- •Contents
- •List of Contributors
- •Preface
- •Anatomy of the Oculomotor System
- •Abstract
- •Properties of Extraocular Muscles
- •Sensory Receptors in Extraocular Muscles
- •Muscle Spindles
- •Palisade Endings
- •Golgi Tendon Organs
- •Central Pathways
- •Motor and Premotor Pathways Controlling Eye Muscles
- •Premotor Circuits
- •A Proprioceptive Hypothesis
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Abstract
- •History of Eye Movement Recording
- •The Electro-Oculogram
- •Infrared Reflection Devices
- •Search Coil
- •Video-Oculography
- •References
- •Web Links
- •Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
- •Abstract
- •Central Processing of Vestibular Signals
- •Practical Aspects for Bedside Clinical Evaluation
- •Static Imbalance
- •Dynamic Disturbances
- •Positional Testing
- •Laboratory Evaluation: Electro-Oculography and Rotational Testing
- •Conventional Rotational Testing
- •Modern Vestibular Testing
- •Semicircular Canal Function
- •Otolith Function
- •Subjective Visual Vertical
- •Click-Evoked Myogenic Potentials
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
- •Abstract
- •The Brainstem Saccadic Generator
- •The Excitatory and Inhibitory Burst Neurons
- •The Omnipause Neurons
- •The Tonic Neurons
- •The Superior Colliculus
- •The Basal Ganglia
- •The Pontine Nuclei
- •The Nucleus Reticularis Tegmenti Pontis
- •The Oculomotor Cerebellum
- •References
- •Abstract
- •General Characteristics
- •Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Optokinetic Response
- •Ocular Following Response
- •Anatomy and Physiology
- •Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Optokinetic Nystagmus
- •Ocular Following Response
- •Disorders
- •Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Cortex
- •Pontine Structures
- •Cerebellum
- •Medulla
- •Optokinetic Nystagmus
- •References
- •Disconjugate Eye Movements
- •Abstract
- •Horizontal Vergence Movements
- •Vertical Vergence Movements
- •Cyclovergence
- •Saccade-Associated Vergence Movements
- •Binocular Adaptation
- •Phoria Adaptation
- •Adaptation of Listing’s Plane
- •Binocular Saccade Adaptation
- •Disconjugate Eye Movements Evoked by Vestibular Stimulation
- •Disconjugate Eye Movements and Blinks
- •Pathological Disconjugate Eye Movements
- •References
- •Abstract
- •Neural Control of the Eyelid
- •Lid-Eye Coordination
- •Physiology of the Interaction between Eyelid and Eye Movements
- •Visual Consequences of Blinks
- •Blink-Associated Eye Movements
- •Effect of Blinks on Eye Movements
- •Blinks and Saccades
- •Blinks and Vergence Eye Movements
- •Blinks and Saccade-Vergence Interaction
- •Blinks and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Clinical Disorders of the Eyelid and Its Interaction with Saccades
- •Disorders of Blink Frequency
- •Disorders of Tonic Eyelid Position
- •Disorders of Eyelid-Eye Coordination
- •Clinical Application of Lid Movements
- •Blinks and the Initiation of Eye Movements
- •Blinks Unmasking Vestibular Imbalance
- •References
- •Mechanics of the Orbita
- •Abstract
- •Classical Anatomy
- •EOM Layers
- •Gross Structure of EOMs
- •Structure of Pulleys
- •Functional Anatomy of Pulleys
- •Kinematics of Pulleys
- •Controversy Concerning Pulleys
- •Implications for Neural Control
- •Implications for Strabismus
- •Surgical Treatment of Pulley Pathology
- •Pulley Heterotopy
- •Pulley Instability
- •Pulley Hindrance
- •Conclusion
- •Acknowledgement
- •References
- •Abstract
- •Eye Plant
- •The Neural Velocity-to-Position Integrator
- •Saccadic Eye Movements
- •A Modeling Example: A 3-D Model of the Angular VOR
- •Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Combined Eye-Head Movements
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Therapeutic Considerations for Eye Movement Disorders
- •Abstract
- •Peripheral and Central Vestibular Disorders
- •Pathophysiology
- •Vestibular Neuritis
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Menière’s Disease
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Superior Canal Dehiscence Syndrome
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Vestibular Paroxysmia
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Downbeat Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Upbeat Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Seesaw Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Therapeutic Recommendations
- •Periodic Alternating Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Therapeutic Recommendations
- •Other Supranuclear Oculomotor Disorders
- •Acquired Pendular Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Opsoclonus and Ocular Flutter
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Infranuclear Oculomotor Disorders
- •Superior Oblique Myokymia
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •References
- •Subject Index
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Prof. Dr. P. Thier
Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3
DE–72076 Tübingen (Germany)
Tel. 49 7071 2983057, Fax 49 7071 295326, E-Mail thier@uni-tuebingen.de
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