- •Dedication
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgements
- •Contributors
- •Contents
- •1. Minimally Invasive Oculoplastic Surgery
- •1.1 General Points
- •1.2 Lower Lid Entropion
- •1.2.1 Introduction
- •1.2.2 Lower Lid Entropion Sutures
- •1.2.3 Lower Lid Entropion Botulinum Toxin
- •1.3 Lower Lid Ectropion
- •1.3.1 Introduction
- •1.3.2 The Royce Johnson Suture
- •1.3.3 The Pillar Tarsorrhaphy
- •1.4 Distichiasis
- •1.4.1 Introduction
- •1.4.2 Direct Excision of Lashes
- •1.5 Ptosis
- •1.5.1 Introduction
- •1.5.3 Anterior Approach – One Stitch Aponeurosis Repair
- •1.5.4 Supramid Brow Suspension
- •1.6 Lid Retraction
- •1.6.1 Introduction
- •1.6.2 Koornneef Blepharotomy
- •1.6.3 Botulinum Toxin
- •1.7 Lid Tumours
- •1.7.1 Mohs’ Micrographic Surgery
- •1.7.2 Lamella Sparing Tumour Excision
- •References
- •2. Minimally Invasive Conjunctival Surgery
- •2.1 Conjunctival Surgery
- •2.2 Conjunctivochalasis
- •2.2.1 Background of the Disease
- •2.2.2 Indication for Surgery
- •2.2.3 Basic Concept of Surgery
- •2.2.4 Surgical Procedure
- •2.2.5 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •2.3 Pterygium
- •2.3.1 Background of the Disease and the Concept of Minimally Invasive Surgery
- •2.3.2 Indication for Surgery
- •2.3.3 Basic Concept of Surgery
- •2.3.4 Surgical Procedures
- •2.3.5 A Biologic Adhesive for Sutureless Pterygium Surgery
- •2.3.6 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •2.4 Limbal and Conjuntival Dermoids
- •2.4.1 Background of the Disease
- •2.4.2 Basic Concept of Surgery
- •2.4.3 Surgical Procedure
- •2.4.4 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •2.5 Strabismus Surgery
- •2.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •3. Minimally Invasive Lacrimal Surgery
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.1.1 Causes of Stenoses of the Lacrimal Drainage System
- •3.1.3 General Remarks Regarding Surgical Management
- •3.2 Endonasal Endoscopic (Microscopic) Dacryocystorhinostomy (EDCR)
- •3.2.1 Indication for EDCR
- •3.2.2 Surgical Technique
- •3.2.3 Silicone Stenting for EDCR
- •3.2.2.1 Silicone “Cones” (Lacrimal Duct Stent, Bess, Berlin)
- •3.2.4 Use of Mitomycin C for EDCR
- •3.2.5 Post-Operative Care After EDCR
- •3.2.6 Results of EDCR
- •3.3 Endonasal Endoscopic Laser Dacryocystorhinostomy (ELDCR)
- •3.3.1 Indications for ELDCR
- •3.3.2 Contraindications for ELDCR
- •3.3.3 Surgical Technique for ELDCR
- •3.3.4 Potential Problems with ELDCR
- •3.3.5 Post-Operative Care After ELDCR
- •3.3.6 Results of ELDCR
- •3.4 Dacryoendoscopy with Transcanalicular Laserdacryoplasty (TLDP)
- •3.4.1 Indication for TLDP
- •3.4.2 Contraindication for TLDP
- •3.4.3 Surgical Technique for TLDP
- •3.4.4 Results of TLDP
- •3.5 Microdrill Dacryoplasty (MDP)
- •3.5.1 Indication for MDP
- •3.5.2 Contraindication for MDP
- •3.5.3 MDP Procedure
- •3.5.4 Results of MDP
- •3.6 Balloon Dilatation
- •3.6.1 Indications for Balloon Dilatation
- •3.6.2 Anaesthesia for Balloon Dilatation
- •3.6.3 Surgical Technique with 2 mm or 3 mm Balloon for Incomplete Stenosis
- •3.6.3.1 Post-Operative Care
- •3.6.3.2 Complications
- •3.6.3.3 Results
- •3.6.4.1 Post-Operative Care
- •3.6.4.2 Results
- •3.6.4.3 Complications
- •3.7 Stent Placement
- •3.7.1 Indications for Stent Placement
- •3.7.3 Surgical Technique for Stent Placement
- •3.7.5 Results of Stent Placement
- •References
- •4. Minimally Invasive Corneal Surgery
- •4.1 Penetrating Keratoplasty
- •4.1.1 Introduction
- •4.1.2 Indications
- •4.1.3 Preoperative Evaluation of the Keratoplasty Patient
- •4.1.4 Preparation for Penetrating Keratoplasty
- •4.1.4.1 Eyelid Speculum
- •4.1.4.2 Scleral Fixation Rings
- •4.1.4.3 Large and Fine-Tipped Needle Holder
- •4.1.4.4 Toothed Forceps
- •4.1.4.5 Trephine Blades
- •4.1.4.6 Radial Marker
- •4.1.4.7 Cornea Punch
- •4.1.4.8 Cutting Block
- •4.1.4.9 Scissors
- •4.1.4.10 Cannulas and Blades
- •4.1.5 Preoperative Medications
- •4.1.6 Penetrating Keratoplasty Surgical Procedure
- •4.1.6.1 Placement of the Scleral Fixation Ring
- •4.1.6.2 Marking of the Host Cornea
- •4.1.6.3 Sizing of the Trephine
- •4.1.6.4 Trephination of the Host Cornea
- •4.1.6.5 Trephination of the Donor Cornea
- •4.1.6.6 Removal of the Host Cornea
- •4.1.6.7 Placement of the Donor Cornea Tissue in the Host Stromal Bed
- •4.1.6.8 Placement of the Cardinal Sutures
- •4.1.6.9 Completion of Suturing
- •4.1.6.10 Suture Techniques
- •4.1.6.11 Subconjunctival Medications
- •4.1.7 Intraoperative Complications
- •4.1.7.1 Scleral Perforation
- •4.1.7.2 Damage to the Donor Button
- •4.1.7.4 Posterior Capsule Rupture
- •4.1.7.5 Vitreous Loss
