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Файл:Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Myopia Animal Models to Clinical Trials_Beuerman, Saw, Tan_2009.pdf
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- •Contents
- •Foreword
- •Dedication
- •Message
- •About the Editors
- •List of Contributors
- •Acknowledgments
- •Introduction
- •Methodologic Issues
- •Review of Studies (Table 1)
- •Cohort Effects on Myopia
- •Risk Factors for Myopia
- •Near work
- •Education/Income
- •Outdoor activity
- •Race/Ethnicity
- •Nuclear cataract
- •Family aggregation/Genetics
- •Siblings
- •Parent-child
- •Other family members
- •Genetics
- •Comments
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Definition of Myopia in Epidemiologic Studies
- •Risk Factors for Myopia and Ocular Biometry
- •Family history of myopia
- •Near work
- •Outdoor activity
- •Stature
- •Birth parameters
- •Smoking history
- •Breastfeeding
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Aetiological Heterogeneity of Myopia
- •Clearly genetic forms of myopia
- •School or acquired myopia
- •Misunderstandings of Heritability and Twin Studies
- •But Heritability has Its Uses
- •Evidence for Genetic Associations of School Myopia
- •Evidence for the Impact of Environmental Factors on Myopia Phenotypes
- •Gene-Environment Interactions and Ethnicity
- •Gene-Environment Interactions and Parental Myopia
- •Conclusion
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Economic evaluations
- •Full vs partial evaluations
- •Economic evaluation of myopia
- •The Economic Cost of Myopia: A Burden-of-Disease Study
- •China
- •India
- •Europe
- •Singapore
- •Southeast Asia
- •Africa
- •South America
- •Bangladesh
- •ii. Proportion of myopes paying for correction
- •Uncorrected and undercorrected refractive error, spectacle coverage rate and reasons for spectacles nonwear
- •iii. Amount paid for myopic correction
- •Singapore
- •The burden of myopia
- •Further Directions for Economic Research
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Impact of Myopia in Adults
- •Overall Conclusion
- •Future Studies
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Definition of Pathological Myopia
- •Cataract
- •Glaucoma
- •Myopic Maculopathy
- •Myopic Retinopathy
- •Retinal Detachment
- •Optic Disc Abnormalities
- •References
- •Conclusion
- •Introduction
- •The Association Between Myopia and POAG
- •Information from epidemiological studies
- •Asian populations: Myopia and POAG
- •Myopia in other situations
- •Myopia and ocular hypertension
- •Myopia in angle closure
- •Myopia in Pigment Dispersion Syndrome (PDS)
- •Theories for a Link Between Myopia and POAG
- •Glaucoma Assessment in Myopic Eyes
- •Biometric differences
- •Axial length and CCT
- •Optic disc assessment in myopic eyes
- •Visual fields in myopic eyes
- •Imaging tests and variations with myopia
- •ONH susceptibility to damage
- •The Influence of Myopia on the Clinical Management of the Glaucoma Patient
- •Glaucoma progression and myopia
- •References
- •Posterior Staphyloma
- •Myopic Chorioretinal Atrophy
- •Lacquer Cracks
- •Myopic Choroidal Neovascularization
- •Myopic Foveoschisis
- •Myopic macular hole detachments
- •Lattice degeneration
- •Retinal tears and detachments
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Electroretinography
- •Ganzfeld electroretinography
- •Multifocal electroretinography
- •Assessment of Retinal Function
- •Outer retinal (photoreceptor) function
- •Post-receptoral (bipolar cell) and retinal transmission function
- •Inner retinal function
- •Macular function in myopic retina
- •Effect of Long-Term Atropine Usage on Retinal Function
- •Macular Function Associates with Myopia Progression
- •Factors Associated with ERG Changes in Myopia
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Genomic Convergence Using Genomic Content
- •Pathway Analysis
- •Pathway analysis in cancer genomics
- •Pathway analysis in GWAS
- •Non-parametric approaches
- •Parametric approaches
- •P-values combining approaches
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Definition of Myopia
- •The Classical Twin Model
- •What is the classical twin model?
