Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Ocular Disease Mechanisms and Management_Levin, Albert_2010

“Epithelial pearls”, 239

corneal neovascularization (NV) and, 74

Descemet’s membrane, 36–37

Epithelial rejection, 56

CTGF and, 251

diagnosis/evaluation, 38–39, 40

Epithelial–stromal cross-talk, 10

DEX treatment and, 148

endothelium, 34–36, 36

Epithelial–stromal interactions, 11, 11

disease and, 44

etiology, 37–38, 38, 39

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation

infection and, 52

management, 39–40

(EMT), 238, 239, 241

laminar region and, 153, 161–163

stroma/Bowman’s layer/epithelium, 37

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 628, 629, 630

myofibroblasts and, 238

Fungal keratitis, 49, 51–54, 51

clinical background, 655–656

neovascular AMD and, 541

Fusarium, 49

manifestations, 658

sclera and, 429

pathophysiology, 656

structural support and, 89

G

ERM (Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin) linker

TM and, 171

molecules, 141

wound healing and, 9, 12, 13

Gaucher’s disease (GD), 289

Erythema multiforme (EM), 87

Extracellular receptors, binding, 511

GCA see Giant cell arteritis (GCA)

Erythropoietin, 549, 670

Extraocular muscle (EOM) research, 452, 459

Gefarnate, 144

Estrogen, 321

Eye Bank Association of America (EBAA),

Gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy

Ethnicity, angle closure glaucoma (ACG), 193

56–57

(GDLD), 27–28, 32

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 242

Eye Disease Case-Control Study Group, 491

Gene therapy, 12–13, 593

Evaporative dry-eye disease, 105, 106,

Eye movement

Geographic atrophy (GA), 527, 527–529

133–134

albinism and, 350

complement pathway and, 531–532,

Ex vivo cultured LESC grafts, 88

systems, 289

532

Ex vivo expanded autologous LESCs, 84

Eyelid abnormalities, 131–137

GFS see Wound healing, glaucoma filtration

“Excitotoxicity”, 204

Eye-specific models, 159, 159

surgery (GFS)

Exfoliation glaucoma (XFG)

Giant cell arteritis (GCA), 306, 309, 313

development, 189–190, 190–192

F

cytokines/chemokines, 310–311

etiology, 187

diagnostic evaluation, 306–307, 307, 309

prognosis, 186

Familial amyloid polyneuropathy type IV

epidemiology, 306

treatment, 186–187, 186

(Finnish/Meretoja), 26, 27, 32

etiology, 309

Exfoliation syndrome (XFS), 184–192

Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR),

genetics, 309, 309

defined, 184, 185

566

inciting antigens, 310

epidemiology, 184, 186

FECD see Fuch’s endothelial corneal

inflammatory responses, 310

etiology, 187

dystrophy (FECD)

ischemic optic neuropathy and, 313

exfoliation material (XFM), 184, 188, 189

Femtosecond laser, 42–43

pathology, 309, 309

molecular pathogenesis, 188–189, 188,

LASIK, 20–21

pathophysiology, 311, 311

189

Feuk’s disturbed lattice theory, 2

PION and, 321

prognosis, 186, 186

Fiber cells, lens, 231, 232

signs and symptoms, 306, 307

signs and symptoms, 184, 185, 186

Fibrils, collagen, 1–4, 2, 14, 67

treatment, 307–309, 309

vacular abnormalities, 190

Fibrin, hemostasis and, 214, 215

Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC), 99, 100,

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Fibroblast growth factors, 241, 547

102, 103

(EAE) model, 279, 279

Fibroblasts, 9, 10, 11, 13

Glands of Krause, 131

antioxidant gene therapy, 282, 285–287,

corneal, 16

Glands of Wolfring, 131

287–289

orbital, 435, 435

Glaucoma

antiROS gene modulation, 281, 283, 284,

Fibrovascular septa, 384–385

blood flow and see Blood flow, glaucoma

284

Fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB),

CNS see Central nervous system (CNS),

axonal loss, 286, 286

383–384

glaucoma

mitochondrial injury, 280, 280

Finite element (FE) models, 159, 161

“continuum” hypothesis, 178

neurodegeneration, 280, 285–286, 288

Fleck corneal dystrophy (CFD), 29–30, 30, 32

pigmentary see Pigmentary dispersion

respiratory chain/glycolitic/chaperone

Flow studies, 317

syndrome (PDS)/glaucoma (PG);

proteins, 280–281, 280

Fluocinolone, 551–552

steroid-induced see Steroid-induced

ROS localization, 282, 282

Fluoroscein angiography, 317, 522

glaucoma

Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU),

Focal ischemic characteristics, optic disc, 224,

see also Angle closure glaucoma (ACG);

