Index

Alexia, 99t Amaurosis fugax, 98t

Ambient cistern (ACi), 37f

American College of Radiology (ACR), 58, 80 Angiography. See Computed tomography

angiography; Magnetic resonance angiography

Annulus of Zinn (AZ), 34f, 47f

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA), 28f, 36f, 82f, 83f Anterior clinoid process (AC), 35f, 65f, 72f, 74f,

76f, 78f Anterior globe, 77f Aortic arch (AA), 83f

Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), 54–55 Arterialization of conjunctival and episcleral

vessels, 101t

Balint syndrome, 99t

Basilar artery (BA), 27f, 40f, 41f, 42f, 65f, 66f, 76f, 82f, 83f

Basilar venous plexus (BP), 87f Bilateral optic disc swelling, 98t Bilateral optic nerve gliomas, 104f Bitemporal hemianopsia, 98t Bound-water region, 23f Brachiocephalic trunk (BT), 83f Brownian movement, 21

C1 vertebrae, 70f Calcification, 92, 93

Cancer, computed tomography and, 80 Carotid canal (CaC), 71f

Carotid-cavernous sinus, 101t Carotid stenosis

digital subtraction angiography for, 85 MRA for, 85

Catheter angiography, 81

for third nerve palsy, 84–85 Caudate nucleus (CN), 35f

Cavernous sinus (CaS), 27f, 35f, 36f, 41f, 478f, 56f, 73f, 76f, 87f

Cavernous sinus, 76f Cavernous sinus syndrome, 99t Central sulcus (CS), 31f, 69f Central sulcus, 31f

Centrum semiovale (CeS), 31f, 69f Cerebellar hemispheres, 26f, 64f Cerebellar tonsil (CT), 40f, 64f Cerebellum (Cb), 27f, 38f, 39f, 40f,

65f, 66f Cerebellum, 38f

Cerebral achromatopsia, 99t

Cerebral aqueduct (CA), 28f, 38f, 40f, 67f Cerebral infarction, 54

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, 86 Cervical spinal cord, 26f Cervicomedullary junction, 64f Choline, 88

Choroidal melanoma, 43f Choroid plexus (ChP), 30f Circle of Willis, 82–83f, 84f

Cistern of Velum Interpositum (VICi), 29f Clinical scenario for imaging studies

prescription, xii

112 Index

Clivus (C), 27f, 40f, 71f

Cochlea (Co), 27f, 73f

Common carotid artery (CCA), 83f Compass example, 4–5, 4f Compressive optic neuropathy, 98t

Computed tomography (CT), 61–80, 105 axial plane imaging, 62–63, 63f clinical imaging devices, 62

computer analysis, 63, 79 contrast enhancement in, 79–80

factors to be considered during, 94–96 interpretation of, 97

vs. magnetic resonance imaging of hemorrhage, 50, 52–53, 52f, 52t

multiplanar reconstruction, 63 noncontrast, 93

perfusion computed tomography, 80 physical principles, 61

suitability of, 91, 92 3D reconstruction, 79 windows, 62

x-ray dosage, 80

Computed tomography angiography (CTA), 84, 83f, 86f

advantages of, 84

for cerebral aneurysm, 85

Computed tomography venography (CTV), 86 Computerized axial tomography (CAT)

scanning, 62

Confluence of sinuses (CoS), 87f

Constructive interference in steady-state (CISS), 56 Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance

venography, 86, 87f Corona radiata (CR), 30f, 68f Corpus callosum (CC), 30f, 35f,

36f, 37f, 40f Cortical visual loss, 98t Craniopharyngioma, 103f Creatine, 88

Crista galli (CG), 75f, 77f Cyclosporine, 55

Cystic pituitary adenoma, 103f Cytotoxic edema, DWI/ADC for, 54, 55f

Demyelinating optic neuritis, 98t Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), 53–55,

54–55f, 80

Digital subtraction angiography, for carotid stenosis, 85

Dorsal midbrain syndrome, 99t Dorsum sella (DS), 65f, 66f, 72f, 74f, 75f Dural fistula, 101t

