Subject Index
Alcohol, seesaw nystagmus management 183
4-Aminopyridine
downbeat nystagmus management 181, 182
upbeat nystagmus management 182
Baclofen
periodic alternating nystagmus management 184
upbeat nystagmus management 182 Basal ganglia, saccadic eye movement
control 62
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)
clinical features 186, 187 etiology 187
treatment 187, 188
Betahistine, Ménière’s disease management 179
Binocular adaptation Listing’s plane 98 phoria adaptation 97, 98
saccade adaptation 98, 99 Blinking
clinical applications 125 eye movements and effects blink-associated 114
blink effects 115
disconjugate eye movements 101, 117, 118
saccade-vergence interactions 118, 119
saccadic eye movement 115–117
smooth pursuit eye movements 119, 120 frequency disorders 120, 122
visual consequences 114 Botulinum toxin, acquired pendular
nystagmus management 185 Brainstem saccadic generator
excitatory burst neurons 55, 56 inhibitory burst neurons 56, 57 midbrain reticular formation 55 omnipause neurons 57
paramedian pontine reticular formation 55 tonic neurons 57–60
Caloric testing, vestibulo-ocular reflex function 45, 46
Carbamazepine
superior oblique myokymia management 186
vestibular paroxysmia management 180 Central caudal nucleus (CCN), eyelid
control 111 Cerebellum
central processing of vestibular signals 39, 40
saccadic eye movement control 66–70 smooth pursuit eye movement role
80–82
Click-evoked myogenic potential, vestibular function testing 48, 49
Clonazepam
downbeat nystagmus management 181, 182
opsoclonus management 185 seesaw nystagmus management 183
193
Craniosynostosis, strabismus 149 Cyclovergence 92
Dimenhydrimnate
Ménière’s disease management 179 vestibular neuritis management 178
Disconjugate eye movements binocular adaptation
Listing’s plane 98 phoria adaptation 97, 98
saccade adaptation 98, 99 blinking 101, 117, 118 cyclovergence 92
Hering’s law and asymmetric vergence movements 95, 96
horizontal vergence movements 91 Listing’s law during convergence 93–95 overview 90, 91
pathology 101, 102
saccade-associated vergence movements 96, 97
vertical vergence movements 92 vestibular stimulation 99–101
Double Purkinje image (DPI) eye tracker, historical perspective 17
Downbeat nystagmus, see Nystagmus
Electro-oculogram (EOG)
comparison with other eye movement recording techniques 31, 32
historical perspective 17
infrared reflection device comparison 20, 21
noise and resolution 20 principles 19, 20 single-eye measurement 21
vestibulo-ocular reflex function 45 Epley maneuver, benign paroxysmal
positional vertigo management 187, 188 Extraocular muscles, see Eye muscles Eye-head movement, ocular motor system
modeling 170 Eyelid, see also Blinking
disorders
blink frequency 120–122 eyelid-eye coordination 124 tonic eyelid position 122, 123
neural control
levator palpebrae muscle innervation 111
lid-eye coordination 111–113 supranuclear disorders 110
Eye movement recordings comparison of techniques 31, 32
double Purkinje image eye tracker 17 electro-oculogram
infrared reflection device comparison 20, 21
noise and resolution 20 overview 17 principles 19, 20
single-eye measurement 21 historical perspective 16–18 infrared reflection device
calibration 23, 24 overview 17 principles 22, 23
magnetic search coil accuracy 26 disadvantages 26, 27 error sources 25, 26 noise 26
overview 18 principles 24, 25
video-oculography calibration 28, 29 noise 30
ocular torsion measurements 30 overview 18, 19
principles 27, 28 Eye muscles
fibers 2–4, 8–11 innervation
central pathways 7 motoneurons 7, 8 premotor circuits 8–10
Listing’s law 139, 140, 143–146, 152 magnetic resonance imaging 134, 138,
139, 142, 145, 149 morphology 2, 133, 134 ocular counterrolling 145 proprioception 10, 11 pulleys
animal studies 142, 143
Subject Index |
194 |
functional anatomy 137–139 kinematics 139–142, 152 neural control 146–148 structure 134–137
surgery
pulley heterotopy 150 pulley hindrance 151 pulley instability 150, 151
sensory receptors
Golgi tendon organs 6 palisade endings 5, 6 spindles 4, 5
skeletal muscle comparison 2 strabismus 148–150
types 133
Eye plant, ocular motor system model 159, 160
Frontal eye field (FEF) eyelid control 112, 113
smooth pursuit eye movement role 80, 169
Gabapentin
acquired pendular nystagmus management 184, 185
downbeat nystagmus management 181 seesaw nystagmus management 183 superior oblique myokymia management
186
Golgi tendon organs, eye muscles 6
Hering’s law, asymmetric vergence movements 95, 96
Infrared reflection device (IRD) calibration 23, 24
comparison with other eye movement recording techniques 31, 32
historical perspective 17 principles 22, 23
Lamotrigine, vestibular paroxysmia management 180
Levator palpebrae muscle, see Eyelid Listing’s law
Convergence 93–95 mechanical basis 143–146
ocular motor system modeling 162 pulley kinematics 139, 140, 152 violation during vestibulo-ocular reflex
143, 144
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), eye muscles 134, 138, 139, 142, 145, 149
Magnetic search coil accuracy 26
comparison with other eye movement recording techniques 31, 32
disadvantages 26, 27 error sources 25, 26 historical perspective 18 noise 26
principles 24, 25
Medulla, smooth pursuit eye movement pathology 84
