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Файл:Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Minimally Invasive Ophthalmic Surgery_Fine, Mojon_2010.pdf
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- •Dedication
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgements
- •Contributors
- •Contents
- •1. Minimally Invasive Oculoplastic Surgery
- •1.1 General Points
- •1.2 Lower Lid Entropion
- •1.2.1 Introduction
- •1.2.2 Lower Lid Entropion Sutures
- •1.2.3 Lower Lid Entropion Botulinum Toxin
- •1.3 Lower Lid Ectropion
- •1.3.1 Introduction
- •1.3.2 The Royce Johnson Suture
- •1.3.3 The Pillar Tarsorrhaphy
- •1.4 Distichiasis
- •1.4.1 Introduction
- •1.4.2 Direct Excision of Lashes
- •1.5 Ptosis
- •1.5.1 Introduction
- •1.5.3 Anterior Approach – One Stitch Aponeurosis Repair
- •1.5.4 Supramid Brow Suspension
- •1.6 Lid Retraction
- •1.6.1 Introduction
- •1.6.2 Koornneef Blepharotomy
- •1.6.3 Botulinum Toxin
- •1.7 Lid Tumours
- •1.7.1 Mohs’ Micrographic Surgery
- •1.7.2 Lamella Sparing Tumour Excision
- •References
- •2. Minimally Invasive Conjunctival Surgery
- •2.1 Conjunctival Surgery
- •2.2 Conjunctivochalasis
- •2.2.1 Background of the Disease
- •2.2.2 Indication for Surgery
- •2.2.3 Basic Concept of Surgery
- •2.2.4 Surgical Procedure
- •2.2.5 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •2.3 Pterygium
- •2.3.1 Background of the Disease and the Concept of Minimally Invasive Surgery
- •2.3.2 Indication for Surgery
- •2.3.3 Basic Concept of Surgery
- •2.3.4 Surgical Procedures
- •2.3.5 A Biologic Adhesive for Sutureless Pterygium Surgery
- •2.3.6 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •2.4 Limbal and Conjuntival Dermoids
- •2.4.1 Background of the Disease
- •2.4.2 Basic Concept of Surgery
- •2.4.3 Surgical Procedure
- •2.4.4 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •2.5 Strabismus Surgery
- •2.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •3. Minimally Invasive Lacrimal Surgery
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.1.1 Causes of Stenoses of the Lacrimal Drainage System
- •3.1.3 General Remarks Regarding Surgical Management
- •3.2 Endonasal Endoscopic (Microscopic) Dacryocystorhinostomy (EDCR)
- •3.2.1 Indication for EDCR
- •3.2.2 Surgical Technique
- •3.2.3 Silicone Stenting for EDCR
- •3.2.2.1 Silicone “Cones” (Lacrimal Duct Stent, Bess, Berlin)
- •3.2.4 Use of Mitomycin C for EDCR
- •3.2.5 Post-Operative Care After EDCR
- •3.2.6 Results of EDCR
- •3.3 Endonasal Endoscopic Laser Dacryocystorhinostomy (ELDCR)
- •3.3.1 Indications for ELDCR
- •3.3.2 Contraindications for ELDCR
- •3.3.3 Surgical Technique for ELDCR
- •3.3.4 Potential Problems with ELDCR
- •3.3.5 Post-Operative Care After ELDCR
- •3.3.6 Results of ELDCR
- •3.4 Dacryoendoscopy with Transcanalicular Laserdacryoplasty (TLDP)
- •3.4.1 Indication for TLDP
- •3.4.2 Contraindication for TLDP
- •3.4.3 Surgical Technique for TLDP
- •3.4.4 Results of TLDP
- •3.5 Microdrill Dacryoplasty (MDP)
- •3.5.1 Indication for MDP
- •3.5.2 Contraindication for MDP
- •3.5.3 MDP Procedure
- •3.5.4 Results of MDP
- •3.6 Balloon Dilatation
- •3.6.1 Indications for Balloon Dilatation
- •3.6.2 Anaesthesia for Balloon Dilatation
- •3.6.3 Surgical Technique with 2 mm or 3 mm Balloon for Incomplete Stenosis
- •3.6.3.1 Post-Operative Care
- •3.6.3.2 Complications