Eighth cranial nerve (CN8), 27f, 58f Energy difference between states, 5 Energy loss, 13

Enophthalmos, 100t Entropy, 13

Equilibrium magnetization, 16f

Ethmoid sinus (ES), 33f, 34f, 41f, 44f, 47f, 64f, 70f, 71f, 73f, 75f

Excitation, 6, 9

External carotid artery (ECA), 83f

Facial colliculus (FaC), 27f Falx cerebri (FC), 68f, 69f

Fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA), 56

Fat suppression, 25, 38–39, 42, 47–49f Fifth cranial nerve (CN5), 41f, 58f Flips, of magnetic vectors, 6

Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), 19, 50

Foramen magnum (FM), 26f Foramen of Monro (FoM), 37f Foramen ovale (FO), 71f Foramen spinosum (FSp), 71f Fornix (F), 29f, 37f

Fourier transformation, 7, 11f Fourth cranial nerve (CN4), 42f Fourth nerve palsy, 99t

Fourth ventricle (V4), 27f, 40f, 65f, 66f Free induction decay (FID), 6–7, 11f Free-water region, 23f

Frequency encoding, 10 Frontal bone (FB), 77f, 78f

Frontal horn of lateral ventricle (FH), 34f, 35f Frontal lobe (FL), 28f, 29f, 30f, 31f, 66f, 67f,

68f, 69f

Frontal sinus (FS), 65f, 66f, 72f, 77f Functional imaging, 88. See also individual

techniques

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 88

Gadolinium, 56–59 Gaze-evoked visual loss, 100t Glaucoma, 101t

Globe (G), 32f, 39f, 41f, 42f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 64f, 65f, 73f, 74f, 76f, 77f, 79f

Gradient coils, 8, 8f

Gradient echo (GRE), for hemorrhage, 52–53, 53f

Gradient magnets, 7f

Greater wing of sphenoid bone (GWS), 71f, 75f, 78f

Head of caudate nucleus (HCN), 29f, 67f, 68f Hemifacial spasm, 99t

Hemorrhage, 50, 52–53, 52f, 52t High-resolution three-dimensional rapid imaging,

56 Hippocampus (H), 37f

Homonymous hemianopsia, 98t Horner syndrome, 100t Hounsfield, Godfrey N., 3, 61

Hydrogen nuclei, behavior in magnetic field, 5 Hyperostosis of bone, 94f

Hypothalamus (Hy), 28f

Idiopathic orbital inflammation, 100t computed tomography for, 92f

Imaging. See also individual techniques examination, 116

interpretion, 91, 97 ordering, 91–97

guidelines for, 102t Incus (I), 73f

Inferior colliculus (IC), 40f

Inferior oblique muscle (IO), 32f, 46f, 77f Inferior ophthalmic vein (IOV), 47f Inferior orbit, 41f, 44f

Inferior petrosal sinus (IPS), 87f

Inferior rectus muscle (IR), 32f, 33f, 39f, 41f, 42f, 44f, 46f, 47f, 78f, 79f

Inferior sagittal sinus (ISS), 87f Inferior turbinate (IT), 32f, 46f, 78f Infiltrative optic neuropathy, 98t Inflammatory optic neuropathy, 98t Infraorbital canal (ICa), 78f Infraorbital nerve (IoN), 32f

Insula (In), 29f

Interhemispheric fissure (IF), 32f, 38f Interior orbital fissure (IOF), 78f Internal auditory canal (IAC), 37f, 73f Internal capsule (InC), 68f

Internal carotid artery (ICA), 26f, 27f, 35f, 36f, 40f, 41f, 42f, 44f, 48f, 65f, 66f, 76f, 82f, 83f

Internal cerebral vein (ICV), 30f, 38f, 40f, 87f Internal jugular vein (IJV), 26f, 87f Internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO), 99t Interpeduncular cistern (ICi), 28f, 67f Intraparenchymal cerebral hemorrhage, 50, 52t Inversion recovery (IR) sequences, 20–21 Iodinated contrast media, 79–80