Ménière’s disease clinical features 178 etiology 178, 179 treatment 179
Methylprednisolone, vestibular neuritis management 178
Neural velocity-to-position integrator, ocular motor system model 160–162
Nitrazepam, opsoclonus management 185
Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), saccadic eye movement control 62, 64, 65, 66
Nystagmus, see also Optokinetic nystagmus acquired pendular nystagmus
clinical features 184 etiology 184 treatment 184, 185
bedside clinical evaluation dynamic disturbances 42, 43 positional testing 43, 44 static imbalance 41, 42
Valsalvaand hyperventilation-induced nystagmus 44, 45
downbeat nystagmus clinical features 180 etiology 181 treatment 181, 182
Subject Index |
195 |
Nystagmus (continued) pathology 177
periodic alternating nystagmus clinical features 183 etiology 183
treatment 184 seesaw nystagmus
clinical features 182, 183 etiology 183
treatment 183 upbeat nystagmus
clinical features 182 etiology 182 treatment 182
vestibulo-ocular reflex pathology 40, 41
Ocular flutter
clinical features 185 etiology 185 treatment 185
Ocular following response (OFR) anatomy and physiology 78, 81 features 78
Ocular motor nerve, eye muscle sensory afferents 7
Oculomotor nucleus, motoneurons 7 Opsoclonus
clinical features 185 etiology 185 treatment 185
Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) anatomy and physiology 81 components 77, 78 definition 77
pathology 84 velocities 78
vertical versus horizontal 78 Otoliths, function testing 48
Palisade endings, eye muscles 5, 6 Paramedian pontine reticular formation, see
Brainstem saccadic generator Parkinson’s disease (PD), eyelid disorders
121, 123, 124
Periodic alternating nystagmus, see Nystagmus
Phenytoin, vestibular paroxysmia management 180
Pontine nuclei, saccadic eye movement control 62, 64, 65
Propranolol, opsoclonus management 185
Pulleys, see Eye muscles
Robinson, D.A., ocular motor system models 158–160
Rotational testing, vestibulo-ocular reflex function 45, 46
Saccadic eye movement antisaccades 53
binocular saccade adaptation 98 blinking
effects 115–117
vergence interactions 118, 119 features 53
latency 53
memory-guided saccades 53 neurocircuitry
basal ganglia 62
brainstem saccadic generator excitatory burst neurons 55, 56 inhibitory burst neurons 56, 57 midbrain reticular formation 55 omnipause neurons 57 paramedian pontine reticular
formation 55 tonic neurons 57–60
cerebellum 66–70 monkey studies 146, 147
nucleus reticularis tegmenti ponti 62, 64–66
overview 53–55
pontine nuclei 62, 64, 65 superior colliculus 60–62 ocular motor system modeling
162, 163 orienting cascade 53 resting saccades 52
spontaneous saccades 53 target-directed saccades 53 vergence movements 96, 97
Search coil, see Magnetic search coil
Subject Index |
196 |
Seesaw nystagmus, see Nystagmus Semicircular canal (SCC)
vestibular testing 47, 48 vestibulo-ocular reflex 36
Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) anatomy and physiology 79–81 blinking effects 119, 120
features 76 latency 76
ocular motor system modeling 168, 169
pathology cerebellum 82, 84 cortex 82 medulla 84
pontine structures 82 testing 77
Spindles, eye muscles 4, 5 Strabismus
craniosynostosis 149 muscle weakness 148
superior oblique palsy 148, 149 Subjective visual vertical (SVV), otolith
function testing 48
Superior canal dehiscence syndrome clinical features 179
etiology 179 treatment 179 Superior colliculus
eyelid control 112, 113
saccadic eye movement control 60–62 Superior oblique myokymia
clinical features 186 etiology 186 treatment 186
Supplementary eye field (SEF), smooth pursuit eye movement role 80
Trigeminal nerve, eye muscle sensory afferents 7
Trihexyphenidyl, acquired pendular nystagmus management 184
Upbeat nystagmus, see Nystagmus
Valacyclovir, vestibular neuritis management 178
Valproic acid, opsoclonus management 185 Vergence eye movements, see Disconjugate
eye movements Vertigo
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, see Benign paroxysmal positional
vertigo
vestibulo-ocular reflex pathology 40, 41
Vestibular neuritis clinical features 177 etiology 177, 178 treatment 178
Vestibular nuclear complex, central processing of vestibular signals 39, 40
Vestibular paroxysmia clinical features 180 etiology 180 treatment 180
Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) angular reflex 35, 36, 183 bedside clinical evaluation
dynamic disturbances 42, 43 positional testing 43, 44 static imbalance 41, 42
Valsalvaand hyperventilation-induced nystagmus 44, 45
click-evoked myogenic potential testing 48, 49
components
central processing of vestibular signals 37, 39, 40
motor output 40 overview 36
peripheral sensory apparatus 36, 37 function 35, 77
laboratory testing caloric testing 45, 46
electro-oculography 45 rotational testing 45, 46
linear reflex 36
ocular motor system modeling adaptation 164, 165
angular reflex three-dimensional model 165, 166
overview 163–165 otolith function testing 48
Subject Index |
197 |
Vestibulo-ocular reflex (continued) pathology 40, 41, 177
semicircular canal function testing 47, 48
Video-oculography (VOG) calibration 28, 29
comparison with other eye movement recording techniques 31, 32
historical perspective 18, 19 noise 30
ocular torsion measurements 30 principles 27, 28
Subject Index |
198 |