619, 621, 623

224

Intraocular pressure (IOP); Primary

anterior (EAAU), 619

Focal treatments, retinoblastoma and, 372

angle closure glaucoma (PACG)

Experimental ischemia of optic nerve, 317

Food and Drug Administration (USA), 144

Glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), 178,

External-beam radiation therapy (EBRT)

Form deprivation myopia, 426

181, 193, 194

choroidal melanoma, 389, 392–393, 392,

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Glial cells, 511

393

(FTIR), 132, 132

Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), 614–615,

retinoblastoma, 371, 373

François–Neetens Mouchetée, 29–30, 30, 32

614

Extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), 238,

Frontal eye field (FEF), 291, 293, 294

Glial scar formation, 609–611, 609–611

239

Fuch’s endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD),

Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), 149, 253, 254

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

34–40

GRα, 149

cellular repopulation, 607–608

clinical background/stages, 34, 35, 36

GRβ, 150–151, 150, 151

components, 172–176, 173, 175

cornea, structure/function, 34

GRE-dependent pathway, 149

GRE-independent pathway, 150

H

mediated activity, 252–255, 253–255

Glucocorticoid reduce glutathione (GSH),

Hair follicle stem cells, 400–402, 401, 402

255, 255

Harboyan syndrome congenital dystrophy

Glucocorticoid response elements (GRE),

and perceptive deafness (CDPD), 27,

253

30–31, 32

Glucocorticoids (GCs), 146

Hard-core coating theory of Twersky, 2

clinical background, 146–147

Hardy, Rand and Rittler (HHR)

