- •CONTENTS
- •Contributors
- •Preface
- •I Components of Angiogenic Cascades
- •1. Introduction and Historical Perspective
- •2. The Semaphorins
- •3. The Plexin Receptor Family
- •4. The Neuropilins
- •5. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors and Their Receptors
- •6. Signal Transduction by Neuropilins
- •7. The Role of the Neuropilins in the Regulation of Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis
- •8. Modulation of Angiogenesis by Semaphorins that Bind Directly to Plexins
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •1. Introduction
- •1.1. Eph receptor domain structure
- •1.2. The ephrin domain structure
- •2. Effects on Vascular Cell Behavior and Signaling Pathways
- •2.1. Ephrin-A1 and EphA2
- •2.2. Ephrin-A1 and EphA4
- •2.3. Ephrin-B and EphB
- •2.3.1. EphB forward signaling
- •2.3.2. Ephrin-B reverse signaling
- •2.4. Crosstalk with other angiogenic pathways
- •3. Endothelial Cell Fate
- •4. Angiogenic Remodeling of Embryonic Blood Vessels
- •4.1. Ephrin-A1 and EphA receptors
- •4.2. EphB4 and Ephrin-B2
- •4.3. Other EphB receptors and Ephrin-Bs
- •5. Lymphatic Vessels
- •6. Adult Vasculature
- •6.1. Quiescent vasculature
- •6.2. Physiological angiogenesis
- •6.3. Inflammation and wound healing
- •6.4. Tumor angiogenesis
- •6.4.1. Ephrin-A1 and EphA2
- •6.4.2. Ephrin-B2 and EphB4
- •8. Perspectives
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Molecular Mechanisms
- •3. Role in Vascular Development
- •4. FGFs in Tumor Angiogenesis
- •5. Role of FGFs in Developmental and Tumor Lymphangiogenesis
- •7. Conclusion
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •1. The NPY System
- •2. NPY as a Growth Factor for Vascular Cells
- •3. DPPIV: A Molecular Switch of the NPY Angiogenic System
- •4. Downstream Mediators of NPY Actions
- •5. NPY in Revascularization of Ischemic Tissues
- •6. NPY in Wound Healing
- •7. NPY in Adipose Tissue Growth and Obesity
- •8. NPY in Retinopathy
- •10. NPY in Tumor Angiogenesis
- •11. NPY-Mediated Angiogenesis and Neurogenesis
- •References
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Historical Perspective
- •3.1. The HSPG core proteins
- •3.2. The structure of the HS chain
- •3.3. The biosynthesis of HS
- •3.4. The post-synthetic processing of HSPGs
- •4. Evolution of HSPGs
- •5. HSPGs in Development
- •6. HSPG Modulation of Ligand-Receptor Interactions
- •6.2. HSPG co-receptors confer unique regulatory properties
- •6.2.1. Co-receptors engender stoichiometric control of signaling
- •6.2.2. The effects of glycanation
- •6.2.3. HS sequence motifs regulate signaling
- •7. HSPGs Enable Global Control of EC Phenotype
- •8. Future Therapeutic Directions
- •9. Conclusions
- •References
- •II Angiogenic Regulators
- •1. Introduction: Blood Vessels and Nerves Use Similar Guidance Cues
- •2. Semaphorin Signaling
- •2.1. Neuropilins
- •2.2. Plexins
- •3. Ephrins and Eph Signaling
- •3.1. Forward signaling
- •3.2. Reverse signaling
- •4. Netrin and Slit Signaling
- •5. Open Questions
- •References
- •1. Oxygen Homeostasis: Phylogeny, Ontogeny, Physiology, and Pathobiology
- •5. Control of Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis by HIF-1
- •6. Control of Tumor Angiogenesis by HIF-1
- •References
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Vasculature
- •3. ROS and Angiogenesis
- •4. NAD(P)H Oxidase: A Major Source of ROS in the Vasculature
- •5. Role of NAD(P)H Oxidase in Angiogenesis
- •6. ROS as Signaling Molecules in Angiogenesis
- •8. Conclusion
- •References
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Assessing Coronary Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis
- •3. Pressure Overload-Induced Hypertrophy
- •4. Volume Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy
- •5. Thyroxine-Induced Hypertrophy
- •6. Hypoxia-Induced Hypertrophy
- •7. Exercise-Induced Hypertrophy
- •8. Myocardial Infarction-Induced Hypertrophy
- •9. Modulators of Angiogenesis During Hypertrophy
- •10. Stimuli of Angiogenesis During Hypertrophy
- •11. Summary
- •References
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Coronary Resistance
- •3. Regulation of Coronary Microvascular Tone
- •3.1. Intrinsic and extrinsic vasomotor control
- •3.2. Role of the endothelium
- •3.3. Role of metabolism and autoregulation
- •3.4. Flow-induced dilation
- •3.5. Neurohumoral influence on microcirculation
- •3.6. Intrinsic myogenic tone
- •3.7. Impact of extravascular and humoral factors on the coronary microcirculation
- •3.8. Role of venules in coronary resistance
- •4. Endothelial Factors in Vascular Growth and Response to Injury
- •5. Impact of Disease States on Coronary Circulation
- •6. The Coronary Microcirculation in Hypertophic States
- •7. Summary