- •Historical perspective
- •Statistical approaches
- •Twins, Myopia and Heritability Studies
- •Heritability studies for myopia using twins
- •Limitations of using twins in heritability studies
- •Twins and Myopia — Other Studies
- •The Importance of Twin Registries
- •Concluding Comments
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Candidate Gene Selection Strategies for Myopia
- •Genes Associated With Myopia-Related Phenotypes
- •The HGF/cMET ligand-receptor axis
- •The collagen family of genes
- •Concluding Remarks
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Phenotypes for Myopia Genetic Studies
- •Study Design
- •Genotyping and Quality Controls
- •Population Structure
- •Association Tests
- •Correlated Phenotypes
- •Imputation and Meta-Analysis
- •Visualization Tools
- •Drawing Conclusions
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •Introduction
- •The Search for Error Signals
- •The blur hypothesis
- •Bidirectional lens-compensation
- •Recovery from ametropia vs. compensation for lenses
- •The complication of the emmetropization end-point
- •Optical aberrations as error signals
- •Other possible visual error signals
- •How Important is Having a Fovea?
- •Mechanisms of Emmetropization
- •Scleral similarities and differences between humans and chickens
- •Retinal signals
- •Glucagon-insulin
- •Retinoic acid
- •Dopamine
- •Acetylcholine
- •Choroidal signals
- •The Role of the Choroid in the Control of Ocular Growth
- •Diurnal rhythms and control of ocular growth
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Gross Scleral Anatomy
- •Structural organization of the sclera
- •Cellular content of the sclera
- •Mechanical properties of the sclera
- •Structural Changes to the Sclera in Myopia
- •Development of structural and ultrastructural scleral changes in myopia
- •Scleral pathology and staphyloma
- •Biochemical Changes in the Sclera of Myopic Eyes
- •Structural biochemistry of the sclera in myopia
- •Degradative processes in the sclera of myopic eyes
- •Cellular changes in the sclera in myopia
- •Biomechanical Changes in the Sclera of Myopic Eyes
- •Regulators of scleral myofibroblast differentiation
- •Myofibroblast-extracellular matrix interactions
- •Cellular and matrix contributions to altered scleral biomechanics and myopia
- •Scleral Changes in Myopia are Reversible
- •Eye growth regulation during recovery from induced myopia
- •Summary and Conclusions
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Spatial Visual Performance and Optical Features of the Eye
- •Axial eye growth and development of refractive state
- •Lens thickness and vitreous chamber depth
- •Corneal radius of curvature
- •Schematic eye data
- •Techniques Currently Available for Myopia Studies in the Mouse, Both for Its Induction and Measurement
- •Devices to induce refractive errors
- •Techniques to measure the induced refractive errors and changes in eye growth
- •Refractive state
- •Corneal radius of curvature
- •Axial length measurements and ocular biometry
- •Measurements of the optical aberrations of the mouse eye
- •Behavioral measurement of grating acuity and contrast sensitivity in the mouse
- •Recent Studies on Myopia in the Mouse Model: Some Examples
- •Magnitudes of experimentally induced refractive errors in wild-type mice
- •Refractive development in mutant mice
- •Pharmacological studies to inhibit axial eye growth in mice
- •Image processing and regulation of retinal genes and proteins
- •Summary
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •Introduction
- •A Brief Introduction to Comparative Genomics
- •Comparative Expression
- •Genes in Retina and Sclera in Animal Models of Myopia
- •ZENK (EGR-1)
- •Scleral Gene Expression in a Mouse Model of Myopia
- •RNA, Target cDNA and Microarray Chip Preparation
- •Microarray Data Analysis
- •Scleral Gene Expression in the Myopic Mouse
- •Summary
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Possible Mechanisms of Pharmacological Treatment
- •Efficacy Studies
- •Other Issues Related to Drugs
- •Potential Side Effects
- •The Future of Drug Treatment in Myopia
- •Conclusions
- •References
- •Introduction
- •Accommodation
- •Close work
- •Physical characteristics of the retinal image
- •Visual deprivation
- •Compensatory changes in refraction
- •Intensity and periodicity of light exposure
- •Spatial frequency
- •Light periodicity
- •Image clarity
- •Outdoor activity and retinal image blur
- •Light vergence and photon catch
- •Chromaticity
- •Therapeutic implications
- •References
- •Index
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the project team at the Singapore National Eye Centre for their dedication in managing and coordinating the development of this publication.
Singapore National Eye Centre
Advisor
Charity Wai
Project Manager
Kathy Chen
Cover Design
Paul Kwang-Yeow Chua
Kasi Sandhanam
Joanna Peh Wei-Fang
We would also like to thank the editorial team at the World Scientific Publishing Singapore for their professionalism and technical support
World Scientific Publishing
Editor
Sook-Cheng Lim
Typesetter
Stallion Press
Proofreader
Meng-Wai Chow
Artist
Hui-Chee Lim
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Section 1
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
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