Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Nutrition and the Eye A Practical Approach_Eperjesi, Beatty_2006

survival curves, ageing, 144f swallowing, 26

T

taste changes, ageing, 136 taurine

cataract, 183 zinc effects, 85

tear stability, dry-eye disorders, 166 telomere theory, ageing, 145 teratogenesis, retinoic acid, 236 thiamin (vitamin B1)

cataract, 180

deficiency, nutritional amblyopia, 80

DRI, 12t

geriatric nutrition, 138t RDA, 12t

thyroid eye disease, 164 TIMP3 gene, 127 tiopronin, cataract, 183 a-tocopherol, 76

Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study, 178

structure, 77f b-tocopherol, 76 d-tocopherol, 76 tocopherols, 76

as supplements, 77–78

see also vitamin E; specific types tolerable upper limit

ginkgo biloba, 234t magnesium, 233t omega-3 fatty acids, 234t omega-6 fatty acids, 234t selenium, 233t

vitamin A, 232t vitamin B2, 232t vitamin B6, 233t vitamin B12, 233t vitamin C, 233t vitamin E, 232t zinc, 234t

trabecular meshwork (TM), 107 trace elements, 83–90

antioxidant enzymes, 84t daily requirement, 83 definition, 83

see also specific types transducin, 50

phototransduction cascade, 58 transport

carotenoids, 95 vitamin A, 74–75

transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT), AMD management, 198

triacylglycerol digestion, 27 structure, 57f

tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (Krebs cycle), 67, 102

glucose metabolism, 66–67

U

UK, dietary guidelines, 23–24, 23f UK Committee on Medical Aspects

of Food Policy, 8

UK Reference Values Panel, 8–9 geriatric nutrition, 137

ultraviolet (UV) light, 51 cataract formation, 52

United Nations University (UNU) Expert Consultation, 10

upper intake levels (ULs), 11, 11f, 12–13

urinalysis, nutritional status measurement, 41

USA, dietary guidelines, 23, 23f Usher’s syndrome, docosahexaenoic

acid levels, 59

US National Research Council (NRC), 18

V

valproic acid, vitamin A interactions, 236

vascular changes, retinal ageing, 151 vascular endothelial growth factor

(VEGF) AMD, 199

choroidal neovascular membrane growth, 191

very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), 95

visual acuity ageing, 154

Aston Randomised Controlled Trial, 219

visual evoked potential (VEP), 58 visual fields, ageing, 154–155 vitamin(s), 73–82

as antioxidants, 73 bioavailability, 33–36 clinical trials

cataract, 181–182

see also Aston Randomised Controlled Trial

eye diseases, 78–80

see also specific diseases/disorders fat-soluble, 73

geriatric nutrition, 137, 138t, 139

water-soluble, 73

see also specific vitamins vitamin A, 74–75

absorption, 74–75 adverse effects, 237–238 as antioxidant, 73, 105 cataract prevention, 79 clinical trials see Aston

Randomised Controlled Trial (Aston RCT)

contraindications, 236 digestion, 74–75

drug interactions, 235t dry-eye disorders, 164–165 fortification, 246–247 functions, 75, 112–113, 232t geriatric nutrition, 138t metabolism, 112–113, 112f

zinc, 84–85 requirements, 75 RDA, 232t

safe upper limit, 232t tolerable upper limit, 232t WHO recommended dosage,

116t

retinitis pigmentosa therapy, 79 role in vision, 76f

Sorsby fundus dystrophy, 127 sources, 75, 232t supplements, 75

Bassen–Kornzweig syndrome, 126–127

retinitis pigmentosa, 126 xerophthalmia treatment,

115–116 toxicity, 237–238 transport, 74–75

valproic acid interactions, 236

see also carotenoids; provitamin A; rhodopsin

vitamin A deficiency, 78–79, 111–116 Bassen–Kornzweig syndrome, 126 Bitot’s spots, 114, 114f

causes, 111–112, 112f conjunctival xerosis, 114, 114f corneal xerosis, 114, 114f, 115f histological effects, 113 keratomalacia, 115, 115f primary see xerophthalmia protein-energy malnutrition, 112 secondary, 116

xerophthalmic fundus, 115 see also xerophthalmia

vitamin B1 see thiamin (vitamin B1) vitamin B2 see riboflavin (vitamin B2) vitamin B6