- •4.1.7.6 Anterior Chamber Hemorrhage
- •4.1.7.7 Choroidal Hemorrhage
- •4.1.8 Postoperative Management
- •4.1.8.1 Postoperative Immunosuppressive Regimen
- •4.1.9 Postoperative Complications
- •4.1.9.1 Wound Leaks
- •4.1.9.2 Epithelial Defects
- •4.1.9.3 Suture-Related Problems
- •4.1.9.4 Increased Intraocular Pressure
- •4.1.9.5 Post-Keratoplasty Astigmatism
- •4.1.10.1 Wedge Resections and Compression Sutures
- •4.1.10.2 Relaxing Incisions
- •4.1.10.3 LASIK
- •4.1.10.4 Photorefractive Keratectomy with Mitomycin C
- •4.1.11 Corneal Allograft Rejection
- •4.1.11.1 Host Risk Factors
- •4.1.11.2 Vascularized Corneas
- •4.1.11.3 Prior Graft Loss
- •4.1.11.4 Graft Diameter
- •4.1.11.5 Anterior Synechiae
- •4.1.11.6 Previous Intraocular Surgery
- •4.1.11.7 Herpes Simplex
- •4.1.12 Treatment of Allograft Rejection
- •4.1.13 Large Diameter Penetrating Keratoplasty
- •4.1.14 Summary
- •References
- •4.2 Descemet’s Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty
- •4.2.1 Introduction
- •4.2.2 Descemet’s Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty Surgical Technique
- •4.2.2.1 Donor Cornea Preparation
- •4.2.2.2 Host Cornea Preparation
- •4.2.2.3 Insertion of the Donor Cornea
- •4.2.3 Postoperative Medications
- •4.2.4 Donor Dislocation Risks
- •4.2.5 Repositioning Donor Tissue
- •4.2.6 Treatment of Rejection Episodes
- •4.2.7 Visual and Refractive Outcomes
- •4.2.8 Other Complications
- •4.2.9 Summary
- •References
- •4.3 Pterygium
- •4.3.1 Introduction
- •4.3.2 Treatment of Pterygium
- •4.3.3 Surgical Technique
- •4.3.3.1 Removal of the Pterygium
- •4.3.3.2 Harvesting the Conjunctival Autograft
- •4.3.3.3 Securing the Conjunctival Autograft
- •4.3.3.4 Fibrin Glue vs. Nylon Sutures
- •4.3.4 Postoperative Management
- •4.3.5 Recurrent Pterygium
- •4.3.6 Other Techniques in Pterygium Removal
- •4.3.6.1 Bare Scleral Technique
- •4.3.6.2 Adjunctive Agents
- •Mitomycin C
- •Beta-Irradiation
- •4.3.6.3 Amniotic Membrane Transplantation
- •4.3.7 Complications in Pterygium Removal
- •4.3.8 Summary
- •References
- •5. Minimally Invasive Refractive Surgery
- •5.1 Trends in Refractive Surgery
- •5.2 Introduction
- •5.3 Cornea Refractive Surgery
- •5.3.1 Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
- •5.3.1.1 Advances in Flap Creation Technology
- •Microkeratomes
- •Femtosecond Laser
- •5.3.1.2 Technological Advances in Laser Delivery Platforms
- •5.3.1.3 Faster Excimer Lasers
- •5.3.1.4 Reduction of Collateral Thermal Tissue Damage
- •5.3.1.5 Advanced Eye Trackers
- •5.3.2 PRK and Advanced Surface Ablations (ASA)
- •5.3.2.1 Decrease Thermal Load on the Cornea
- •5.3.2.2 Use of Wound-Healing Modulators
- •5.3.2.3 Trend Towards EPI-LASIK
- •5.3.3 Summary
- •5.4 Intraocular Refractive Surgery
- •5.4.1 Phakic Intraocular Lens Surgery
- •5.4.1.1 Advances in Diagnostic Equipment
- •5.4.1.2 Types of Phakic Intraocular Lens
- •5.4.1.3 Kelman-Duet Phakic Intraocular Lens
- •Lens Design
- •Surgical Technique
- •Pre-Operative Preparation
- •Operative Procedure
- •Post-Operative Care
- •Results
- •Refractive Outcomes
- •Corneal Endothelium
- •5.4.1.4 Visian Implantable Collamer Lens
- •Lens Design
- •Surgical Technique
- •Pre-Operative Preparation
- •Operative Procedure
- •Post-Operative Care
- •5.4.1.5 Results
- •5.4.2 Summary
- •5.5 Lens and Cataract Surgery
- •5.5.2 The Ideal MICS Intraocular Lens
- •5.5.2.1 Aspheric Intraocular Lenses
- •5.5.2.2 Toric Intraocular Lenses
- •5.5.2.3 ACRI.LISA 366D and ACRI.LISA TORIC 466TD
- •Lens Design
- •5.5.2.4 Surgical Technique
- •Operative Procedure
- •Post-Operative Care
- •5.5.2.5 Results
- •5.5.3 Summary
- •5.6 The Future: Beyond the Horizon of Refractive Surgery Today
- •Reference
- •6. Minimally Invasive Strabismus Surgery
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Nonsurgical Treatment
- •6.4 Rectus Muscle Procedures
- •6.4.1 MISS Rectus Muscle Recession
- •6.4.2 MISS Rectus Muscle Plication
- •6.4.3 Parks’ Rectus Muscle Recession
- •6.4.4 Parks’ Rectus Muscle Plication
- •6.4.5 MISS Rectus Muscle Posterior Fixation Suture
- •6.4.7 MISS Rectus Muscle Repeat Surgery
- •6.4.8 MISS Rectus Muscle Transposition Surgery
- •6.5 Oblique Muscle Procedures
- •6.5.1 MISS Inferior Oblique Muscle Recession
- •6.5.2 MISS Inferior Oblique Muscle Plication
- •6.5.3 MISS Superior Oblique Muscle Recession
- •6.5.4 MISS Superior Oblique Muscle Plication
- •6.5.6 Mühlendyck’s Partial Posterior Superior Oblique Tenectomy for Congenital Brown’s Syndrome
- •6.6 Postoperative Handling
- •6.7.1 Intraoperative Complications
- •6.7.2 Postoperative Complications
- •6.8 Suggestions on How to Start Doing MISS
