 Suppurative keratitis

suppurative keratitis descmetocele, 154 treatment, 162–166

Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, 166 specific antibiotic regimens for, 165

Suramin, 341

SYBR Green I dye, 73 Syphilis, 205–206

congenital syphilitic chorioretinopathy, 206, 207

serum reagin tests for, 207 syphilitic neuroretinitis, 205 Systemic amphotericin B, 225 Systemic antibiotic therapy, 128

Systemic chemotherapy, 328 Systemic medication, 327–328

Tarsal conjunctiva, 142 Telangiectiasia, 136 Temporal conjunctiva, 142 Tenofovir, 214

Tetracycline, 132, 151, 200, 207, 324, 326 Thayer-Martin medium, 37

Theater air flow engineering to prevent HAI, 350–351

Theater hygiene discipline to prevent HAI, 350 Thelaziasis, 341

Thellazia capillaris, 144

Thiabendazole, 339, 340 Thioglycolate medium, 36

Thymidine kinase negative (TK-) HSV, 183 Ticarcillin, 166, 324

Tinidazole, 338

Tipranavir, 215

Tobramycin, 324

Topical anesthetic abuse keratitis, 177

Toxic anterior segment syndrome (TASS), 266–267 Toxic shock syndrome due to Staphylococcus

aureus (TSST-1), 139 Toxic shock syndrome, 129

Toxocara canis infection, 198, 201, 203 Toxocariasis, 339

Toxoplasma gondii infection, 198, 222 Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, 198–200

peripheral lesions of toxoplasma, 199 recurrent retinochoroiditis due to toxoplasma,

199 treatment of, 200

classic triple therapy, 200 indications for, 200

Toxoplasma, peripheral lesions of, 199 Toxoplasmosis, 333–336

Trabeculitis, 179 Trachoma

and chronic conjunctivitis, 148 diagnosis, 143

stages of, 150 treatment, 150–151

Trachoma inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC), 143, 147, 148

treatment, 151–152 Trachoma, 146

Trachomatous inflammation follicular (TF), 148 Trachomatous inflammation intense (TI), 148 Trachomatous scarring (TS), 148 Trachomatous trichiasis (TT), 148

Traditional eye medicines (TEMs), 287

Treponema pallidum infection, 195, 218 Triazoles, 167, 331, 332

Trichinosis, 340 Trifluorothymidine (F3T), 179, 181 Trifluridine, 214

Trimethoprim, 145, 324, 326 Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole combination,

336 Trisulphopyrimidines, 333

Tropheryma whippelii, 195, 208 Tropical ophthalmomycoses, 271–302

extraocular fungal infections, 280–285.

See also Extraocular fungal infections fungal infections of globe, 285–297.

See also Globe

fungal infections of the orbit, 271–280. See also Orbit, fungal infections of

intraocular mycoses, 297–302. See also Intraocular mycoses

Tuberculosis, 209–210 miliary tubercles, 209

[Tuberculosis]

tuberculous choroiditis, 209 Tuberculous chorioretinitis, 210

Ulcerative keratitis, 155 Ultrasonography, 226 Unreliability, 308 Uvea, 191–234

anterior uveitis, 191–196. See also Anterior uveitis

posterior uveitis, 196–234. See also Posterior uveitis

Vaccinia, 186 Valaciclovir, 214

Vancomycin, 128, 242, 252, 253, 324, 327 Varicella Zoster virus (VZV), 84, 193

uveitis due to, 194

Vibrio cholerae, 32 Vibrio vulnificus, 32 Vidarabine, 214

Viral conjunctivitis, 141–142

Viral infections, 177–185, 192–194, 211–223 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

(AIDS), 213–217

Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC), 186 Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN) syndrome, 211 antiviral drugs, effects of, 214–215

cataract, 187

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (CJD), 186 Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 193 Epstein-Barr Virus, 186

Herpes simplex eye disease, 178–179 Herpes simplex Virus (HSV), 193 Herpes viruses, 192

human T-cell lymphotrophic virus-1 (HTLV- 1), 194

Measles, 185–186 Mumps, 186 Prions, 186–187

Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN), 212

rare virus infections, 213 vaccinia, 186

Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV), 193 Viral-induced chorioretinitis, 233 Viral keratitis, 80

Viridans streptococci, 27 Vitrasert, 221 Vitrectomy, 113 Vitrector, 247–249

Voriconazole, 167, 225, 231, 298, 301, 331

Wessley rings, 16–17

Whipple’s disease, 194, 208

Tropheryma whippelii, 208