cataract, 180 DRI, 12t

drug interactions, 235t dry-eye disorders, 164 functions, 233t geriatric nutrition, 138t RDA, 12t, 233t

safe upper limit, 233t source, 233t

tolerable upper limit, 233t vitamin B12

ARM management, 197–198 DRI, 12t

functions, 233t geriatric nutrition, 138t RDA, 12t, 233t

safe upper limit, 233t source, 233t

supplements, glaucoma, 171 tolerable upper limit, 233t

vitamin C, 78

acetaminophen interactions, 237 adverse effects, 238

AMD prevention, 107 anticoagulant interactions,

236–237

as antioxidant, 73, 78, 105 cataract, 79, 175–176 clinical trials

AMD, 107

cataract, 174, 175–176

see also Aston Randomised Controlled Trial; Celtic Age-Related Maculopathy Arrestation (CARMA) study

contraindications, 236–237 corneal chemical burns, 80 drug interactions, 235t

dry-eye disorders, 164–165, 165–166 fortification, 246–247

functions, 233t geriatric nutrition, 138t requirements

determination, 7 DRI, 12t

RDA, 12t, 233t

safe upper limit, 233t tolerable upper limit, 233t

sources, 78, 233t structure, 78f

supplements, glaucoma, 171 vitamin C deficiency, 80, 117–120 clinical manifestations, 118b

cornea, 119 incidence, 117 infants, 117–118 lens effects, 119 see also scurvy

vitamin D, geriatric nutrition, 137, 138t, 139

vitamin E, 75–78 absorption, 76–77 AMD, 107

as antioxidant, 73, 77, 105 ataxia with vitamin E, 121 cataract, 176–178

prevention, 79 clinical trials

AMD, 107 cataract, 176–178

Cataract and Age-Related Maculopathy Trial, 182

cataract prevention, 174 see also Aston Randomised

Controlled Trial; Celtic Age-Related Maculopathy Arrestation (CARMA) study

contraindications, 237 deficiency, 121

drug interactions, 235t dry-eye disorders, 166 functions, 77, 232t

lipid peroxide interaction, 77f regeneration by vitamin C, 77 requirements, 77

RDA, 77, 232t

safe upper limit, 232t tolerable upper limit, 232t

retinitis pigmentosa, 121 retinopathy of prematurity

therapy, 79–80 sources, 77, 232t supplements, 77–78

Bassen–Kornzweig syndrome, 126–127

retinitis pigmentosa, 126 xerophthalmia treatment, 115

transport, 76–77

vitamin K supplements, Bassen– Kornzweig syndrome, 126–127

vitreous, 65–66 ageing, 147–148

age-related changes, 66 collagen, 63

hyaluronan network, 66 glycosaminoglycans, 65 hyaluronan, 65

hyaocyte cells, 65 molecular organisation, 66 xanthophyll levels, 93f

Vogt’s limbal girdle, 146, 146f

W

waist-to-hip ratio, nutritional status measurement, 39–40

warfarin, 235t

water-soluble vitamins, 73 weight ranges, nutritional

requirements, 10

Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), 211

observational study, 211

World Health Organization (WHO), 10

dietary guidelines, 19 nutritional requirement

recommendations, 13

vitamin A recommended dosages, 116t

xerophthalmia classification, 113, 113f

X

xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH), 108

xanthine oxidase (XO), 108 xanthophylls, 92

dietary ratios, 95 levels in the eye, 93f macular pigment, 92 properties, 92t sources, 93, 94t structure, 92f

see also lutein; zeaxanthin xerophthalmia, 78–79, 113

treatment, 115–116

WHO classification, 113, 113f, 113t xerophthalmic fundus, vitamin A

deficiency, 115 X-linked recessive retinitis

pigmentosa, 124

Z

zeaxanthin, 92 AMD, 188

clinical trials see Celtic AgeRelated Maculopathy Arrestation (CARMA) study

levels in the eye, 93f lutein vs., 92t

in macular pigment, 106 singlet-oxygen quenching, 97t sources, 94t

structure, 92f zinc, 84–86

adverse effects, 238 AMD, 85–86

clinical trials, 107 antioxidant properties, 85 cataract, 86, 182