Jugular foramen (JF), 71f

Junctional scotoma, 98t

Lacrimal gland (LG), 32f, 42f, 43f, 45f, 46f, 74f, 77f

Lacrimal sac (LS), 77f Lactate, 88

Lamina papyracea (LP), 71f, 75f, 78f Larmor frequency, 5–6, 10

Lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM), 26f, 36f, 64f

Lateral rectus muscle (LR), 33f, 41f, 44f, 47f, 73f, 78f

Lateral ventricle (LV), 29f, 30f, 35f, 36f, 37f, 38f, 40f, 67f, 68f

Lauterbur, Paul C., 3

Left orbital floor fracture, 95f

Left temporal lobe dermoid cyst, 49f Lens (L), 41f, 64f, 73f, 77f, 79f

Lesser wing of sphenoid bone (LWS), 78f Levator palpebrae superioris (LPS), 33f, 39f, 43f,

46f, 47f, 77f, 78f, 79f Light, phenomena of, 3–4 Lipid, 88

Longitudinal plane, 13 Longitudinal relaxation, 13

Index 113

Magnetic moments in human tissues, 4 Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 81–84,

82–83f advantages of, 84

for carotid stenosis, 85 phase contrast (PC), 84

for third nerve palsy, 84–85 3D, 84

time-of-flight (TOF), 81, 84 2D, 84

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 3, 105 classic mechanical model for, 4 contraindications, 60

vs. computed tomography, 8

of hemorrhage, 50, 52–53, 52f, 52t device, 8–9, 8f

diffusion-weighted imaging, 53–55, 54–55f fat suppression sequences, 25, 38–39, 42,

47–49f

gradient echo (GRE) sequences, 52–53, 53f high-resolution three-dimensional rapid

imaging, 56

image appearance, determining factors, 22–24 interpretation of, 97

inversion recovery (IR) sequences, 20–21 longitudinal relaxation, 13

magnetic strength, 59–60 paramagnetic contrast agents, 56–59

perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), 56, 57f physical principles, 3–6

protons in, 6

pulse sequences, 15 quantum-mechanical model for, 4, 13–14 repetition time (TR), 15–16

RF pulses, 12

saturation recovery (SR) sequence, 17, 19f scanning device, 10f

signal

calculated as a function of pulse TR, 17f calculated as a function of TI, 21f

signal intensity of, 51f factors affecting, 18t

single-slice, two-dimensional Fourier transform image, 9f

spatial information extraction, 6–12, 11f frequency encoding, 10

phase encoding, 10–11 spin-echo (SE) sequences, 19, 20f spin-lattice relaxation, 13 suitability of, 91

surface-coil techniques, 59 T1 and T2, 12–15, 12f

comparison, 15f

T1 and T2 relaxation, 21–22

T1-weighted images, 24–49

T2-weighted images, 49–50 transverse relaxation, 14

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 88 Magnetic saturation, 16f

Magnevist, 58

114 Index

Malleus (M), 73f

Mamillary body (MaB), 40f, 43f, 67f Mandibular condyle (MaC), 70f Mansfield, Sir Peter, 3

Masseter muscle (MM), 26f, 34f

Mastoid air cells (MAC), 71f, 72f, 73f, 75f Maxillary bone (MxB), 77f

Maxillary sinus (MS), 32f, 33f, 39f, 46f, 47f, 70f, 77f, 78f, 79f

Meckel’s cave (MC), 37f, 41f, 73f Medial palpebral ligament (MPL), 77f

Medial pterygoid muscle (MPM), 26f, 36f

Medial rectus muscle (MR), 32f, 33f, 41f, 42f, 44f, 45f, 46f, 47f, 73f, 76f, 77f, 78f

Medial rectus muscle, 92f

Medulla oblongata (MO), 26f, 38f, 40f, 64f Meningomas, computed tomography for, 94f Midbrain (MB), 28f, 38f, 40f, 58f, 66f, 67f Middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP), 27f, 38f Middle cerebral artery (MCA), 77f Mid-globe, 32f, 46f, 77f