- •6.8.1 Instruments Suitable for MISS
- •6.8.2 Suture Materials Used for MISS
- •6.8.3 General Remarks Regarding MISS Procedures
- •6.8.4 MISS Dose–Response Relationships
- •References
- •7. Minimally Invasive Iris Surgery
- •7.1 Instrumentation
- •7.2 Sutures
- •7.3 Surgical Principles of Iris Suturing
- •7.3.1 Mobilization
- •7.3.2 Intraocular Suturing and Knot Tying
- •7.3.3 Reattachment of Iris to Sclera
- •7.3.4 Pupil Repair
- •7.3.5 Adjunctive Pupil Repair Techniques
- •References
- •8. Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery
- •Introduction
- •8.1.1 Introduction to Deep Sclerectomy
- •8.1.2 Anesthesia
- •8.1.3 Surgical Technique
- •8.1.3.1 Preparation
- •8.1.3.3 Deep Flap Preparation
- •8.1.3.5 Peeling of Schlemm’s Canal and Juxtacanalicular Meshwork
- •8.1.3.6 Drainage Device
- •8.1.3.7 Wound Closure
- •8.1.4 Postoperative Management and Medication
- •8.1.4.1 Medication
- •8.1.4.2 Management
- •8.1.5 Adjunctive Treatments
- •8.1.5.1 Bleb Needling
- •8.1.5.2 Nd:YAG Goniopuncture
- •8.1.6 Complications and Management
- •8.1.6.1 General
- •8.1.6.2 Perioperative Complications
- •8.1.6.3 Early Postoperative Complications
- •8.1.6.4 Late Postoperative Complications
- •Open-Angle Glaucoma
- •Pigmentary Glaucoma
- •Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma
- •Aphakic Glaucoma
- •Sturge–Weber Syndrome
- •Glaucoma Secondary to Uveitis
- •Congenital and Juvenile Glaucoma
- •Narrow-Angle Glaucoma
- •Posttrauma Angle-Recession Glaucoma
- •Neovascular Glaucoma
- •Narrow-Angle Glaucoma in a Young Patient
- •Pseudophakic Glaucoma with an A/C IOL
- •8.2.1.4 Preoperative Considerations
- •8.2.2 Anesthesia
- •8.2.4 Postoperative Management and Medication
- •8.2.5 Outcomes and Comparison with Other Techniques
- •8.2.6 Complications and Management
- •8.2.6.1 General
- •8.2.6.4 Summary and Key Points
- •References
- •8.3 New Minimally Invasive, Sclerothalamotomy Ab Interno Surgical Technique
- •8.3.1 Introduction to the Sclerothalamotomy Ab Interno
- •8.3.1.1 Indications for the Sclerothalamotomy Ab Interno
- •8.3.2 Anesthesia
- •8.3.3 Surgical Technique
- •8.3.3.1 Preparation
- •8.3.3.2 Diathermy Probe Insertion
- •8.3.4 Postoperative Management and Medication
- •8.3.5 Outcomes and Comparison with Other Techniques
- •8.3.6 Complications and Management
- •8.3.6.1 General
- •8.3.6.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •Type of Glaucoma
- •Stage of Glaucoma
- •Combined Surgery
- •8.4.2 Anesthesia
- •8.4.3 Surgical Technique
- •8.4.3.1 Preparation
- •8.4.3.2 Implantation of the Micro-Bypass Stent
- •8.4.4 Postoperative Management and Medication
- •8.4.5 Outcomes and Combination with Other Techniques
- •8.4.5.1 Trabecular Implant in Refractory Glaucoma Patients
- •8.4.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •9. Minimally Invasive Cataract Surgery
- •10. Minimally Invasive Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Microincision Vitrectomy
- •10.2.1 Models of Wound Architecture
- •10.2.2 Vitrectomy
- •10.2.3 Adjuncts
- •10.2.4 Common Surgical Techniques
- •10.2.4.1 Macular Surgery
- •10.2.4.2 Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- •10.2.4.3 Retinal Detachment
- •10.2.4.4 Pediatric Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •10.2.5 Complications
- •10.2.6 Future Developments in Minimally Invasive Vitrectomy
- •10.3 Endoscopic Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •10.3.1 Introduction
- •10.3.2 History and Development of Endoscopic Ophthalmic Surgery
- •10.3.3 The Endoscope
- •10.3.4 Applications of Intraocular Endoscopy
- •10.3.4.1 Media Opacity
- •10.3.4.3 PVR and Subretinal Surgery
- •10.3.4.4 Retained Lens Fragments
- •10.3.4.5 Anterior and Retrolental Vitrectomy in Malignant Glaucoma
- •10.3.4.5 Sutured IOL and ECP
- •10.3.5 Limitations and Challenges
- •10.4 Future Directions of Minimally Invasive Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •References
- •INDEX
228 |
L-S. Leung et al. |
and positional cues inside the eye [117, 120]. Under the operating microscope, an eccentric light source casts shadows of instruments on the retina, allowing the surgeon to determine the depth and position of the instruments relative to other structures in the eye. These shadows are absent in endoscopic surgery; moreover, the field of view is limited and focus is achieved not by adjusting the microscope, but with miniscule movements of the hand and fingers. These difficulties translate to an increased risk of incidental contact with structures inside the eye, including the crystalline lens. There have been reports of iatrogenic retinal breaks during endoscopic removal of lens fragments [131], believed to be directly related to inexperience in maneuvering the endoscope inside the eye. However, with more experience, an increasing facility and technical skill is expected.
