Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Nutrition and the Eye A Practical Approach_Eperjesi, Beatty_2006
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© 2006, Elsevier Limited. All rights reserved. First published 2006
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ISBN-13: 978 0 7506 8816 1
ISBN-10: 0 7506 8816 5
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Note
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate. Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner, relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
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vii
Preface
A mass of evidence generated over the last 30 years or so has led to the widely held belief that there is a direct relationship between nutrition and many types of ocular disease. Furthermore, recent research has shown that the course of the most common blinding eye disease in the developed world, age-related macular degeneration, can be modified through the use of specific nutritional supplements. Current texts in this area are very much focused on research and there is little available in the form of advice for the front-line eye care clinician. We have attempted to remedy this by writing a text in which we have distilled those research findings with a practical emphasis into a digestible format.
Our aim, therefore, is to present in a readily accessible way a comprehensive guide and up-to- date reference source so as to enable the front-line eye care professional to give patients sound, evidence-based nutritional advice. In order to achieve this we have drawn on the academic knowledge and clinical expertise of diet specialists, ophthalmologists and optometrists.
An introduction to the field of nutrition sets the scene; we then go on to discuss nutrients and
micronutrients with respect to the eye and with respect to vision. This is followed by a section on the ophthalmic manifestations of nutritional deficiencies and then a section on the physiological and pathological effects of ocular senescence, with particular emphasis on the role that nutrition plays in this ageing process; here we discuss in some detail the relationship between nutrition and common ocular diseases such as dry-eye syndrome, glaucoma, cataract and age-related macular disease. This is then followed by evidence in support of dietary modification and/or supplementation in the prevention and/or management of ocular disease. The penultimate section reviews contraindications and offers guidance on avoiding potential adverse reactions associated with dietary modification, and we then offer some broad conclusions in the final section.
We hope that this book will be of use in routine eye care practice so that the patient can be better informed about all possible options with respect to nutrition and vision.
Frank Eperjesi
Stephen Beatty
viii
Acknowledgement
We thank Kim Benson at Elsevier for her patience and support.
ix
Contributors
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Rasha Al Taie MBChB FRCSI MSc |
Ruth Hogg BSc(Hons) PhD MCOptom |
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Waterford Regional Hospital |
Ophthalmic Research Centre |
|
Waterford |
Royal Victoria Hospital |
|
Ireland |
Belfast |
|
Hannah Bartlett BSc(Hons) PhD MCOptom |
UK |
|
|
||
Division of Optometry |
Kumari Neelam MBBS DNB FRCS(Glasgow) |
|
School of Life and Health Sciences |
Waterford Regional Hospital |
|
Aston University |
Waterford |
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Birmingham |
Ireland |
|
UK |
John Nolan BSc(Hons) |
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Stephen Beatty MB(Hons) MMSc FRCOphth MD |
Waterford Institute of Technology |
|
Waterford Institute of Technology |
Macular Pigment Laboratory |
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Macular Pigment Laboratory |
Waterford |
|
Waterford |
Ireland |
|
Ireland |
Orla O’Donovan BSc(Hons) PhD |
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||
Usha Chakravarthy PhD |
Waterford Institute of Technology |
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Institute of Clinical Science |
Waterford |
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Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science |
Ireland |
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Belfast |
Jayne V Woodside |
|
UK |
||
Department of Medicine |
||
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Geraldine J Cuskelly PhD |
Royal Victoria Hospital |
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Wellcome Research Laboratories |
Belfast |
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Department of Medicine |
UK |
|
Queen’s University Belfast |
Ian S Young BSc(Hons) PhD |
|
Belfast |
||
Wellcome Research Laboratories |
||
UK |
||
Department of Medicine |
||
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||
Frank Eperjesi BSc(Hons) PhD MCOptom DipOrth FAAO |
Royal Victoria Hospital |
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MHEA PGCertHE |
Belfast |
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Division of Optometry |
UK |
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School of Life and Health Sciences |
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Aston University |
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Birmingham |