diseases treated, 147

pseudoisochromatic plates, 480

endogenous, 147–148

Haze, corneal wound healing, 4–7, 5, 7,

future directions, 152

19–20, 19, 20

heat shock and, 254

Head impulse test, 295

intravitreal, 251

Head shaking

LEC and, 256

ophthalmoscopy during, 295

lens hydration, 255–256

visual acuity and, 295, 295

mechanisms, 149, 251–254, 254–256

Head-shaking nystagmus (HSN), 295

nongenomic activity, 252, 252, 254,

Healon 5, 275–276

254

Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), 253, 254

ocular effects, 251

Hedgehog signaling pathway, 403, 405, 405

ocular therapy, 147

Heidelberg Engineering retinal tomography

oxidation stress, 255, 255

(HRT), 314, 315, 316

pathology, 147, 147

Heidelberg retinal flowmeter, 317

-protein adduct formation, 255, 256

Helmholtz’s theory of accommodation, 260,

side effects, 251, 251

260, 267, 268, 269, 269

tissue/cell responses, 151

Hemicentral retinal vein occlusion (HCRVO),

trabecular meshwork (TM) effects,

490

148–149, 148

pathogenesis, 494

transactivation/transrepression, 253

prognosis, 497

Glucose supply, from circulation, 573–575,

risk factors, 490–492, 491

573, 574

site of occlusion, 492–493, 493

Glutamate, 204

treatment, 497

Glutathione (GH), 255

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 16–19,

oxidated (GSSG), 235, 236, 255

241

reduced (GSH), 235, 236, 255, 255

Hereditary corneal dystrophies, 22–33

Glycation, 249

associated systemic findings, 27

Glycolysis, 16

Bowman membrane dystrophies, 23–25,

aerobic/anaerobic, 576–577, 576

32

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 71, 149, 174,

endothelial dystrophies, 30–33, 32

428, 433, 609–610

epithelial dystrophies, 22–23, 32

Glycosylation of mucins, 142–143

genetics, 24, 32

Goblet cells, 142

overview, 22

Goblet-cell-associated mucin MUC5AC, 142

pathogenesis of, 24

Goldmann applanation tonometry, 180

stromal dystrophies, 25–30, 32

Gonioscopy, 193, 194

Hereditary keratitis, 9

Goniosynechialysis, 196

Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome, 538, 542

Graft rejection see Corneal graft rejection

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 79, 92, 95

Granular dystrophy type I (GCDI), 24, 25,

manifestations, 658

25, 32

type 1 (HSV-1), 91, 93, 94, 628, 629, 630,

Graves’ disease (GD), 433

632

etiology, 434–435, 435

type 2 (HSV-2), 91–93, 628, 629, 630,

pathophysiology, 435–437, 435, 436

632

radioiodine therapy, 434–435, 435

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) retinitis,

Graves’ ophthalmology (GO), 433–437

628–633

clinical background, 433, 434

clinical background, 628, 629

genetics, 434

diagnosis, 629–630

mechanical factors, 434

etiology, 630–631

pathology, 433–434, 434

pathology, 630

therapy, 434–437, 435, 436

pathophysiology, 631–633, 633

Groenouw type I, 24, 25, 25, 32

Herpesviruses, 654, 658

Groenouw type II, 28, 29, 32

Herpetic keratitis, 91–96

Growth factors, 214–219, 218

clinical background, 91, 92, 93

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP), 577

etiology, 93, 94

Lake theory, 2–4, 4

LGN see Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Lamina cribrosa (LC), 153–155, 155, 158,

LHON see Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy

160–163, 192

Light

models, 159–160, 160, 161

damaging, 468, 499, 501, 502, 598

Laplace’s law, 156

duration/intensity, 417

Laser epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK),

Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs), 83, 84,

17–19

85, 87

Laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), 195

therapy, 84, 86

Laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)

Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs)

corneal wound healing, 16–21

deficiency, 77, 78, 83, 84, 88

dry eye and, 107

causes, 85–86, 87

induced neurotrophic epitheliopathy

environmental risk factors, 85–86, 87

(LINE), 21

genetic risk factors, 85, 87

refractive surgery, 11, 12, 13, 17, 259

Lindberg Society, 186

Laser treatment

Lipofuscin, 584, 585

Doppler flowmetry, 227, 228, 366

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 53

induced scarring, 201, 201

Lisch corneal dystrophy, 23, 32

lens stiffness, 270–271, 270

Lisch nodules, 409, 409

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), 201, 204,

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 171

205

Lower tear meniscus curvature (LTMC), 127,

prosthetic intervention and, 592

127

transsynaptic degeneration, 201–204,

Lower tear meniscus volume (LTMV), 128,

202–204

129

Lattice corneal dystrophy

LOXL1 gene, 184, 187

type I (LCD I), 24, 26, 26, 32

“Luxury perfusion”, 317

type II (LCD II), 26, 27, 32

Lymph nodes, regional draining, 62, 62

Lattice theory

Lymphangiogenesis see Corneal

Feuk’s disturbed, 2

neovascularization (NV)/

Maurice’s transparency, 1

lymphangiogenesis

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), 579

Lymphatic vessels, 78

Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON),

Lymphocytes, Sjögren’s syndrome and, 119

324, 330–336, 357, 361

Lytic infection, 92

differential diagnosis, 289

epidemiology, 330

M

etiology, 332

genetics, 332, 359, 362, 373

Macular corneal dystrophy (MCD), 28, 29,

pathology, 331, 337

32

pathophysiology, 332–333, 338

Macular degeneration, 532–533, 533

prognosis, 331

Macular Photocoagulation Study (MPS), 536

signs and symptoms, 330, 337, 357

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 278

treatment, 331

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 59

LEC see Lens epithelial cells (LECs)

human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and, 670

Lens, crystalline

Malignancy

accommodation and, 261–265, 263, 264,

glaucoma, 197

269, 269

scleritis and, 652

aging, 231, 232–233, 262, 265, 265, 268

Manifest latent nystagmus (MLN), 344, 347

changes in presbyopia, 267, 268

Mannose-binding protein (MBP), 54

extraction, 196

MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase

hydration, 255–256

(MAPK), 217, 252

-induced glaucoma, 197

Map-dot-fingerprint dystrophy, 23, 24, 32

laser treatment, 566–567, 566

Marangoni effect, 125

structure, 262

Marangoni flow, 129

Lens epithelial cells (LECs), 238, 239,

Massin, P., 524

240–242, 256

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), 149, 174,

“Lens paradox” (Brown’s), 264

220–221

Lenses

angiogenesis and, 74, 78, 570

contact, 259

aniridia and, 89

negative, compensation, 426, 426–427

cellular repopulation, 607–608, 610

plus, 427

corneal neovascularization (NV), 79

LESC see Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs)