10.4Future Directions of Minimally Invasive Vitreoretinal Surgery
While small-incision surgery is advancing rapidly and being adopted by the retinal physician community, there remain limitations to what microinstrumentation can accomplish. Thus, incorporation of advances in pharmacologic treatment [133], and in robotic technology may expand the capability of managing retinal diseases with a surgical approach. These efforts are already in progress and as new technologies and treatments are introduced the microincision platform should result in greater efficacy and safety of vitreoretinal surgery.
References
1.Hilton GF, Josephberg RG, Halperin LS et al (2002) Officebased sutureless transconjunctival pars plana vitrectomy. Retina 22:725–732
2.Peyman GA (1990) A miniaturized vitrectomy system for vitreous and retinal biopsy. Can J Ophthalmol 25:285–286
3.Eckardt C (2005) Transconjunctival sutureless 23-gauge vitrectomy. Retina 25:208–211
4.Fujii GY, De Juan E Jr, Humayun MS et al (2002) Initial experience using the transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system for vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmology 109: 1814–1820
5.Fujii GY, De Juan E Jr, Humayun MS et al (2002) A new 25-gauge instrument system for transconjunctival sutureless
vitrectomy surgery. Ophthalmology 109:1807–1812; discussion 1813
6.Inoue M, Shinoda K, Shinoda H et al (2007) 25-gauge cannula system with microvitreoretinal blade trocar. Am J Ophthalmol 144:302–304
7.Shimada H, Nakashizuka H, Hattori T et al (2008) Conjunctival displacement to the corneal side for obliqueparallel insertion in 25-gauge vitrectomy. Eur J Ophthalmol 18:848–851
8.Hsu J, Chen E, Gupta O et al (2008) Hypotony after 25-gauge vitrectomy using oblique versus direct cannula insertions in fluid-filled eyes. Retina 28:937–940
9.Inoue M, Shinoda K, Shinoda H et al (2007) Two-step oblique incision during 25-gauge vitrectomy reduces incidence of postoperative hypotony. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 35: 693–696
10.Lopez-Guajardo L, Pareja-Esteban J, Teus-Guezala MA (2006) Oblique sclerotomy technique for prevention of incompetent wound closure in transconjunctival 25-gauge vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 141:1154–1156
11.Rizzo S, Genovesi-Ebert F, Vento A et al (2007) Modified incision in 25-gauge vitrectomy in the creation of a tunneled airtight sclerotomy: an ultrabiomicroscopic study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 245:1281–1288
12.Shimada H, Nakashizuka H, Mori R et al (2006) 25-gauge scleral tunnel transconjunctival vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 142:871–873
13.Amato JE, Akduman L (2007) Incidence of complications in 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy based on the surgical indications. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 38:100–102
14.Fine HF, Iranmanesh R, Iturralde D et al (2007) Outcomes of 77 consecutive cases of 23-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy surgery for posterior segment disease. Ophthalmology 114:1197–1200
15.Schweitzer C, Delyfer MN, Colin J et al (2009) 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless pars plana vitrectomy: results of a prospective study. Eye 2009 Jan 23 (Epup ahead of print)
16.Woo SJ, Park KH, Hwang JM et al (2009) Risk factors associated with sclerotomy leakage and postoperative hypotony after 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. Retina 29:456–463
17.Acar N, Kapran Z, Altan T et al (2008) Primary 25-gauge sutureless vitrectomy with oblique sclerotomies in pseudophakic retinal detachment. Retina 28:1068–1074
18.Byeon SH, Chu YK, Lee SC et al (2006) Problems associated with the 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system during and after surgery. Ophthalmologica 220:259–265
19.Gupta OP, Ho AC, Kaiser PK et al (2008) Short-term outcomes of 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 146:193–197
20.Kim MJ, Park KH, Hwang JM et al (2007) The safety and efficacy of transconjunctival sutureless 23-gauge vitrectomy. Korean J Ophthalmol 21:201–207
21.Kusuhara S, Ooto S, Kimura D et al (2008) Outcomes of 23and 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomies for idiopathic macular holes. Br J Ophthalmol 92:1261–1264
