- •Contents
- •List of Contributors
- •Preface
- •Anatomy of the Oculomotor System
- •Abstract
- •Properties of Extraocular Muscles
- •Sensory Receptors in Extraocular Muscles
- •Muscle Spindles
- •Palisade Endings
- •Golgi Tendon Organs
- •Central Pathways
- •Motor and Premotor Pathways Controlling Eye Muscles
- •Premotor Circuits
- •A Proprioceptive Hypothesis
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Abstract
- •History of Eye Movement Recording
- •The Electro-Oculogram
- •Infrared Reflection Devices
- •Search Coil
- •Video-Oculography
- •References
- •Web Links
- •Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
- •Abstract
- •Central Processing of Vestibular Signals
- •Practical Aspects for Bedside Clinical Evaluation
- •Static Imbalance
- •Dynamic Disturbances
- •Positional Testing
- •Laboratory Evaluation: Electro-Oculography and Rotational Testing
- •Conventional Rotational Testing
- •Modern Vestibular Testing
- •Semicircular Canal Function
- •Otolith Function
- •Subjective Visual Vertical
- •Click-Evoked Myogenic Potentials
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
- •Abstract
- •The Brainstem Saccadic Generator
- •The Excitatory and Inhibitory Burst Neurons
- •The Omnipause Neurons
- •The Tonic Neurons
- •The Superior Colliculus
- •The Basal Ganglia
- •The Pontine Nuclei
- •The Nucleus Reticularis Tegmenti Pontis
- •The Oculomotor Cerebellum
- •References
- •Abstract
- •General Characteristics
- •Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Optokinetic Response
- •Ocular Following Response
- •Anatomy and Physiology
- •Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Optokinetic Nystagmus
- •Ocular Following Response
- •Disorders
- •Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Cortex
- •Pontine Structures
- •Cerebellum
- •Medulla
- •Optokinetic Nystagmus
- •References
- •Disconjugate Eye Movements
- •Abstract
- •Horizontal Vergence Movements
- •Vertical Vergence Movements
- •Cyclovergence
- •Saccade-Associated Vergence Movements
- •Binocular Adaptation
- •Phoria Adaptation
- •Adaptation of Listing’s Plane
- •Binocular Saccade Adaptation
- •Disconjugate Eye Movements Evoked by Vestibular Stimulation
- •Disconjugate Eye Movements and Blinks
- •Pathological Disconjugate Eye Movements
- •References
- •Abstract
- •Neural Control of the Eyelid
- •Lid-Eye Coordination
- •Physiology of the Interaction between Eyelid and Eye Movements
- •Visual Consequences of Blinks
- •Blink-Associated Eye Movements
- •Effect of Blinks on Eye Movements
- •Blinks and Saccades
- •Blinks and Vergence Eye Movements
- •Blinks and Saccade-Vergence Interaction
- •Blinks and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Clinical Disorders of the Eyelid and Its Interaction with Saccades
- •Disorders of Blink Frequency
- •Disorders of Tonic Eyelid Position
- •Disorders of Eyelid-Eye Coordination
- •Clinical Application of Lid Movements
- •Blinks and the Initiation of Eye Movements
- •Blinks Unmasking Vestibular Imbalance
- •References
- •Mechanics of the Orbita
- •Abstract
- •Classical Anatomy
- •EOM Layers
- •Gross Structure of EOMs
- •Structure of Pulleys
- •Functional Anatomy of Pulleys
- •Kinematics of Pulleys
- •Controversy Concerning Pulleys
- •Implications for Neural Control
- •Implications for Strabismus
- •Surgical Treatment of Pulley Pathology
- •Pulley Heterotopy
- •Pulley Instability
- •Pulley Hindrance
- •Conclusion
- •Acknowledgement
- •References
- •Abstract
- •Eye Plant
- •The Neural Velocity-to-Position Integrator
- •Saccadic Eye Movements
- •A Modeling Example: A 3-D Model of the Angular VOR
- •Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
- •Combined Eye-Head Movements
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Therapeutic Considerations for Eye Movement Disorders
- •Abstract
- •Peripheral and Central Vestibular Disorders
- •Pathophysiology
- •Vestibular Neuritis
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Menière’s Disease
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Superior Canal Dehiscence Syndrome
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Vestibular Paroxysmia
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Downbeat Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Upbeat Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Seesaw Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Therapeutic Recommendations
- •Periodic Alternating Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Therapeutic Recommendations
- •Other Supranuclear Oculomotor Disorders
- •Acquired Pendular Nystagmus
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Opsoclonus and Ocular Flutter
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Infranuclear Oculomotor Disorders
- •Superior Oblique Myokymia
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
- •Clinical Aspects
- •Etiology
- •Treatment
- •References
- •Subject Index
Neuro-Ophthalmology
Developments in
Ophthalmology
Vol. 40
Series Editor
W. Behrens-Baumann, Magdeburg
Neuro-
Ophthalmology
Neuronal Control of Eye Movements
Volume Editors
Andreas Straube, Munich
Ulrich Büttner, Munich
39 figures, and 3 tables, 2007
Basel · Freiburg · Paris · London · New York · Bangalore · Bangkok · Singapore · Tokyo · Sydney
Andreas Straube |
Ulrich Büttner |
Department of Neurology |
Department of Neurology |
Klinikum Grosshadern |
Klinikum Grosshadern |
Marchioninistrasse 15 |
Marchioninistrasse 15 |
DE–81377 Munich |
DE–81377 Munich |
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Neuro-ophthalmology / volume editors, Andreas Straube, Ulrich Büttner.
p. ; cm. – (Developments in ophthalmology, ISSN 0250-3751 ; v. 40) Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
ISBN 978-3-8055-8251-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Neuroophthalmology. I. Straube, Andreas. II. Büttner, U. III. Series.