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|
UK |
|
xi
Abbreviations
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a-TTP |
a-tocopherol transfer protein |
EMS |
Eger Macular Stressometer |
AD |
Alzheimer’s disease |
ERG |
electroretinogram |
AFC |
alternative forced choice |
FABPs |
fatty acid-binding proteins |
AI |
adequate intake |
FACITs |
fibril-associated collagens |
AMD |
age-related macular degeneration |
FAD |
flavin adenine dinucleotide |
AREDS |
Age-Related Eye Disease Study |
FAO |
Food and Agricultural |
ARI |
average requirement intake |
|
Organization of the United |
ARM |
age-related maculopathy |
|
States |
ATP |
adenosine triphosphate |
Fe |
iron |
AVED |
ataxia with vitamin E |
FNB |
Food and Nutrition Board |
BDES |
Beaver Dam Eye Study |
G6PD |
glucose-6-phosphate |
BMES |
Blue Mountains Eye Study |
|
dehydrogenase |
BMI |
body mass index |
GA |
geographic atrophy |
BMR |
basal metabolic rate |
GABA |
g-aminobutyric acid |
CAREDS |
Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye |
GAGs |
glycosaminoglycans |
|
Disease Study |
GBE |
ginkgo biloba extract |
CARMA |
Celtic Age-Related Maculopathy |
GI |
gastrointestinal |
|
Arrestation |
GPCRs |
G-protein-coupled receptors |
CFF |
critical flicker fusion |
GSH |
reduced glutathione/glutathione |
CI |
confidence interval |
|
peroxidase |
CNV |
choroidal neovascularisation |
GSSG |
oxidized glutathione/glutathione |
CNVM |
choroidal neovascular membrane |
|
disulphide |
COMA |
Committee on Medical Aspects of |
H2O2 |
hydrogen peroxide |
|
Food Policy |
HCl |
hydrochloric acid |
CRF |
case report form |
HDL |
high-density lipoproteins |
CS |
contrast sensitivity |
HMP |
hexose monophosphate pathway |
Cu |
copper |
HRQL |
health-related quality of life |
DHA |
docosahexaenoic acid |
HRT |
hormone replacement therapy |
DRI |
dietary reference intake |
ICAM-1 |
intercellular adhesion molecule-1 |
DRV |
dietary reference value |
ICG |
indocyanine green |
EAR |
estimated average requirement |
IOP |
intraocular pressure |
EFAs |
essential fatty acids |
IPL |
inner plexiform layer |
xii ABBREVIATIONS
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IRBP |
interphotoreceptor retinol-binding |
PEM |
protein–energy malnutrition |
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||||
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protein |
PERG |
pattern-evoked electroretinograms |
|
IU |
international units |
PPRPE |
preserved para-arteriolar retinal |
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L |
lutein |
|
pigment epithelium |
|
LAST |
Lutein Antioxidant |
PRI |
population reference intake |
|
|
Supplementation Trial |
PSC |
posterior subcapsular |
|
LCPUFAs |
long-chain polyunsaturated fatty |
PSRT |
photostress recovery time |
|
|
acids |
PUFA |
polyunsaturated fatty acids |
|
LDL |
low-density lipoproteins |
PVD |
posterior vitreous detachment |
|
LGN |
lateral geniculate nucleus |
RBP |
retinol-binding protein |
|
LMWA |
low-molecular-weight |
RCT |
randomised controlled trial |
|
|
antioxidants |
RDA |
recommended daily allowance |
|
LRNI |
lower reference nutrient intake |
RDI |
recommended dietary intake |
|
LTI |
lowest threshold intake |
RE |
retinol equivalents |
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MFA |
monounsaturated fatty acids |
REACT |
Roche European American |
|
MII |
metarhodopsin II |
|
Cataract Trial |
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MM |
Macular Mapping |
RNI |
reference nutrient intake |
|
Mn |
manganese |
ROI |
reactive oxygen intermediates |
|
MP |
macular pigment |
ROP |
retinopathy of prematurity |
|
MPOD |
macular pigment optical density |
ROS |
rod outer segments |
|
MT |
metallothionein |
RP |
retinitis pigmentosa |
|
MTHFR |
methylenetetrahydrofolate |
RPE |
retinal pigment epithelium |
|
|
reductase |
RR |
relative risk |
|
NADH |
nicotinamide adenine |
SD |
standard deviation |
|
|
dinucleotide |
Se |
selenium |
|
NADP |
nicotinamide adenine |
SENECA |
Survey in Europe on Nutrition |
|
|
dinucleotide phosphate |
|
and the Elderly: A Concerted |
|
NADPH |
reduced nicotinamide adenine |
|
Action |
|
|
dinucleotide phosphate |
SFA |
saturated fatty acids |
|
NEI-VFQ |
National Eye Institute Visual |
-SH |
sulfhydryl |
|
|
Function Questionnaire |
SKILL |
Smith-Kettlewell Institute low- |
|
NHANES |
National Health and Nutrition |
|
luminance |
|
|
Examination Survey |
SOD |
superoxide dismutase |
|
NO |
nitric oxide |
TAP |
Treatment of Age-Related Macular |
|
NRC |
National Research Council |
|
Degeneration with Photodynamic |
|
NSP |
non-starch polysaccharides |
|
Therapy |
|
NTG |
normal-tension glaucoma |
TCA |
tricarboxylic acid |
|
O2- |
superoxide |
TM |
trabecular meshwork |
|
OCT |
optical coherence tomography |
TP |
a-tocopherol |
|
OD |
oculus dexter (right eye) |
TTT |
transpupillary thermotherapy |
|
OH* |
hydroxyl radical |
UL |
upper intake level |
|
ONOO- |
peroxynitrite |
UNU |
United Nations University |
|
OPL |
outer plexiform layer |
UV |
ultraviolet |
|
OR |
odds ratio |
VA |
visual acuity |
|
OS |
oculus sinister (left eye) |
VAD |
vitamin A deficiency |
|
P |
placebo |
VEGF |
vascular endothelial growth factor |
|
PDE |
phosphodiesterase |
VEP |
visual evoked potential |
|
PDT |
photodynamic therapy |
VLDL |
very-low-density lipoproteins |
|
PEDF |
pigment epithelium-derived factor |
WHI |
Women’s Health Initiative |