PCO and, 241, 241

Leukocyte common antigen-related protein

scleritis and, 652

(LAR), 44

Maurice’s lattice theory of transparency, 1

Optic nerve

retinal pigmentosa (RP) and, 581

PAX gene

experimental ischemia of, 317–318

tear film and, 123–127, 124, 126, 127

functions, 476

flame hemorrhages, 223, 224

Optineurin (OPTN), 180

mutations, 475–476, 475

prostheses, 599

Optobionics, 596–597

PAX6, 472–477, 475

Optic nerve axonal injury, 181–182, 322–329

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), 293, 294

Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group

diagnostic workup, 324

omnidirectional pursuit paresis, 293,

(PEDIG), 445

differential diagnosis, 323, 324

294

Pegaptanib sodium, 550

epidemiology, 323

Orbital autoantibodies, 435–436, 436

Penetrating keratoplasty, 42–43, 50, 101

etiology, 325

Orbital fibroblasts, 435, 435

Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC), 98,

genetics, 323

Orthoptics, 459

99, 99, 100

historical development, 322

Osmotic stress, 246

Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent, 383–384

neuronal effects, 328–329

Ossification, heterotopic, 422, 422

PAS-positive patterning, 384

overview, 322, 323

Outer limiting membrane (OLM), 607–608

Peripheral anterior syndrome (PAS), 194,

pathology, 324–325, 325

Oxidation, 248, 502–503, 503

196

pathophysiology, 325–329, 326

Oxidative chemical reactions, 534

Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 322–324,

signs and symptoms, 322–324, 324

Oxidative damage, 530

609

treatment, 324

AMD and, 530–531

Peripheral ulcerative keratitis, 648, 649

Optic nerve head (ONH), biomechanical

cataracts, 234

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor 5 (PDE 5), 318

changes, 153–163

complement system and, 532–533

Photocoagulation, 496–497, 496

basic concepts, 154, 154, 155

keratoconus (KC), 45–46, 45, 46

Photodynamic therapy (PDT), 536, 551

cellular mechanics, 161

Oxidative metabolism, 574–576, 575–576

Photophako reduction (PPR), 270

clinical background, 153, 154

Oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), 46

Photoreceptor sensory cilia (PSC), 587

clinical implications, 163

mitochondria and, 334, 335, 336

defective formation, 588–589

etiology, 153–160, 154

Oxidative stress, 219, 219, 541, 541

defective signaling, 584–586, 587–588,

lamina cribrosa (LC) models, 159–160,

stressors, 541

588

160, 161

trabecular meshwork (TM) and, 174,

dysfunction, 588

LC deformations and, 157

176–177

Photoreceptors, 503, 577–578

measures, 160–161

Oxygen

cell death, 587

models, 156–159, 157–159

exposure, ROP and, 565

oxidative damage, 530

pathology, 153

nuclear cataracts, 235–237, 236

retinal detachment (RD) and, 555, 557,

research, 163

supplemental, 568–569

559

restructuring/remodeling, 161–163, 162

supply, from circulation, 573–575, 573,

Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK), 11

sclera, 155–156, 155, 156

574

corneal wound healing, 16–21

Optic nerve head (ONH), intraocular pressure

Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), 568

haze after, 4–7, 5, 7

(IOP) and, 178–183

Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK), 11

axonal damage, 181–182

P

Phthisis bulbi, 415–422

clinical background, 178, 179

clinical features, 417, 417

etiology, 170–180

Paclitaxel, 219

diagnostic workup, 415–416, 416

genetic risk factors, 180

Palisades of Vogt, 83, 87

differential diagnosis, 416

ONH regions, 180

Papillomacular bundle (PMB), 330–332,

epidemiology, 415, 416

pathology, 178–179, 179

331

etiology, 416, 420

pathophysiology, 181–183, 181

Paracrine mediation, endocrine triggers,

genetics, 415

retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death,

120–121

histopathology, 418–420, 417–419

182–183, 182

Paraneoplastic retinopathies (PRs), 599–606

historical development, 415, 416

vascular factors, 180

diagnostic workup, 602, 602

macro/microscopic features, 417–418,

Optic neuritis, 278–288, 279, 283, 285

epidemiology, 602

418

animal model see Experimental

etiology, 601, 603, 604

pathology, 417–418, 418

autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)

