Index
additive genetic effects 189–191
angle closure |
124 |
|
||
anterior chamber depth |
183, 185, |
|||
188, 190–192 |
|
|
||
association 202–209 |
|
|||
atropine |
345, 346, 348–356 |
|||
Australian Twin Registry (ATR) |
||||
195, 196 |
|
|
|
|
axial length |
24, 26, 28, 30, 33, 35, |
|||
37, 39, 122, 124, 126, 128–130, |
||||
183, 185, 188, 190–192, 196 |
||||
Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES) |
||||
7–10, 14, 34 |
|
|
||
biomechanics |
292 |
|
||
bipolar |
149, 150, 152, 156 |
|||
birth head circumference |
34 |
|||
birth length |
34, 36 |
|
||
birth parameters |
24, 34–36 |
|||
birth weight |
34, 36, 38, 40, 183, 194 |
|||
BMI 32–34, 38 |
|
|
||
body mass index |
194 |
|
||
breastfeeding |
24, 38–40 |
|
||
Brisbane Adolescent Twin Study |
||||
196 |
|
|
|
|
Burden of disease |
63, 66, 72, 75 |
|||
candidate genes |
203 |
|
||
case-control association study 219 cataract 99–106, 110, 112
central corneal thickness 125, 126
children |
23–25, 27, 29, 31, 32, 34, |
|||||
36, 38–40 |
|
|
|
|
||
choroids |
254, 255 |
|
|
|
||
chromatic aberration |
245, 246, 365, |
|||||
366, 371–373 |
|
|
|
|||
chromaticity |
|
371, 373–375, |
|
|||
377–379 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
classical twin model |
185–188, 190, |
|||||
192, 193, 196 |
|
|
|
|||
clinical trials |
|
356 |
|
|
|
|
close reading |
|
27, 40 |
|
|
||
close-up work |
29 |
|
|
|
||
Cochran-Armitage trend test |
224 |
|||||
collagen |
270–274, 277, 279–283, |
|||||
286, 288, 290, 292, 298 |
|
|||||
contrast sensitivity |
319, 321 |
|
||||
corneal curvature |
124, 126, 183, |
|||||
185, 190, 191 |
|
|
|
|||
correlated phenotypes |
225 |
|
||||
cost 63–66, 72–75 |
|
|
|
|||
cross-sectional |
24–33, 35–39 |
|
||||
cycloplegia |
354 |
|
|
|
||
Danish Twin Registry (DTR) |
195, |
|||||
196 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
definitions of myopia |
24 |
|
||||
diopter-hours |
29 |
|
|
|
||
dizygotic twins (DZ) |
185–188, 193, |
|||||
194 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
DNA array |
336 |
|
|
|
||
dominant genetic effects 191
387
388 Index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
Economics |
63 |
|
|
|||
Eigenstrat |
219, 222 |
|
||||
electroretinography |
149–152, 156 |
|||||
emmetropization 244, 246, 248, |
||||||
249, 258 |
|
|
|
|||
environment |
45–50, 53, 54, 56, 57 |
|||||
environmental |
|
23, 29, 40 |
||||
epidemiologic studies |
24 |
|||||
epidemiology |
3, 4, 16, 99 |
|||||
equal environment assumption (EEA) |
||||||
193 |
|
|
|
|
||
ERG |
150–153, 155, 156 |
|||||
etiology 361–363, 367, 372, 381 |
||||||
family history |
|
24–26, 40 |
||||
family-based association study 215, |
||||||
219, 224 |
|
|
|
|||
fibroblast |
268, 271, 272, 289, 291, 292 |
|||||
Fisher’s method |
228 |
|
||||
Fisher-exact test |
224 |
|||||
fovea |
247–249, 258 |
|
||||
gene-environment interactions 45–47, 53, 56, 57
generalized estimate equation (GEE) 226, 227
genes 46–49, 51, 54, 331–335, 338, 340
Genes in Myopia (GEM) Study 196 Genes in Myopia (GEM) twin study
36 |
|
|
|
genetic epidemiology |
204 |
||
Genome-wide Association Studies |
|||
(GWAS) |
164, 168–172, 176, |
||
177, 215, 216, 219, 221, 223, 227, |
|||
229, 230 |
|
|
|
genomic control 219, 221, 222 |
|||