Mid-orbit, 41f, 44f, 73–74f, 75f, 76f Molecular water–proton interactions, 21–22 MultiHance, 58

Myoinositol, 88

N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA), 88 Nasal septum (NS), 75f, 77f, 78f Nasolacrimal duct (NLD), 70f, 77f Nasopharynx (Np), 70f

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), 58 Neuro-ophthalmic indications, recommended

imaging techniques for, 98–101t Nuclear gaze palsies, 99t

Nuclear MR (NMR), 3, 7 Nuclei, polarization of, 4 Nystagmus, 99t

Occipital condyle (OcC), 26f, 70f

Occipital horn of lateral ventricle (OH), 29f Occipital lobe (OL), 27f, 28f, 29f, 30f, 40f, 67f, 68f Odontoid process (OP), 70f

Omniscan, 58

Open globe injury, 95f Ophthalmic artery (OA), 76f Optic ataxia, 99t

Optic canal (OCa), 74f, 75f, 76f, 78f

Optic chiasm (OC), 28f, 36f, 40f, 42f, 45f, 48f, 66f Optic foramen (OF), 65f

Optic nerve (ON), 28f, 33f, 34f, 35f, 39f, 41f, 42f, 44f, 45f, 47f, 65f, 73f, 74f, 76f, 78f, 79f

Optic nerve drusen, 98t

Optic nerve sheath meningioma, 104f Optic neuropathy, 98t

Optic perineuritis, 104f

Optic tract (OT), 28f, 36f, 37f, 43f, 45f, 48f, 67f OptiMark, 58

Orbital apex, 34f, 47f, 78f Orbital bruit, 101t Orbital cellulitis, 100t

Orbital dermoid cyst, computed tomography for, 97f

Orbital emphysema, 101t Orbital foreign body, 101t Orbital fracture, 101t Orbital roof (OR), 72f Orbital trauma, 101t Orbital tumor, 100t

Orbitomeatal line (OML), 62, 63f

Paramagnetic contrast agents, 56–59 Parietal lobe (PL), 30f, 31f, 68f, 69f Parieto-occipital fissure (PoF), 30f Perfusion computed tomography (PCT), 80 Petrous apex of temporal bone (PA), 72f, 75f Phase encoding, 10–11

Pineal gland (PG), 29f, 40f, 68f Pituitary adenoma, 103f

Pituitary gland (PiG), 27f, 36f, 40f, 41f, 44f, 48f, 65f, 74f, 76f

Pituitary stalk (PS), 28f, 36f, 40f, 42f, 45f, 48f, 66f Pons (P), 27f, 37f, 38f, 40f, 58f, 65f, 66f

Positron emission tomography (PET), 89 Posterior cerebral artery (PCA), 76f, 82f, 83f Posterior clinoid process (PC), 66f, 74f, 76f, 79f Posterior communicating artery (PCoA), 76f, 82f,

83f, 86f Posterior globe, 33f

Posterior pituitary gland, 43f

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES), 54–55, 55f

Precession, 6

ProHance, 58

Proptosis, 100t Prosopagnosia, 99t

Protons (hydrogen ions), 5, 6, 21 Pterygoid plates of sphenoid bone (Pt), 70f Pterygomaxillary fissure (PMF), 78f Pterygopalatine fossa (PPF), 79f

Pulse sequences, 15 Putamen (Pu), 29f, 35f, 68f

Quadrigeminal cistern (QCi), 28f, 40f, 67f

Radiofrequency (RF) wave, 5, 6, 12 Rathke cleft cyst, 103f

Reid’s anatomic baseline (RBL), 62, 63f Relaxation, 6

Renal disease, 58 Repetition time (TR), 15–16

Resonant frequency. See Larmor frequency Retinoblastoma, computed tomography for, 94f Rhabdomyosarcoma, computed tomography for, 93f Right cavernous sinus, 96f

Right globe, proptosis of, 96f Right lateral rectus muscle, 92f Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 3