- •References
- •III Clinical Applications
- •1. Kinase Inhibition and Tumor Angiogenesis
- •2. Major Angiogenesis Factors and Receptors
- •2.1. VEGF signaling
- •3. Further Angiogenesis-Related Signaling
- •4. Need for Selectivity of Anti-Angiogenic Kinase Inhibitors
- •5. Kinase Inhibitors in Clinical Development
- •5.1. BAY 43-9006 (Sorafenib)
- •5.2. PTK/ZK (Vatalanib)
- •5.3. SU11248 (Sunitinib)
- •5.9. BIBF 1120
- •5.10. Chir-258
- •5.12. SU5416 (Semaxinib)
- •6. Challenges and Future Directions
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •1. Introduction
- •2. Concepts and Rationales
- •3. Strategy
- •4. Clinical Trials
- •4.1. Growth factor-based, angiogenic approach
- •4.2. Cell therapy-based, vasculogenic and paracrine approach
- •5. Issues Regarding Current Strategy
- •5.1. Choice of biological agent
- •5.2. Pharmacokinetics and delivery mode
- •5.3. Monitoring of neovascularization
- •5.4. Study design
- •6. Emerging Concepts of Therapeutic Angiogenesis
- •6.1. Neovascularization responsiveness
- •6.2. Genetic determination of neovascularization
- •7. Future Prospective
- •8. Summary
- •References
- •1. Hepatocyte Growth Factor in Cardiovascular System
- •2. HGF Signaling in Endothelial Cells
- •3. Angiogenic Therapy for Ischemic Peripheral Arterial Diseases
- •4. Clinical Trial in PAD
- •5. HGF Gene Therapy for Myocardial Ischemia
- •6. HGF Gene Therapy for Restenosis After Angioplasty
- •7. Next Five Years Perspective — Future Direction of HGF Therapy
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •1. Endothelial Nitric Oxide in Health and Disease
- •1.1. Nitric oxide synthases
- •1.2. Physiological role of endothelial NO (“EDNO”)
- •1.3. Endothelial NO-deficiency in cardiovascular diseases
- •1.4. Therapeutic restoration of endothelial NO production in cardiovascular diseases
- •2. Nitric Oxide and Angiogenesis
- •2.2. Tumor angiogenesis and NO
- •2.3. Evidence in cultured endothelial cells and in rabbit cornea
- •2.4. Role of NO in post-ischemic revascularization
- •2.6. Molecular mechanisms
- •3. NOS Gene Transfer
- •3.1. Gene delivery vectors
- •3.2. NOS-III gene transfer
- •3.3. NOS-II gene transfer
- •4.1. Impaired angiogenesis and arteriogenesis in patients with critical limb ischemia
- •4.2.1. NOS-III-KO mice
- •4.2.2. NOS-III transgenic mice
- •4.2.3. Wild-type NOS-III gene transfer in normal rats
- •4.5.1. Plasmid delivery of the NOS1177D gene
- •4.5.2. Adenoviral delivery of the NOS1179D gene
- •6. Conclusions
- •Acknowledgments
- •References
- •Index
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MODERN CONCEPTS IN ANGIOGENESIS
Copyright © 2007 by Imperial College Press
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CONTENTS
Contributors |
xiii |
Preface |
xix |
I Components of Angiogenic Cascades
Chapter 1. Semaphorins, Plexins and Neuropilins and
|
Their Role in Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis |
1 |
Gera Neufeld, Niva Shraga-Heled, Tali Lange and Ofra Kessler |
|
|
1. |
Introduction and Historical Perspective |
1 |
2. |
The Semaphorins |
3 |
3. |
The Plexin Receptor Family |
4 |
4. |
The Neuropilins |
6 |
5. |
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors and Their Receptors |
8 |
6. |
Signal Transduction by Neuropilins |
11 |
7. |
The Role of the Neuropilins in the Regulation of |
|
|
Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis |
14 |
8. |
Modulation of Angiogenesis by Semaphorins that Bind |
|
|
Directly to Plexins |
17 |
Acknowledgments |
17 |
|
References |
17 |
|
v
vi |
Contents |
|
Chapter 2. EPH Receptors and Ephrins |
27 |
|
Elena B. Pasquale |
|
|
1. |
Introduction |
27 |
2. |
Effects on Vascular Cell Behavior and Signaling Pathways |
32 |
3. |
Endothelial Cell Fate |
42 |
4. |
Angiogenic Remodeling of Embryonic Blood Vessels |
43 |
5. |
Lymphatic Vessels |
49 |
6. |
Adult Vasculature |
50 |
7. |
Targeting Eph Receptor-Ephrin Interactions |
|
|
to Modulate Angiogenesis |
58 |
8. |
Perspectives |
59 |
Acknowledgments |
60 |
|
References |
60 |
|
Chapter 3. The FGF Family of Angiogenic Growth Factors |
67 |
|
Patrick Auguste and Andreas Bikfalvi |
|
|
1. |
Introduction |
67 |
2. |
Molecular Mechanisms |
68 |
3. |
Role in Vascular Development |
73 |
4. |
FGFs in Tumor Angiogenesis |
75 |
5. |
Role of FGFs in Developmental and Tumor |
|
|
Lymphangiogenesis |
78 |
6. |
Role in Repair-Associated Angiogenesis and Ischemia |
|
|
Revascularization |
78 |
7. |
Conclusion |
80 |
Acknowledgments |
81 |
|
References |
81 |
|
Chapter 4. Neuropeptide Y: Neurogenic Mediator of |
|
|
|
Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis |
91 |
Joanna B. Kitlinska and Zofia Zukowska |
|
|
1. |
The NPY System |
91 |
2. |
NPY as a Growth Factor for Vascular Cells |
93 |