historical development, 601–602, 601,

pathophysiology, 420–422, 421, 422

clinical background, 278–279, 279

605

prognosis, 416–417

comparisons, 314

pathology, 603, 604

signs and symptoms, 415, 416

pathophysiology, 279, 289

pathophysiology, 604–606, 604–606

treatment, 416

Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT), 278

prognosis, 603

Pigment dispersion, 165, 166

Optic pathway gliomas (OPG), 408–411, 410

signs and symptoms, 599–601,

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF)

animal models, 412–413, 413

600–602

angiogenesis and, 550

asymptomatic, 410–411

target autoantigens, 601

diabetic retinopathy and, 516–517

natural history, 410

treatment, 603

Pigmentary dispersion syndrome (PDS)/

treatment, 411

Parasitic keratitis, 49, 51, 52, 54–55

glaucoma (PG), 165–170

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 279,

Parietal eye field (PEF), 291

diagnostic workup, 167, 167

314

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

differential diagnosis, 167

AMD and, 537–538

(PAMP), 98

etiology, 168, 168

diabetic macular edema (DME) and, 522,

Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l’Age (POLA)

genetics, 166–167

522

Study (France), 243

historical perspective, 165

outer, 511

sparing, 591, 591

prognosis, 372

water homeostasis, 525, 525

see also Optic nerve axonal injury

signs and symptoms, 369, 370

Retina, cellular repopulation, 607–611

Retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), 313,

treatment, 371–372, 371, 373

clinical background, 607, 608

331–342

Retinoblastoma, low penetrance, 377–382

etiology, 607–608

Retinal neurodegeneration, 511

clinical background, 377, 378

pathophysiology, 609–611, 609–611

Retinal pathology, 200, 201

etiology, 377

transplantation, 608–609, 608

Retinal photic injury, 449–504

genetics, 377–378, 378, 379, 380

Retina Implant, 595

clinical background, 499–500, 500

pathology, 377

Retina Society Terminology committee,

dietary factors, 501–502, 502

pathophysiology, 377–381

612

genetic factors, 500–501, 501

pRb protein, 378, 380–381, 380

Retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP),

overview, 499

Retinoic acids (RAs), 301, 302, 303

538–539

pathology, 500, 500

Retinol binding protein (RBP), 301

Retinal artery occlusion (RAO), 486–490

pathophysiology, 502–504, 503, 504

Retinol dehydrogenase (RDH), 502

clinical background, 488–490, 489

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 424, 527

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP),

diagnostic workup, 490

AMD and, 530–533, 536, 539–541

562–571

pathogenesis, 486–488, 487, 488

cell death, 503–504

clinical background, 563–566, 563–565

prognosis, 490, 490

cellular repopulation, 607

definitions, 563

treatment, 489–490

depigmentation, 527

diagnostic workup, 564–566, 566

Retinal blindness, 592–593, 593

hyperplasia, 527

differential diagnosis, 566

Retinal detachment (RD), 424, 554–560

inflammation, 640

epidemiology, 563

clinical background, 554, 555

light damage, 499–500, 502–504

etiology, 568–569

epidemiology, 556

oxidative damage, 530

genetics, 563, 565–566, 566

etiology, 556–557

proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and,

historical development, 563, 571–572

history, 554–556, 555

612–615, 614, 615

pathology, 566–568, 568

pathology, 555, 556

prosthetic intervention, 592

pathophysiology, 569–570

pathophysiology, 557–560, 558

proteins, visual cycle defects, 588

treatment, 565–566, 565

prognosis, 555, 556

retinal detachment (RD), 554, 557

Reverse pupillary block, 168, 168, 170

signs and symptoms, 554, 555

RPE-Bruch’s membrane-choriocapillaris,

RGC see Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death,

types, definitions, 554, 555

529, 535

glaucoma; Retinal ganglion cells

Retinal diseases, 352–353

Retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), 607, 608

(RGCs)