Sarcoidosis, 104f

Saturation in MRI, definition, 17

Saturation recovery (SR), 17, 19f Scotoma, junctional, 98t

Selection, of imaging techniques, 91–97 Sella turcica, 65f, 66f

Semicircular canal (ScC), 27f, 37f, 73f Septum pellucidum (SP), 30f, 35f, 36f, 37f, 68f Seventh cranial nerve (CN7), 58f, 73f Sigmoid sinus (SiS), 87f

Simultagnosia, 99t

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 89

Single-slice, two-dimensional Fourier transform image, 9f

Sixth cranial nerve (CN6), 58f Sixth nerve palsy, 99t

Skew deviation, 99t Skull base, 70–73f Slice location, 97

Slice oriented scanning, 63 Spatial encoding, 6–12

frequency encoding, 10 phase encoding, 10–11

Sphenoid sinus (SS), 27f, 34f, 35f, 36f, 40f, 41f, 44f, 48f, 64f, 65f, 71f, 73f, 75f, 78f, 79f

Sphenopalatine foramen (SPF), 78f Spinal cord (SCo), 26f, 38f, 40f Spin density, 6

Spin-echo (SE), 14f sequences, 19, 20f

Spin-lattice relaxation, 13 Spin-spin relaxation, 13 Straight sinus (StS), 38f, 87f

Stroke, perfusion-weighted imaging for, 56 Subclavian artery (SA), 83f

Subperiosteal hematoma, 101t Superficial cortical vein (SCV), 87f Superior colliculus (SC), 28f, 40f

Superior medullary velum (SMV), 27f, 40f, 42f Superior oblique muscle (SO), 33f, 46f, 78f Superior oblique muscle tendon (SOT), 43f, 77f Superior ophthalmic vein (SOV), 46f, 47f, 65f, 74f,

77f, 78f

Superior orbit, 42f, 43f, 45f, 46f, 74f, 77f, 93f, 97f Superior orbital fissure (SOF), 65f, 72f, 73f, 74f,

75f, 76f, 78f, 79f

Superior rectus muscle (SR), 33f, 39f, 43f, 46f, 47f, 77f, 78f, 79f

Superior sagittal sinus (SSS), 29f, 30f, 69f Supranuclear gaze palsies, 99t Suprasellar cistern (SCi), 36f, 40f

Surface-coil techniques, 59

Sylvian fissure (SF), 29f, 39f

T1 relaxation, 21–22

T1-weighted images, 24–49

T2 relaxation, 14f, 21–22

T2-weighted images, 49–50 Tacrolimus, 55

Temporalis muscle (TM), 34f, 64f

Temporal lobe (TL), 27f, 28f, 39f, 65f, 66f, 67f Tentorium cerebelli (TC), 38f, 76f

Thalamus (T), 37f, 40f, 68f

Third cranial nerve (CN3), 36f, 42f, 58f Third nerve palsy, 99t

MRA for, 84–86

recommended neuroimaging for, 85t Third ventricle (V3), 29f, 35f, 37f, 40f, 67f Thyroid eye disease, 100t

computed tomography for, 92f Tilts, of magnetic vectors, 6 Transient monocular visual loss, 98t Transmetallation, 58

Transverse plane, 13 Transverse relaxation, 14 Transverse sinus (TS), 39f, 87f

Traumatic optic neuropathy, 101t Tympanic cavity (TyC), 73f

U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 58 Uncus of temporal lobe (U), 28f

Upper calvarium, 69f Upper pons, 27f, 66f

Vascular imaging, 81. See also individual techniques

Vasogenic edema, DWI/ADC for, 54, 55f Vein of Galen (VG), 87f

Velum interpositum, 29f

Venography. See Computed tomography venography; Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance venography

Vermis of cerebellum (V), 27f, 28f, 38f, 67f Vertebral artery (VA), 26f, 37f, 82f, 83f Vestibule (Ve), 27f, 37f, 73f

Visual association cortex, 99t Volume oriented scanning, 79

Water molecules flow, 21–22, 23f

Zygomatic bone (ZB), 70f, 78f