22.Lakhanpal RR, Humayun MS, de Juan E Jr et al (2005) Outcomes of 140 consecutive cases of 25-gauge transconjunctival surgery for posterior segment disease. Ophthalmology 112:817–824
10 Minimally Invasive Vitreoretinal Surgery |
229 |
23.Romero P, Salvat M, Almena M et al (2006) Experience with 25-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy compared to a 20-gauge system. Analysis of 132 cases. J Fr Ophtalmol 29:1025–1032
24.Byeon SH, Lew YJ, Kim M et al (2008) Wound leakage and hypotony after 25-gauge sutureless vitrectomy: factors affecting postoperative intraocular pressure. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 39:94–99
25.Gupta OP, Maguire JI, Eagle RC Jr et al (2009) The competency of pars plana vitrectomy incisions: a comparative histologic and spectrophotometric analysis. Am J Ophthalmol 147:243–250.e1
26.Singh A, Stewart JM (2009) 25-gauge sutureless vitrectomy: variations in incision architecture. Retina 29:451–455
27.Singh RP, Bando H, Brasil OF et al (2008) Evaluation of wound closure using different incision techniques with 23-gauge and 25-gauge microincision vitrectomy systems. Retina 28:242–248
28.Sonoda Y, Yamakiri K, Sonoda S et al (2006) Endoscopyguided subretinal fluid drainage in vitrectomy for retinal detachment. Ophthalmologica 220:83–86
29.Taban M, Ventura AA, Sharma S et al (2008) Dynamic evaluation of sutureless vitrectomy wounds: an optical coherence tomography and histopathology study. Ophthalmology 115:2221–2228
30.Wan T, Hu J, Luo Y et al (2007) Experimental study of the healing condition of sclerotomy sites after 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless sclerotomy and 20-gauge vitrectomy. Yan Ke Xue Bao 23:37–42
31.Nagpal M, Wartikar S, Nagpal K (2009) Comparison of clinical outcomes and wound dynamics of sclerotomy ports of 20, 25, and 23 gauge vitrectomy. Retina 29:225–231
32.Keshavamurthy R, Venkatesh P, Garg S (2006) Ultrasound biomicroscopy findings of 25 G transconjuctival sutureless (TSV) and conventional (20G) pars plana sclerotomy in the same patient. BMC Ophthalmol 6:7
33.Lopez-Guajardo L, Vleming-Pinilla E, Pareja-Esteban J et al (2007) Ultrasound biomicroscopy study of direct and oblique 25-gauge vitrectomy sclerotomies. Am J Ophthalmol 143:881–883
34.Taban M, Sharma S, Ventura AA et al (2009) Evaluation of wound closure in oblique 23-gauge sutureless sclerotomies with visante optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 147:101–107.e1
35.Koch FH, Luloh KP, Singh P et al (2007) ‘Mini-gauge’ pars plana vitrectomy: ‘inside-out view’ with the grin solid rod endoscope. Ophthalmologica 221:356–362
36.Fang SY, DeBoer CM, Humayun MS (2008) Performance analysis of new-generation vitreous cutters. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 246:61–67
37.Magalhaes O Jr, Maia M, Maia A et al (2008) Fluid dynamics in three 25-gauge vitrectomy systems: principles for use in vitreoretinal surgery. Acta Ophthalmol 86:156–159
38.Wals KT, Friberg TR (2008) Vitreous substitute removal rates with the accurus and millennium vitrectomy systems. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 39:174–176
39.DeBoer C, Fang S, Lima LH et al (2008) Port geometry and its influence on vitrectomy. Retina 28:1061–1067
40.Hubschman JP, Gupta A, Bourla DH et al (2008) 20-, 23-, and 25-gauge vitreous cutters: performance and characteristics evaluation. Retina 28:249–257
41.Hubschman JP (2005) Comparison of different vitrectomy systems. J Fr Ophtalmol 28:606–609
42.Lommatzsch A, Heimes B, Trieschmann M et al (2008) Long-term results after pars plana vitrectomy with 25 gauge technique. Ophthalmologe 105:445–451
43.Ohji M, Tano Y (2007) A stiffer and safer light pipe for 25-gauge vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol 125:1415–1416
44.Erakgun T, Egrilmez S (2009) Surgical outcomes of transconjunctival sutureless 23-gauge vitrectomy with silicone oil injection. Indian J Ophthalmol 57:105–109
45.Kapran Z, Acar N, Unver YB et al (2008) Passive removal of silicone oil with a 25-gauge sutureless system. Jpn J Ophthalmol 52:63–66
46.Oliveira LB, Reis PA (2007) Silicone oil tamponade in 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. Retina 27:1054–1058
47.Shah CP, Ho AC, Regillo CD et al (2008) Short-term outcomes of 25-gauge vitrectomy with silicone oil for repair of complicated retinal detachment. Retina 28:723–728
48.Siqueira RC, Gil AD, Jorge R (2007) Retinal detachment surgery with silicone oil injection in transconjunctival sutureless 23-gauge vitrectomy. Arq Bras Oftalmol 70:905–909
49.Chalam KV, Shah VA (2004) Successful management of cataract surgery associated vitreous loss with sutureless small-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 138: 79–84