- •3.6.3.3 Results
- •3.6.4.1 Post-Operative Care
- •3.6.4.2 Results
- •3.6.4.3 Complications
- •3.7 Stent Placement
- •3.7.1 Indications for Stent Placement
- •3.7.3 Surgical Technique for Stent Placement
- •3.7.5 Results of Stent Placement
- •References
- •4. Minimally Invasive Corneal Surgery
- •4.1 Penetrating Keratoplasty
- •4.1.1 Introduction
- •4.1.2 Indications
- •4.1.3 Preoperative Evaluation of the Keratoplasty Patient
- •4.1.4 Preparation for Penetrating Keratoplasty
- •4.1.4.1 Eyelid Speculum
- •4.1.4.2 Scleral Fixation Rings
- •4.1.4.3 Large and Fine-Tipped Needle Holder
- •4.1.4.4 Toothed Forceps
- •4.1.4.5 Trephine Blades
- •4.1.4.6 Radial Marker
- •4.1.4.7 Cornea Punch
- •4.1.4.8 Cutting Block
- •4.1.4.9 Scissors
- •4.1.4.10 Cannulas and Blades
- •4.1.5 Preoperative Medications
- •4.1.6 Penetrating Keratoplasty Surgical Procedure
- •4.1.6.1 Placement of the Scleral Fixation Ring
- •4.1.6.2 Marking of the Host Cornea
- •4.1.6.3 Sizing of the Trephine
- •4.1.6.4 Trephination of the Host Cornea
- •4.1.6.5 Trephination of the Donor Cornea
- •4.1.6.6 Removal of the Host Cornea
- •4.1.6.7 Placement of the Donor Cornea Tissue in the Host Stromal Bed
- •4.1.6.8 Placement of the Cardinal Sutures
- •4.1.6.9 Completion of Suturing
- •4.1.6.10 Suture Techniques
- •4.1.6.11 Subconjunctival Medications
- •4.1.7 Intraoperative Complications
- •4.1.7.1 Scleral Perforation
- •4.1.7.2 Damage to the Donor Button
- •4.1.7.4 Posterior Capsule Rupture
- •4.1.7.5 Vitreous Loss
- •4.1.7.6 Anterior Chamber Hemorrhage
- •4.1.7.7 Choroidal Hemorrhage
- •4.1.8 Postoperative Management
- •4.1.8.1 Postoperative Immunosuppressive Regimen
- •4.1.9 Postoperative Complications
- •4.1.9.1 Wound Leaks
- •4.1.9.2 Epithelial Defects
- •4.1.9.3 Suture-Related Problems
- •4.1.9.4 Increased Intraocular Pressure
- •4.1.9.5 Post-Keratoplasty Astigmatism
- •4.1.10.1 Wedge Resections and Compression Sutures
- •4.1.10.2 Relaxing Incisions
- •4.1.10.3 LASIK
- •4.1.10.4 Photorefractive Keratectomy with Mitomycin C
- •4.1.11 Corneal Allograft Rejection
- •4.1.11.1 Host Risk Factors
- •4.1.11.2 Vascularized Corneas
- •4.1.11.3 Prior Graft Loss
- •4.1.11.4 Graft Diameter
- •4.1.11.5 Anterior Synechiae
- •4.1.11.6 Previous Intraocular Surgery
- •4.1.11.7 Herpes Simplex
- •4.1.12 Treatment of Allograft Rejection
- •4.1.13 Large Diameter Penetrating Keratoplasty
- •4.1.14 Summary
- •References
- •4.2 Descemet’s Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty
- •4.2.1 Introduction
- •4.2.2 Descemet’s Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty Surgical Technique
- •4.2.2.1 Donor Cornea Preparation
- •4.2.2.2 Host Cornea Preparation
- •4.2.2.3 Insertion of the Donor Cornea
- •4.2.3 Postoperative Medications
- •4.2.4 Donor Dislocation Risks
- •4.2.5 Repositioning Donor Tissue
- •4.2.6 Treatment of Rejection Episodes
- •4.2.7 Visual and Refractive Outcomes
- •4.2.8 Other Complications
- •4.2.9 Summary
- •References
- •4.3 Pterygium
- •4.3.1 Introduction
- •4.3.2 Treatment of Pterygium
- •4.3.3 Surgical Technique
- •4.3.3.1 Removal of the Pterygium
- •4.3.3.2 Harvesting the Conjunctival Autograft
- •4.3.3.3 Securing the Conjunctival Autograft
- •4.3.3.4 Fibrin Glue vs. Nylon Sutures
- •4.3.4 Postoperative Management
- •4.3.5 Recurrent Pterygium
- •4.3.6 Other Techniques in Pterygium Removal