Retinal energy metabolism, 572–578

Retinal prostheses, 591–592, 592, 595–597,

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD),

clinical background, 572–573, 573

596, 598

554, 555, 655

etiology, 573

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO), 486, 490–497

Rheumatoid factor testing, 645

pathology, 573

clinical entities, 490

Rheumatoid scleritis, 649, 649

pathophysiology, 573–578, 573–576

diagnostic workup, 495, 495

Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), 189

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, glaucoma,

prognosis, 497

Rieger anomaly, 472, 473

178, 181–183, 182, 200, 207–213

risk factors, 487, 488, 490–495, 491, 493,

Rift valley fever, 658

apoptosis, extrinsic vs intrinsic, 208, 208,

494

Rituximab, 647

210–211, 210, 213

treatment, 495–497, 496

RNA, 131

clinical background, 207

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), 579–589

ROS see Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

etiology, 207–208, 209–210

blindness and, 591, 593

Rotterdam Eye Study, 225

IOP and, 204–205

diagnostic workup, 579–580

Royal College of Surgeons (RCS), 501, 502,

pathology, 207

differential diagnosis, 583

504

selectivity, 208, 208, 210

electroretinography (ERG), 580–581,

RPE see Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)

self-destruct pathways/degeneration, 208,

582

Rubella, 658

208

epidemiology, 579

shrinkage, 211–212, 212, 213

genetics, 581, 583, 584–586, 587, 587

S

therapies, 212–213

optic atrophy and, 330, 342

Wallerian degeneration vs die-back, 208,

pathology, 583

Saccades

209–210

pathophysiology, 584–586, 587–589, 587

cerebral cortical control, 291, 291

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)

signs and symptoms, 579, 580, 581

horizontal, brainstem control, 290–291,

anatomy, 201, 202

systemic evaluation, 582–583

290, 291

blindness and, 591, 592, 592, 593

treatment, 583

Saccadic delay, 292

diseases of, clinical features, 323,

Retinoblastoma, 369–376

Saccadic paresis, 292, 292

325

diagnostic workup, 369–370, 370

Sampaolesi line, 162

LHON and, 331, 333–336, 334

differential diagnosis, 371

Sarcoidosis, 666–670

optic atrophy and, 330, 342

epidemiology, 369

diagnostic workup, 667–668

optic disc and, 195

etiology, 372, 374

differential diagnosis, 667

optic neuritis and, 280, 282, 284–285,

genetics, 370–372, 374, 374

epidemiology, 667

285, 288

historical development, 369

etiology, 669–670

prosthetic intervention and, 591–593,

pathology, 372, 373

genetics, 667

592, 593

pathophysiology, 374–376

historical development, 666

overview, 666

management, 398–400, 398

Stereotactic radiotherapy, 393

pathology, 668–669, 668, 669

overview, 396, 397

Steroid-induced cataracts, 250–256

pathophysiology, 670

pathology, 397–398, 398–401

characteristics, 214–221, 224

prognosis, 668

pathophysiology, 400–406, 401

clinical background, 214, 239

signs and symptoms, 666–667, 667

pilosebaceous gland/hair follicle stem

epidemiology, 250, 251

treatment, 668

cells, 400–402, 401, 402

mechanisms, 251–256, 252, 253, 256

Scanning peripheral anterior chamber

sebaceous gland physiology, 396

see also Glucocorticoids (GCs)

(SPAC), 194

Second Sight medical products, 597

Steroid-induced glaucoma, 146–152

Scarred corneas, 4, 4–6, 10

Secondary angle closure glaucoma, causes,

epidemiology, 146

Scarring cascade, 214

198, 198

etiology, 147–148

Scattering

Secondary cataract see Posterior capsule

overview, 146, 147

Bragg, 1

opacification (PCO)

pathology, 147, 147

collagen fibrils and, 1–3

Secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), 117,

pathophysiology, 148–152

levels, 7

117

signs and symptoms, 146

total cross-section, 1–4

Senile sclerotic characteristics, optic disc, 224,

treatment, 146–147

Schachar’s theory of accommodation, 268,

224

see also Glucocorticoids (GCs)