50.Naito T (2008) Transconjunctival sutureless 25-gauge vitrectomy with newly designed microcannulas. J Med Invest 55:51–53
51.Tei M, Shimamoto T, Yasuhara T et al (2005) A new nontrocar system for 25-gauge transconjunctival pars plana vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 139:1130–1133
52.Eckardt C, Eckert T, Eckardt U (2008) 27-gauge twinlight chandelier illumination system for bimanual transconjunctival vitrectomy. Retina 28:518–519
53.Oshima Y, Awh CC, Tano Y (2007) Self-retaining 27-gauge transconjunctival chandelier endoillumination for panoramic viewing during vitreous surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 143: 166–167
54.Shimada H, Nakashizuka H, Mori R et al (2005) Expanded indications for 25-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 49:397–401
55.Tewari A, Shah GK, Fang A (2008) Visual outcomes with 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. Retina 28:258–262
56.Yanyali A, Celik E, Horozoglu F et al (2006) 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless pars plana vitrectomy. Eur J Ophthalmol 16:141–147
57.Yoon YH, Kim DS, Kim JG et al (2006) Sutureless vitreoretinal surgery using a new 25-gauge transconjunctival system. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 37:12–9
58.Hikichi T, Matsumoto N, Ohtsuka H et al (2009) Comparison of one-year outcomes between 23and 20-gauge vitrectomy for preretinal membrane. Am J Ophthalmol 147:639–643.e1
59.Kadonosono K, Yamakawa T, Uchio E et al (2006) Comparison of visual function after epiretinal membrane removal by 20-gauge and 25-gauge vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 142:513–515
60.Kychenthal A, Dorta P (2008) 25-gauge lens-sparing vitrectomy for stage 4a retinopathy of prematurity. Retina 28: S65–S68
230 |
L-S. Leung et al. |
61.Patelli F, Radice P, Zumbo G et al (2007) 25-gauge macular surgery: results and complications. Retina 27:750–754
62.Rizzo S, Genovesi-Ebert F, Murri S et al (2006) 25-gauge, sutureless vitrectomy and standard 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy in idiopathic epiretinal membrane surgery: a comparative pilot study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 244:472–479
63.Rizzo S, Belting C, Cresti F et al (2007) Sutureless 25-gauge vitrectomy for idiopathic macular hole repair. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 245:1437–1440
64.Shinoda H, Shinoda K, Satofuka S et al (2008) Visual recovery after vitrectomy for macular hole using 25-gauge instruments. Acta Ophthalmol 86:151–155
65.Valmaggia C (2007) Pars plana vitrectomy with 25-gauge instruments in the treatment of idiopathic epiretinal membranes. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 224:292–296
66.Chang CJ, Chang YH, Chiang SY et al (2005) Comparison of clear corneal phacoemulsification combined with 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy and standard 20-gauge vitrectomy for patients with cataract and vitreoretinal diseases. J Cataract Refract Surg 31:1198–1207
67.Oshima Y, Ohji M, Tano Y (2006) Surgical outcomes of 25-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy combined with cataract surgery for vitreoretinal diseases. Ann Acad Med Singapore 35:175–180
68.Hubschman JP, Gonzales CR, Bourla DH et al (2007) Combined 25and 23-gauge surgery: a new sutureless vitrectomy technique. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 38: 345–348
69.Singh A, Fawzi AA, Stewart JM (2007) Limitation of 25-gauge vitrectomy instrumentation in highly myopic eyes. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 38:437–438
70.Altan T, Acar N, Kapran Z et al (2008) Transconjunctival 25-gauge sutureless vitrectomy and silicone oil injection in diabetic tractional retinal detachment. Retina 28:1201–1206
71.Arumi JG, Boixadera A, Martinez-Castillo V et al (2009) Transconjunctival sutureless 23-gauge vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 5:63–66
72.Bahar I, Axer-Siegel R, Weinberger D (2006) Pars plana vitrectomy: comparison of three techniques for the treatment of diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 37:364–369
73.Shinoda H, Nakajima T, Shinoda K et al (2008) Jamming of 25-gauge instruments in the cannula during vitrectomy for vitreous haemorrhage. Acta Ophthalmol 86:160–164
74.MA VONF, Kunjukunju N, Weber C et al (2009) 25-Gauge sutureless vitrectomy 20-gauge vitrectomy for the repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina 29: 444–450