- •4.3.6.1 Bare Scleral Technique
- •4.3.6.2 Adjunctive Agents
- •Mitomycin C
- •Beta-Irradiation
- •4.3.6.3 Amniotic Membrane Transplantation
- •4.3.7 Complications in Pterygium Removal
- •4.3.8 Summary
- •References
- •5. Minimally Invasive Refractive Surgery
- •5.1 Trends in Refractive Surgery
- •5.2 Introduction
- •5.3 Cornea Refractive Surgery
- •5.3.1 Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
- •5.3.1.1 Advances in Flap Creation Technology
- •Microkeratomes
- •Femtosecond Laser
- •5.3.1.2 Technological Advances in Laser Delivery Platforms
- •5.3.1.3 Faster Excimer Lasers
- •5.3.1.4 Reduction of Collateral Thermal Tissue Damage
- •5.3.1.5 Advanced Eye Trackers
- •5.3.2 PRK and Advanced Surface Ablations (ASA)
- •5.3.2.1 Decrease Thermal Load on the Cornea
- •5.3.2.2 Use of Wound-Healing Modulators
- •5.3.2.3 Trend Towards EPI-LASIK
- •5.3.3 Summary
- •5.4 Intraocular Refractive Surgery
- •5.4.1 Phakic Intraocular Lens Surgery
- •5.4.1.1 Advances in Diagnostic Equipment
- •5.4.1.2 Types of Phakic Intraocular Lens
- •5.4.1.3 Kelman-Duet Phakic Intraocular Lens
- •Lens Design
- •Surgical Technique
- •Pre-Operative Preparation
- •Operative Procedure
- •Post-Operative Care
- •Results
- •Refractive Outcomes
- •Corneal Endothelium
- •5.4.1.4 Visian Implantable Collamer Lens
- •Lens Design
- •Surgical Technique
- •Pre-Operative Preparation
- •Operative Procedure
- •Post-Operative Care
- •5.4.1.5 Results
- •5.4.2 Summary
- •5.5 Lens and Cataract Surgery
- •5.5.2 The Ideal MICS Intraocular Lens
- •5.5.2.1 Aspheric Intraocular Lenses
- •5.5.2.2 Toric Intraocular Lenses
- •5.5.2.3 ACRI.LISA 366D and ACRI.LISA TORIC 466TD
- •Lens Design
- •5.5.2.4 Surgical Technique
- •Operative Procedure
- •Post-Operative Care
- •5.5.2.5 Results
- •5.5.3 Summary
- •5.6 The Future: Beyond the Horizon of Refractive Surgery Today
- •Reference
- •6. Minimally Invasive Strabismus Surgery
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Nonsurgical Treatment
- •6.4 Rectus Muscle Procedures
- •6.4.1 MISS Rectus Muscle Recession
- •6.4.2 MISS Rectus Muscle Plication
- •6.4.3 Parks’ Rectus Muscle Recession
- •6.4.4 Parks’ Rectus Muscle Plication
- •6.4.5 MISS Rectus Muscle Posterior Fixation Suture
- •6.4.7 MISS Rectus Muscle Repeat Surgery
- •6.4.8 MISS Rectus Muscle Transposition Surgery
- •6.5 Oblique Muscle Procedures
- •6.5.1 MISS Inferior Oblique Muscle Recession
- •6.5.2 MISS Inferior Oblique Muscle Plication
- •6.5.3 MISS Superior Oblique Muscle Recession
- •6.5.4 MISS Superior Oblique Muscle Plication
- •6.5.6 Mühlendyck’s Partial Posterior Superior Oblique Tenectomy for Congenital Brown’s Syndrome
- •6.6 Postoperative Handling
- •6.7.1 Intraoperative Complications
- •6.7.2 Postoperative Complications
- •6.8 Suggestions on How to Start Doing MISS
- •6.8.1 Instruments Suitable for MISS
- •6.8.2 Suture Materials Used for MISS
- •6.8.3 General Remarks Regarding MISS Procedures
- •6.8.4 MISS Dose–Response Relationships
- •References
- •7. Minimally Invasive Iris Surgery
- •7.1 Instrumentation
- •7.2 Sutures
- •7.3 Surgical Principles of Iris Suturing
- •7.3.1 Mobilization
- •7.3.2 Intraocular Suturing and Knot Tying
- •7.3.3 Reattachment of Iris to Sclera
- •7.3.4 Pupil Repair
- •7.3.5 Adjunctive Pupil Repair Techniques
- •References
- •8. Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery
- •Introduction
- •8.1.1 Introduction to Deep Sclerectomy
- •8.1.2 Anesthesia
- •8.1.3 Surgical Technique
- •8.1.3.1 Preparation
- •8.1.3.3 Deep Flap Preparation
- •8.1.3.5 Peeling of Schlemm’s Canal and Juxtacanalicular Meshwork
- •8.1.3.6 Drainage Device
- •8.1.3.7 Wound Closure
- •8.1.4 Postoperative Management and Medication
- •8.1.4.1 Medication
- •8.1.4.2 Management
- •8.1.5 Adjunctive Treatments
- •8.1.5.1 Bleb Needling
- •8.1.5.2 Nd:YAG Goniopuncture
- •8.1.6 Complications and Management
- •8.1.6.1 General
- •8.1.6.2 Perioperative Complications
- •8.1.6.3 Early Postoperative Complications
- •8.1.6.4 Late Postoperative Complications
- •Open-Angle Glaucoma
- •Pigmentary Glaucoma
- •Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma
- •Aphakic Glaucoma
- •Sturge–Weber Syndrome
- •Glaucoma Secondary to Uveitis
- •Congenital and Juvenile Glaucoma
- •Narrow-Angle Glaucoma
- •Posttrauma Angle-Recession Glaucoma
- •Neovascular Glaucoma
- •Narrow-Angle Glaucoma in a Young Patient
- •Pseudophakic Glaucoma with an A/C IOL
- •8.2.1.4 Preoperative Considerations
- •8.2.2 Anesthesia
- •8.2.4 Postoperative Management and Medication
- •8.2.5 Outcomes and Comparison with Other Techniques
- •8.2.6 Complications and Management
- •8.2.6.1 General
- •8.2.6.4 Summary and Key Points
- •References
- •8.3 New Minimally Invasive, Sclerothalamotomy Ab Interno Surgical Technique
- •8.3.1 Introduction to the Sclerothalamotomy Ab Interno
- •8.3.1.1 Indications for the Sclerothalamotomy Ab Interno
- •8.3.2 Anesthesia
- •8.3.3 Surgical Technique
- •8.3.3.1 Preparation
- •8.3.3.2 Diathermy Probe Insertion
- •8.3.4 Postoperative Management and Medication
- •8.3.5 Outcomes and Comparison with Other Techniques
- •8.3.6 Complications and Management
- •8.3.6.1 General
- •8.3.6.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •Type of Glaucoma
- •Stage of Glaucoma
- •Combined Surgery
- •8.4.2 Anesthesia
- •8.4.3 Surgical Technique
- •8.4.3.1 Preparation
- •8.4.3.2 Implantation of the Micro-Bypass Stent
- •8.4.4 Postoperative Management and Medication
- •8.4.5 Outcomes and Combination with Other Techniques
- •8.4.5.1 Trabecular Implant in Refractory Glaucoma Patients
- •8.4.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •9. Minimally Invasive Cataract Surgery
- •10. Minimally Invasive Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Microincision Vitrectomy
- •10.2.1 Models of Wound Architecture
- •10.2.2 Vitrectomy
- •10.2.3 Adjuncts
- •10.2.4 Common Surgical Techniques
- •10.2.4.1 Macular Surgery
- •10.2.4.2 Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
- •10.2.4.3 Retinal Detachment
- •10.2.4.4 Pediatric Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •10.2.5 Complications
- •10.2.6 Future Developments in Minimally Invasive Vitrectomy
- •10.3 Endoscopic Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •10.3.1 Introduction
- •10.3.2 History and Development of Endoscopic Ophthalmic Surgery
- •10.3.3 The Endoscope
- •10.3.4 Applications of Intraocular Endoscopy
- •10.3.4.1 Media Opacity
- •10.3.4.3 PVR and Subretinal Surgery
- •10.3.4.4 Retained Lens Fragments
- •10.3.4.5 Anterior and Retrolental Vitrectomy in Malignant Glaucoma
- •10.3.4.5 Sutured IOL and ECP
- •10.3.5 Limitations and Challenges
- •10.4 Future Directions of Minimally Invasive Vitreoretinal Surgery