268

Sensory substitution, 592–593, 593, 594

Steroids, 523–524

Schaffer classification, 193

Serous detachment, 554, 555

structure, 252

Schaumann bodies, 668, 669

Shield ulcer, 102

topical, 50

“Scheie’s stripe”, 165, 167, 168

Shrinkage, cell, 211–212, 212, 213

Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), 83, 87,

Schlemm’s canal (SC), 171–172, 172, 175,

Sicca complex, 114

87

176, 187, 190, 191

Signaling

Stocker–Holt dystrophy, 22–23, 23, 32

Schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy

blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD),

Strabismus, 447–449, 454–460

(SCCD), 24, 28–29, 29, 32

204

animal models, 452, 459

Schwalbe’s line, 185

cascade, 427–428, 427, 428

biological basis, 457–459, 458, 459

Sclera

endocrine, 118

causes, 452, 458–459, 458

anatomy, 650

Hedgehog pathway, 403, 405, 405

diagnostic workup, 455, 463

biomechanics, 155–156, 155, 156

intracellular, 176

differential diagnosis, 455

blood supply, 650, 651

notch, 405–406

epidemiology, 454

changes, myopia, 429

PSC defective, 584–586, 587–588, 588

etiology, 435, 457, 458

implants, 270

transduction pathways, 47, 47

genetics, 454–455, 455, 457, 460

nerve supply, 651

VEGF, 569

historical development, 454

remodeling, 427, 428, 428

wingless type (Wnt), 436

major associated conditions, 451, 455

“scleral buckle”, 555, 555

Wnt/β-catenin pathway, 402–403

pathology, 456–457

Scleral expansion surgery, 269–270, 270

Silicones, 240

prognosis, 456

Scleritis, 642–652

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs),

signs and symptoms, 454, 455

causes, 650, 650

184, 621

treatment, 451, 455–456, 456, 459–460,

classification, 642, 643

Sjögren syndrome dry eye disease, 105, 106,

467

complications, 647–648

114–115, 119, 142, 145

trophic theory of, 456, 458, 459

diagnostic workup, 642, 644, 645

Sleep apnea, 318

Strabismus (journal), 454

differential diagnosis, 645–646, 646

Slit-lamp photography, 125

Strain, defined, 154–155, 154

disease, associated, 648–649, 649

Slow saccades, 290, 292

Streptococcus, 49

drugs used, 647

Small cell lung cancer (SCCL), 599,

Stress, 153

etiology, 648–649, 649

601–604

defined, 154–155, 154

genetics, 650

Smoking, tobacco, 232, 318, 360, 434

endoplasmic reticular (ER stress), 247,

histopathology, 651, 652

Smooth pursuit circuits, 292–293, 293

248

historical development, 642

Smooth pursuit paresis, 293, 294

osmotic, 246

investigations, 642, 644–645, 645, 646

unidirectional, 293, 293

Stroma, FECD, 37

pathology, 650–651, 651

Soma

Stromal cells, mitosis/migration, 16, 17

pathophysiology, 651–652

degeneration, 327–328, 327

Stromal dystrophies, 25–30, 32

prognosis, 647

mutations, 374

Stromal edema, 35

signs and symptoms, 642, 643

Sorbitol, 243

Stromal keratitis (SK), 91, 92, 93–96, 96

systemic disease, associated, 644

Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), 245–248

Stromal keratocytes, 9, 10, 10

treatment, 646–647

Spasmus nutans, 350, 354

Stromal thinning, 44, 44

Sclerokeratitis, 647, 648, 648

“Spring IOL” implant, 271–272

Stromal-epithelial interactions, 11, 11

Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC), 98–99,

Standardization of Uveitis Nomenclature

Subretinal fibrosis, 560, 560

100

(SUN) Working Group, 618, 619

Sunlight, cataracts and, 234–235

Sebaceous cell carcinoma, 396–407

Staphylococcus, 49, 134

see also Light

clinical background, 396–397, 397,

Staphylococcus aureus, 50, 51–53, 52, 102,

Superoxide dismutase (SOD), 281, 284, 285,

398

134, 141

285, 287

genetics/molecular regulation, 402–406,

Staphylococcus epidermis, 136

Supplementary eye field (SEF), 291

403–405

Stem cell transplantation, 609

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 631

Surface restoration see Ocular surface

Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor

aqueous humor and, 165, 215

restoration

(TSHR), 433

corneal edema, 56

Surgical technique, 221, 221, 222

autoantibodies, 435–436, 436

corneal wound healing, 9, 11, 12,

Surgically-induced necrotizing scleritis (SINS),

Time of onset, 34, 35

18

650

Tissue inhibitors for matrix metalloproteinase

dry-eye disease, 105–106

Swelling pressure (SP), 72

(TIMPs), 174–175

plasmablast differentiation and, 118

Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO), 635–641

TM see Trabecular meshwork (TM)

TM and, 151

clinical background, 635

TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α (TNF-α), 16,

wound healing, 214, 215, 220, 222

diagnostic workup, 636

182, 652

Transglutaminases, 217

differential diagnosis, 636–637, 636

Tobacco use, 232, 357, 360, 434

Transparency

epidemiology, 635–636

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), 52–53, 94, 633,

Maurice’s lattice theory of, 1

etiology, 639–640

670

see also Corneal transparency, loss of

genetics, 639

TON see Toxic optic neuropathies (TON)

