Index

A

Abducent nerve 132 clinical features

deviation 135 diplopia 135 head posture 135

ocular movements 135 course 132

cavernous sinus 134 orbit 134

superior orbital fissure 134 exit from the brain 132 lesions 136

nucleus 132

Aberrant regeneration of oculomotor nerve 121

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 236, 251

Adrenaline test 67 Alexander’s law 34 Amaurotic pupil 60 Anatomy of the supranuclear

pathways 1 Anophthalmos 223 Aplasia 151

Argyll Robertson pupil 63 Astrocytomas 246

Carotid-cavernous fistula 216 Cavernoma 248

Cavernous sinus syndrome 121, 126, 137

Central Horner’s syndrome 67 Cerebellar disorder 30 Cerebellopontine angle tumor 147 Chronic progressive external

ophthalmoplegia 200 Ciliary ganglion 114, 115

Claude’s syndrome 120 Cocaine test 67

Coloboma of optic disk 153 Computed tomography 226 contrast medium 227

principles 226 Conjugated palsies 18

lesions of the basal ganglia overactivity 22 underactivity 22

lesions of the collicular area 22 lesions of the frontal cortex 18 bilateral underactivity 21

overactivity 18

unilateral underactivity 20 Craniopharyngioma 205, 245 Cuneus 83

Cystic lesions 248

B

Bell’s palsy 149 Benedict’s syndrome 119 Bergmister’s papillae 152 Behr syndrome 186

Bielschowsky’s head tilting test 127 Blepharospasm 201

Botulinum toxin injection 139 Brainstem syndrome 136 Breughel syndrome 202

C

Calcarine sulcus 82

Caloric test 43

D

Darkness reflex 59 Diplopia 126, 135 Dissociated palsies 23

vertical 27

Doll’s head phenomenon 50

E

Enophthalmos 66 Examination of a neuro-

ophthalmology case 219

direct light reflex 220 examination 219

indirect light reflex 220 near reflex 221

CNS examination 225 confrontation visual

fields 221 diplopia charting 222 fundus examination 223 Hess charting 222 nystagmus 223

ocular movements 221 other cranial nerve

examination 224 reflexes 225

visual fields 223 past history 219 pupil examination 220

swinging flash light test 220 testing of color vision 220

F

Facial anhydrosis 67 Facial myokymia 203 Facial nerve

course 145 lesions 147 nucleus 145

Foster Kennedy syndrome 192 Foville’s syndrome 137 Functional visual loss 211

Hyperdeviation 126

Hypoplasia 151

I

Intermediary tissue of Kuhnt 107 International Headache Society 208 Internuclear ophthalmoplagia 4, 23

classification 24 etiology 24

Intracranial aneurysms 214 Intracranial pathology 238 extra-axial tumors 240

glioma 238 metastasis 240

Ischemic optic neuropathy 193 arteritic anterior

classic signs 193 differential diagnosis 194 etiology 193 management 195 symptoms 194

posterior 195

Isolated fourth nerve palsy 126 Isolated ipsilateral tear deficiency 149 Isolated sixth nerve palsy 138

J

Jensen operation 139

Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma 157

G

Geniculate ganglionitis 148 Gliomas 157

of the chiasm 242 high grade 247

Gradenigo’s syndrome 137

H

Headache 206 Hemifacial spasm 202 Hess charting 222 Heterochromia iridis 67 Hippus 71

Horner’s syndrome 66 Hummelsheim’s operation 139 Hutchinson’s pupil 65, 120 Hydroxyamphetamine test 67

K

Kearns-Sayre syndrome 200 Kjer syndrome 186

L

Lateral geniculate bodies 79, 87 Lesions of visual pathways 93

lateral geniculate body lesions 98 optic nerve type field defect 93

arcuate nerve fiber bundle 94 bitemporal hemianopia 96 central bitemporal hemianopia