genomic convergence |
168–170, 177 |
||
genotype |
45–47, 51 |
|
|
gestational age |
34, 36 |
|
|
glaucoma |
100, 101, 106–109, 112 |
||
glucagon 251, 252 glycosaminoglycans 272, 274, 282,
283
Handan Eye Study |
37 |
|
|
||||
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) |
|||||||
221 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
height |
25, 31, 32–34, 38, 40, 185, |
||||||
188, 194 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
heritability |
48–51, 188–193, 195, |
||||||
196 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
high myopia |
47, 48, 51, 52, 55–57, |
||||||
216–218 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
human genome |
332 |
|
|
|
|||
imputation |
227 |
|
|
|
|
||
insulin |
251, 252 |
|
|
|
|
||
intensity |
365, 366, 378 |
|
|
||||
item response theory |
91 |
|
|
||||
keratometry |
307, 314 |
|
|
||||
lacquer crack |
137, 139, 140 |
|
|||||
linear model |
224, 226 |
|
|
||||
logistic regression |
224 |
|
|
||||
longitudinal study |
25, 26, 29, 30 |
||||||
low coherence interferometry |
306, |
||||||
316 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Meiktila Eye Survey (MES) |
34 |
|
|||||
meta-analysis |
227, 228 |
|
|
||||
minor allele frequency (MAF) |
221 |
||||||
monozygotic twins (MZ) |
185–188, |
||||||
193, 194 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
mouse |
303–305, 308–325, 332–338, |
||||||
340 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
multifocal ERG |
151, 153 |
|
|
||||
multi-locus analysis |
|
171, 172, 174, |
|||||
176 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
muscarinic receptors |
347, 355 |
|
|||||
mutants |
303 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
389 Index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
myofibroblast |
272, 289–291, 293 |
|||||
myopia |
3–16, 23–40, 45–57, 83–92, |
|||||
|
97–113, 183–197, 201–210, |
|||||
|
215–219, 225, 230, 267–269, |
|||||
|
273–290, 292–298, 303, 304, |
|||||
|
309–311, 315, 322–326, 331–338, |
|||||
|
340, 361–373, 375–381 |
|||||
myopia loci |
169 |
|
|
|||
myopia progression |
149, 154 |
|||||
myopic choroidal neovascularization |
||||||
140 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
myopic macular degeneration 137 |
||||||
myopic maculopathy |
110 |
|||||
myopic retinopathy |
99, 110, 111 |
|||||
near work |
23, 24, 27–29, 31, 32, 38, |
|||||
40, 53, 55, 56 |
|
|
||||
ocular biometry |
23, 24, 26, 28, 30, |
|||||
|
33–35, 37, 39, 40 |
|
||||
optic disc |
|
125, 127–129 |
||||
optic nerve head |
127–129 |
|||||
optical factors |
367 |
|
||||
optomotor response |
319, 321, 323 |
|||||
Orinda Longitudinal Study of Myopia |
||||||
|
(OLSM) |
25, 29 |
|
|||
oscillatory potentials |
150, 153 |
|||||
outdoor |
23, 24, 27, 29–32, 38, 40, 45, |
|||||
53, 55, 56 |
|
|
|
|||
pathology |
99, 110, 112, 113 |
|||||
pathway analysis |
168, 169, 171, 172, |
|||||
176, 177 |
|
|
|
|||
patient-reported outcome measures |
||||||
84 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
periodicity |
365, 366, 378 |
|||||
personality traits |
194, 195 |
|||||
pharmacogenetics |
353 |
|||||
pharmacology |
355 |
|
||||
phenotype |
46, 49–51, 53 |
|||||
photon catch |
369–375, 377–380 |
|||||
photoreceptor 149, 150, 152, 155,
156 |
|
|
|