Transplantation, 593–594

historical development, 635

TORCH group, 661

retinal, 608–609, 608

pathology, 637, 638, 639

Total scattering cross-section, 1–2, 4

Transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT), 389

pathophysiology, 640–641, 641

collagen fibrils and, 4

Transsynaptic degeneration, LGN, 201–203,

prognosis, 637

Toxic amblyopia, 357

203

signs and symptoms, 635, 636

Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), 87

Transthyretin (TTR), 301

treatment, 637

Toxic optic neuropathies (TON), 357–361,

Traumatic disorders, 77

“Synaptic microneuromas”, 591, 591

358

Graves’ ophthalmology (GO), 434

Synchrony lens, 272, 273, 273

clinical background, 357, 358

scleritis and, 650, 650

Syphilis, 659–661

diagnostic workup, 358

Treatise on Physiological Optics (Helmholtz),

clinical background, 659–661, 661

differential diagnosis, 358

260

etiology, 660–661, 661

epidemiology, 357–358

Treponema pallidum, 660, 660

pathophysiology, 661, 662

etiology, 359–360

Triamcinolone acetonide, 551, 551

genetics, 415

Tritan color vision defect, 483

T

historical background, 357

“Trophic effect”, 597

pathology, 359

Trophic theory, strabismus, 458

T cells

pathophysiology, 357, 360, 362

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), 175, 547,

autoantigen and, 119, 120

prognosis, 359

647

dry-eye disease, 119, 119

treatment, 358–359

Tumors

mechanisms, 62, 62

Toxoplasma gondii, 630, 664

blood supply, 362, 364, 365

in scleritis, 651–652

Toxoplasmosis

progression, uveal melanoma, 364

Tamsulosin (Flomax), 274, 275

clinical background, 661, 666

stromal responses, 384–385

Targeted therapy, 394, 394

etiology, 664

vasculogenic mimicry as biofilm,

Tear film, 106

pathology, 664

385–387, 386

analysis, 99, 103

pathophysiology, 659, 661, 665

instability, 133

Trabecular meshwork (TM), 151, 152

U

mucin see Dry-eye disease, mucin

aging/oxidative stress, 154

abnormalities

anatomical/physiological background,

UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS),

thickness (TFT), 123, 124, 125, 126,

171

508, 514

129

aqueous humor components, 171, 176

Ulcers

Tear film and blink dynamics, 123–129

blockage of, 178

corneal, 9

blinking effects, 126–129, 126–128

cells/adhesion, 141, 144, 171, 175–176

dendritic, 92, 92

breakup mechanisms, 124–125, 124

clinical background, 153

shield, 102

breakup time (BUT), 123, 124

cytoskeletal structure, 171, 176

Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM), 194

regulated system, 125–126, 125–128

disease, effects of, 151, 152

Upper tear meniscus curvature (UTMC),

structure, tear film, 123

extracellular matrix (ECM), components,

127

Tear film lipids, 131–133

153, 171, 172–173

Upper tear meniscus volume (UTMV), 127,

age changes, 132, 132, 133

glucocorticoids (GCs), effects on, 148

127, 129

anatomy and production, 131–132, 132

intracellular signaling, 171

Upward gaze palsy, 296

changes with disease, 132, 133

juxtacanalicular region, 181, 189

Uveal melanoma, 361–368, 367

lipid–protein interactions, 133

Schlemm’s canal (SC), 171–172

apoptosis, resistance to, 365, 365

see also Meibomian gland disease (MGD)

Trabeculectomy, 187, 195, 196

clinical background, 357, 362

Tear function index (TFI), 106

Tractional detachment, 554

differential diagnosis, 362

Tears

Tractional force generation, 616

etiology, 362

artificial, 143

Transcleral local resection method, 393

metastasis, 366–367, 366

volume, 123, 127, 128–129

Transcription factors, 47, 47

pathology, 359, 362, 368

Temperature reversal studies, 70

Transcytotic apparatus, 117

proliferation, 364–365, 364

Thermal injury, 87, 87

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)

treatment, 362

Thiel–Behnke dystrophy, 23, 24, 25, 25,

anterior subcapsular cataract (ASC) and,

tumor blood supply, 362, 365

32

242

unifying concepts, 367