75.Miller DM, Riemann CD, Foster RE et al (2008) Primary repair of retinal detachment with 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Retina 28:931–936
76.Tsang CW, Cheung BT, Lam RF et al (2008) Primary 23-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Retina 28:1075–1081
77.Heimann H (2008) Primary 25and 23-gauge vitrectomy in the treatment of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment– advancement of surgical technique or erroneous trend? Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 225:947–956
78.Lai MM, Ruby AJ, Sarrafizadeh R et al (2008) Repair of primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment using 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. Retina 28:729–734
79.Gonzales CR, Boshra J, Schwartz SD (2006) 25-Gauge pars plicata vitrectomy for stage 4 and 5 retinopathy of prematurity. Retina 26:S42–S46
80.Gonzales CR, Singh S, Schwartz SD (2009) 25-Gauge vitrectomy for pediatric vitreoretinal conditions. Brit J Ophthalmol 98:787–790 Epup 2009 Feb 11
81.Acar N, Kapran Z, Unver YB et al (2008) Early postoperative hypotony after 25-gauge sutureless vitrectomy with straight incisions. Retina 28:545–552
82.Chen CJ, Satofuka S, Inoue M et al (2008) Suprachoroidal hemorrhage caused by breakage of a 25-gauge cannula. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 39:323–324
83.Gupta OP, Weichel ED, Regillo CD et al (2007) Postoperative complications associated with 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 38:270–275
84.Kapamajian M, Gonzales CR, Gupta A et al (2007) Suprachoroidal hemorrhage as an intraoperative complication of 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy. Semin Ophthalmol 22:197–199
85.Liu DT, Chan CK, Fan DS et al (2005) Choroidal folds after 25 gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy. Eye 19:825–827
86.Lott MN, Manning MH, Singh J et al (2008) 23-gauge vitrectomy in 100 eyes: short-term visual outcomes and complications. Retina 28:1193–1200
87.Riemann CD, Miller DM, Foster RE et al (2007) Outcomes of transconjunctival sutureless 25-gauge vitrectomy with silicone oil infusion. Retina 27:296–303
88.Scartozzi R, Bessa AS, Gupta OP et al (2007) Intraoperative sclerotomy-related retinal breaks for macular surgery, 20vs 25-gauge vitrectomy systems. Am J Ophthalmol 143: 155–156
89.Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr, Dev S et al (2008) Endophthalmitis after 25-gauge and 20-gauge pars plana vitrectomy: incidence and outcomes. Retina 28:138–142
90.Shimada H, Nakashizuka H, Hattori T et al (2008) Vitreous prolapse through the scleral wound in 25-gauge transconjunctival vitrectomy. Eur J Ophthalmol 18:659–662
91.Taylor SR, Aylward GW (2005) Endophthalmitis following 25-gauge vitrectomy. Eye 19:1228–1229
92.Kunimoto DY, Kaiser RS (2007) Incidence of endophthalmitis after 20and 25-gauge vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 114:2133–2137
93.Chen JK, Khurana RN, Nguyen QD et al (2008) The incidence of endophthalmitis following transconjunctival sutureless 25vs 20-gauge vitrectomy. Eye 23:780–784
94.Parolini B, Romanelli F, Prigione G et al (2009) Incidence of endophthalmitis in a large series of 23-gauge and 20-gauge transconjunctival pars plana vitrectomy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 247:895–898
95.Shimada H, Nakashizuka H, Hattori T et al (2008) Incidence of endophthalmitis after 20and 25-gauge vitrectomy causes and prevention. Ophthalmology 115:2215–2220
96.Sakaguchi H, Oshima Y, Tano Y (2007) 27-Gauge transconjunctival nonvitrectomizing vitreous surgery for epiretinal membrane removal. Retina 27:1302–1304
97.Sawa M, Ohji M, Kusaka S et al (2005) Nonvitrectomizing vitreous surgery for epiretinal membrane. Long-term followup. Ophthalmology 112:1402–1405
98.Augustin AJ, Offermann I (2007) Scope and limititions of innovative vitrectomy systems. Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd 224:707–715
10 Minimally Invasive Vitreoretinal Surgery |
231 |
99.Faia LJ, McCannel CA, Pulido JS et al (2008) Outcomes following 25-gauge vitrectomies. Eye 22:1024–1028
100.Guyomarch J, Delyfer MN, Korobelnik JF (2008) Outcomes of 110 consecutive 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless pars plana vitrectomies. J Fr Ophtalmol 31:473–480
101.Ibarra MS, Hermel M, Prenner JL et al (2005) Longer-term outcomes of transconjunctival sutureless 25-gauge vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 139:831–836
102.Inoue Y, Kadonosono K, Yamakawa T et al (2009) Surgicallyinduced inflammation with 20-, 23-, and 25-gauge vitrectomy systems: an experimental study. Retina 29:477–480