photorefraction |
307, 309 |
||
physical activity |
31 |
|
|
pigment dispersion |
124 |
||
pirenzepine |
346, 348, 350, 355 |
||
population structure |
219, 221 |
||
population-based |
24, 26–28, 30, |
||
32–35, 37–39 |
|
|
|
prevalence |
3, 4, 6–9, 11–13, 66–70, |
||
72, 76 |
|
|
|
primary open angle glaucoma 121 principle component analysis (PCA)
221, 222 |
|
|
public health |
201 |
|
quality controls (QC) 220, 221 |
||
Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) 215 |
||
reading |
27, 29, 31, 32, 38, 40 |
|
refraction |
184, 186–193 |
|
refractive error |
24, 25, 29, 30, 38, |
|
39 |
|
|
retinal detachment 137, 144–147 |
||
retinal function 149, 150, 152–154, 156
retinal nerve fibre layer 128 retinoic acid 252–255 Reykjavik Eye Study (RES) 34
risk factors 3, 4, 10, 23–26, 28, 33, 35, 37, 39, 40
school myopia |
45, 51–53, 57 |
school-based |
25–32 |
sclera 250–252, 254–257, 267–277, 279–286, 288–290, 292–296, 298, 334–337, 339
Singapore Cohort Study of the Risk factors for Myopia (SCORM)
25, 27, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 216, 222,
223, 225, 226, 229, 230
390 Index |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Singapore Malay Eye Study (SiMES) |
Tanjong Pagar Survey (TPS) |
32, |
|
34 |
33 |
|
|
single nucleotide polymorphisms |
therapy 362 |
|
|
|
(SNPs) 220–222, 224, 227–229 |
twin registries 195, 196 |
|
smoking 24, 36–38, 40 |
Twins Eye Study in Tasmania |
196 |
|
spatial frequency 366, 367, 373, 378 |
|
|
|
|||
sphere (SPH) |
217, 218, 225 |
vergence |
361, 365, 369–371, |
|||
spherical equivalent (SE) |
24, 26, 28, |
377–379 |
|
|||
30, 33, 35, 37, 39, 217, 218 |
vision-specific functioning and |
|||||
sports 29, 31 |
|
quality of life 83 |
||||
St Thomas’ UK Adult Twin Registry |
visual acuity |
304, 305, 309, 318, |
||||
195, 196 |
|
|
319, 321 |
|
||
staphyloma |
267, 273, 277, 279, 280 |
visual field |
125, 128, 130 |
|||
stature |
32, 33 |
|
visual optics |
304 |
||
Strabismus, Amblyopia and Refractive |
|
|
|
|||
Error Study (STARS) |
38 |
weight |
32–34, 36, 38, 40, 183, 194 |
|||
structure |
219, 221, 222, 229 |
|
|
|
||
Sydney Myopia Study (SMS) 24, 25, |
Xichang Pediatric Refractive Error |
|||||
27, 31, 32, 34 |
|
Study (X-PRES) 29, 31 |
||||
The Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI) is the national research institute for ophthalmology and vision research in Singapore, and is affiliated with the National University of Singapore (NUS). SERI is the focal point of eye research in Singapore, serving as the research arm of the Singapore National Eye Centre (SNEC) and other eye departments, including the National University Health Systems (NUHS), and Tan Tock Seng Hospital. It has close working relationships with the A*STAR Research Institutes, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, the Nanyang Technological University and other biomedical institutions and eye centers in Singapore and throughout the world. Founded in 1997, SERI has developed a reputation over the last 13 years, as a leading research center in Asia, conducting broad-based basic, clinical, epidemiology and translational research programmes for various eye diseases, particularly diseases relevant to Asia.
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