- •References
- •INDEX
Minimally Invasive Refractive Surgery |
5 |
|
Jorge L. Alio, Mohamad Rosman, and Samuel Arba Mosquera
5.1 Trends in Refractive Surgery
1.Laser vision correction
(a)Decreasing the amount of tissue ablation per dioptre treated
(b)Increasing the predictability of LASIK
(c)Reducing the incidence of complications associated with LASIK
(d)Decreasing the time required for the procedure
(e)Increasing the optical quality post-operatively
2.Phakic intraocular lens surgery
(a)Minimising incision size
–With newer lens design
–With newer materials
(b)Advances in diagnostic anatomy and PIOL sizing technology
(c)Decrease in complication rates
(d)Improving outcomes of phakic intraocular lens surgery
(e)Ability to treat all types of refractive errors
3.Presbyopic lens surgery
(a)Decreasing the incision size required
(b)Improved performance of lenses
–Aspheric designs
–Toric designs
5.2 Introduction
Refractive surgery is the newest subspecialty in ophthalmology, gaining popularity after the introduction
J. L. Alio ( )
Vissum, Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante, Adva de Denia s/n, Edificio Vissum, 03016 Alicante, Spain
e-mail: jlalio@vissum.com
of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) in the 1980s and 1990s respectively. Whilst LASIK is the most popular refractive surgery technique today, it is by no means the only refractive surgery technique available. Rapid development in technology and surgical techniques in the field of refractive surgery has led to a wide range of surgical techniques available to the refractive surgeon today.
Refractive surgery techniques today can be broadly classified into corneal refractive surgery techniques, intraocular refractive surgery techniques and presbyopic correction techniques. Corneal refractive surgery techniques include techniques which correct refractive errors by reshaping the cornea either by surgery or by laser treatment. Corneal refractive surgery techniques include refractive keratotomy, astigmatic keratotomy and laser treatments like Advanced Surface Ablation techniques (including PRK and epi-LASIK) and LASIK. Intraocular refractive surgery includes techniques which involve intraocular surgery, for example phakic intraocular lens implantation. Presbyopic correction techniques include any technique which aims to correct presbyopia. These techniques include laser treatment, conductive keratoplasty, corneal inlays and the use of multi-focal intraocular lenses.
In all the types of refractive surgery techniques, the trend is towards minimising surgical incisions and invasiveness. Newer technology aims to improve the results of surgery while at the same time reducing the amount of tissue damage or manipulation required. However, unlike conventional ophthalmic surgeries where minimal invasive surgeries are measured by the size of the incisions, in refractive surgery techniques, minimal invasive surgeries are achieved by various other technological methods which will be discussed in the subsequent sections.
I. H. Fine, D. Mojon (eds.), Minimally Invasive Ophthalmic Surgery, |
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DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02602-7_5, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 |
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