103.Okamoto F, Okamoto C, Sakata N et al (2007) Changes in corneal topography after 25-gauge transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy versus after 20-gauge standard vitrectomy. Ophthalmology 114:2138–2141
104.Yanyali A, Celik E, Horozoglu F et al (2005) Corneal topographic changes after transconjunctival (25-gauge) sutureless vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 140:939–941
105.Jorge R, Gomes AV, Siqueira RC et al (2007) 20-Gauge transconjunctival pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 38:342–344
106.Kellner L, Wimpissinger B, Stolba U et al (2007) 25-gauge vs 20-gauge system for pars plana vitrectomy: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 91:945–948
107.Misra A, Ho-Yen G, Burton RL (2008) 23-Gauge sutureless vitrectomy and 20-gauge vitrectomy: a case series comparison. Eye 23:1187–1191
108.Williams GA (2008) 25-, 23-, or 20-gauge instrumentation for vitreous surgery? Eye 22:1263–1266
109.Wimpissinger B, Kellner L, Brannath W et al (2008) 23-Gauge versus 20-gauge system for pars plana vitrectomy: a prospective randomised clinical trial. Br J Ophthalmol 92:1483–1487
110.Lewis H (2007) Sutureless microincision vitrectomy surgery: unclear benefit, uncertain safety. Am J Ophthalmol 144:613–615
111.Wickham L, Aylward W (2007) 25-Gauge vitrectomy: the hidden costs. Eye 21:1443
112.Sabti KA, Raizada S, Kandari JA et al (2008) Applications of endoscopy in vitreoretinal surgery. Retina 28:159–166
113.Sheindlin JA, Hirose T, Hartnett ME (1999) Ophthalmic endoscopy: applications in intraocular surgery. Int Ophthalmol Clin 39:237–247
114.Norris JL, Cleasby GW (1982) Intraocular foreign body removal by endoscopy. Ann Ophthalmol 14:371–372
115.Norris JL, Cleasby GW (1978) An endoscope for ophthalmology. Am J Ophthalmol 85:420–422
116.Volkov VV, Danilov AV, Vassin LN et al (1990) Flexible endoscope for intraocular surgery. Arch Ophthalmol 108: 1037–1038
117.Volkov VV, Danilov AV, Vassin LN et al (1990) Flexible endoscopes. Ophthalmoendoscopic techniques and case reports. Arch Ophthalmol 108:956–957
118.Al Sabti K, Raizada S, Al Abduljalil T (2009) Cataract surgery assisted by anterior endoscopy. Br J Ophthalmol 93:531–534
119.Fankhauser F, Kwasniewska S (2004) Cyclodestructive procedures. II. Optical fibers, endoscopy, physics: a review. Ophthalmologica 218:147–161
120.Norris JL, Cleasby GW, Nakanishi AS et al (1981) Intraocular endoscopic surgery. Am J Ophthalmol 91:603–606
121.DemlingL,HagelHJ(1985)Videoendoscopy.Fundamentals and problems. Endoscopy 17:167–169
122.de Smet MD, Mura M (2008) Minimally invasive surgeryendoscopic retinal detachment repair in patients with media opacities. Eye 22:662–665
123.Ben-nun J (2001) Cornea sparing by endoscopically guided vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmology 108:1465–1470
124.De Smet MD, Carlborg EA (2005) Managing severe endophthalmitis with the use of an endoscope. Retina 25:976–980
125.Ciardella AP, Fisher YL, Carvalho C et al (2001) Endoscopic vitreoretinal surgery for complicated proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retina 21:20–27
126.Lee SC, Kim GO, Kim DH et al (2000) Endoscopic laser photocoagulation for management of neovascular glaucoma. Yonsei Med J 41:445–449
127.Faude F, Wiedemann P (2004) Vitreoretinal endoscope for the assessment of the peripheral retina and the ciliary body after large retinectomies in severe anterior PVR. Int Ophthalmol 25:53–56
128.Koch FH, Luloh KP, Augustin AJ et al (1997) Subretinal microsurgery with gradient index endoscopes. Ophthalmologica 211:283–287
129.Koch FH, Quiroz-Mercado H, Hattenbach LO et al (2004) Pigment epithelium endoscopic laser surgery for treatment of choroidal neovascularization. Ophthalmologica 218: 162–175
130.Quiroz-Mercado H, Yeshurun I, Sanchez-Buefil E et al (2001) Subretinal, viscoelastic-assisted, endoscope-guided photothermal ablation of choroidal neovascular membranes by erbium:YAG laser. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers 32: 456–463
131.Boscher C, Lebuisson DA, Lean JS et al (1998) Vitrectomy with endoscopy for management of retained lens fragments and/or posteriorly dislocated intraocular lens. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 236:115–121
132.Chen SD, Salmon JF, Patel CK (2005) Videoendoscopeguided fluorescein-assisted vitrectomy for phakic malignant glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 123:1419–1421
133.Batman C, Ozdamar Y, Aslan O et al (2008) Tissue glue in sutureless vitreoretinal surgery for the treatment of wound leakage. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 39: 100–106