[DNLM: 1. Eye Movements–physiology. |
2. Ocular Motility Disorders. 3. |
Oculomotor Muscles–physiology. 4. Oculomotor Nerve-physiology. W1 |
|
DE998NG v.40 2007 / WW 400 N4946 2007] |
|
RE725.N45685 2007 |
|
617.7 32–dc22 |
2006039568 |
Bibliographic Indices. This publication is listed in bibliographic services, including Current Contents® and Index Medicus.
Disclaimer. The statements, options and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements in the book is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.
Drug Dosage. The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Copyright 2007 by S. Karger AG, P.O. Box, CH–4009 Basel (Switzerland) www.karger.com
Printed in Switzerland on acid-free paper by Reinhardt Druck, Basel ISSN 0250–3751
ISBN: 978–3–8055–8251–3
Contents
VII List of Contributors
IX Preface
Büttner, U.; Straube, A. (Munich)
1Anatomy of the Oculomotor System
Büttner-Ennever, J.A. (Munich)
15Eye Movement Recordings: Methods
Eggert, T. (Munich)
35Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
Fetter, M. (Karlsbad)
52Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
Catz, N.; Thier, P. (Tübingen)
76Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements and Optokinetic Nystagmus
Büttner, U.; Kremmyda, O. (Munich)
90Disconjugate Eye Movements
Straumann, D. (Zurich)
110The Eyelid and Its Contribution to Eye Movements
Helmchen, C.; Rambold, H. (Lübeck)
132Mechanics of the Orbita
Demer, J.L. (Los Angeles, Calif.)
V
158Current Models of the Ocular Motor System
Glasauer, S. (Munich)
175Therapeutic Considerations for Eye Movement Disorders
Straube, A. (Munich)
193 Subject Index
Contents |
VI |
List of Contributors
Prof. Dr. med. U. Büttner |
Prof. Dr. med. J.L. Demer |
Department of Neurology |
Jules Stein Eye Institute |
Klinikum Grosshadern |
100 Stein Plaza |
Marchioninistrasee 15 |
David Geffen School of Medicine at |
DE–81377 Munich (Germany) |
UCLA |
|
Los Angeles, CA 90095-7002, |
Prof. Dr. med. Jean Büttner-Ennever |
Calif. (USA) |
Institute of Anatomy |
|
Ludwig-Maximilian University |
Dr. Ing. T. Eggert |
Pettenkoferstrasse 11 |
Department of Neurology |
DE–80336 Munich (Germany) |
Klinikum Grosshadern |
|
Marchioninistrasee 15 |
Dr. N. Catz |
DE–81377 Munich (Germany) |
Department of Cognitive Neurology |
|
Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain |
Prof. M. Fetter |
Research |
SRH Clinic Karlsbad-Langensteinbach |
Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3 |
Department of Neurology |
DE–72076 Tübingen (Germany) |
Guttmannstrasse 1 |
|
DE–76307 Karlsbad (Germany) |
VII
PD Dr. Ing. S. Glasauer |
Prof. Dr. med. A. Straube |
Department of Neurology |
Department of Neurology |
Klinikum Grosshadern |
Klinikum Grosshadern |
Marchioninistrasse 15 |
Marchioninistrasse 15 |
DE–81377 Munich (Germany) |
DE–81377 Munich (Germany) |
Prof. Dr. med. Ch. Helmchen |
Prof. Dr. med. D. Straumann |
Department of Neurology |
Neurology Department |
University Hospitals |
Zurich University Hospital |
Schleswig-Holstein |
Frauenklinikstrasse 26 |
Campus Lübeck |
CH–8091 Zurich (Switzerland) |
Ratzeburger Allee 160 |
|
DE–23538 Lübeck (Germany) |
Prof. Dr. med. P. Thier |
|
Department of Cognitive Neurology |
Dr. O. Kremmyda |
Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain |
Department of Neurology |
Research |
Klinikum Grosshadern |
Hoppe-Seyler Strasse 3 |
Marchioninistrasse 15 |
DE–72076 Tübingen (Germany) |
DE–81377 Munich (Germany) |
|
PD Dr. H. Rambold |
|
Department of Neurology |
|
University Hospitals |
|
Schleswig-Holstein |
|
Campus Lübeck |
|
Ratzeburger Allee 160 |
|
DE–23538 Lübeck (Germany) |
|
List of Contributors |
VIII |