96

junctional scotoma 96 lower temoporal quantrantic

defects 98

nasal nerve fiber bundle defects 95 papillomacular bundle 93 upper temporal quadrantic defects 97

optic radiations and visual cortex lesion 99

occipital lobe lesion 100 parietal lobe lesions 100 temporal lobe lesions 99

Lid apraxia 203 Light-near dissociation 64

M

Macular fibers 87

Magnetic resonance imaging 228 claustrophobia, sedation,

surveillance 232 optic pathway pathology 232 restrictions 231

Malignant gliomas of the optic nerve 169

clinical features 169 pathology 170 prognosis 170 radiology 170

Marcus gunn pupil 61 Meige’s syndrome 202 Meningiomas 244 Metastasis 247 Meyer’s loop 81 Micronystagmus 34 Micro-ophthalmos 233 Migraine 206

Millard-Gubler syndrome 136 Miosis 66

Morning glory syndrome 155 Multiple sclerosis 236, 249 Myelineated nerve fibers 152 Myotonic dystrophy 201

N

Nasal fibers 86 Neurofibromatosis 237

Non-optic reflex system disorders 30 Nothnagel’s syndrome 119

Nuclear fascicular syndrome 125

Index 255

Nuclear third nerve paresis 118 Nystagmus 32

central 51 cerebellar 51 deviational 36 hysterical 51

idiopathic congenital 52 jerky 34

neutral zone 34 null zone 34

nystagmus blockage syndrome 52 ocular 35

optokinetic 36-38 pathological ocular amaurotic 41 amblyopic 41 latent 41

Miner’s 41 spasmus nutans 41

pendular 33 rotational 48 vertical vestibular 45

canal paresis 46

directional preponderance 47 vestibular 43

voluntary 51

O

Ocular myasthenia clinical features 197 investigations 198

electromyography 199 neostigmine test 198 tensilon test 198

treatment 199 medical 200 optical 19 surgical 200

Ocular tumors 233 Oculomotor (third cranial) 109

blood supply 117 branches 116 cavernous sinus 112 ciliary ganglion 114

course in superior orbital fissure 112 course in the orbit 114

exit from the brain 110 nucleus 109

One and one-half syndrome 26 Optic atrophy 185

clinical features 186 differential diagnosis 187

Optic chiasma 75 Optic disk pit 156 Optic nerve 85, 103 blood supply

intracanalicular 107 intracranial 107 intraocular 108 intraorbital 108

course

intracanalicular 103 intracranial 103 intraocular 104 intraorbital 104

relations intracanalicular 104 intracranial 104 intraocular 105 intraorbital 104

Optic nerve gliomas 157

association with neurofibromatosis 160

clinical features 158 histopathology 162 management 167 microscopic findings 164

presenting signs and symptoms 159

radiographic findings 161 Optic nerve head drusen 152 Optic nerve hypoplasia 235 Optic nerve meningiomas 170

clinical features 171 histopathology 174 management 178 radiology 173

signs and symptoms 171 Optic neuritis 187

clinical features 188 management 189

optic neuritis treatment trial 189 Optic radiation 81, 88

Optic tract 87

Optokinetic nystagmus drum 36 Orbital syndrome 121, 126, 138

P

Papilledema 190 clinical features 190 management 193

Paradoxical papillary reaction 71 Paralytic pontine exotropia 26 Parinaud’s syndrome 22

Partial ipsilateral facial palsy 149 Periventricular leukomalacia 236 Petrous apex syndrome 137 Pharmacology of the pupil 68 Phenylephrine test 67

Pilocytic astrocytoma 247 Pituitary tumors 204 Polycoria 72

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm 120

Pseudo-Ishihara’s chart 220 Pseudo-Argyll Robertson pupil 64 Pseudo-Gradenigo’s syndrome 137 Pseudo-ophthalmoplegia 17 Psychosensory reflex 60

Ptosis 66

Pupil abnormalities 71 Pupil cycle time 60

Pupil gaze dyskinesis 121 Pupillary pathways 54

accommodation reflex pathway 57 convergence near reflex pathway

56

papillary dilatation pathway 58 pupulloconstrictor light reflex

pathway 54 Pupil-sparing isolated third nerve

paresis 121 Pursuit disorders 29

R

Raymond’s syndrome 136 Reader’s syndrome 68 Retinoblastoma 233 Retinochoroidal coloboma 153

S

Saccadic disorders 17

Secondary optic nerve tumors 179

blood-borne metastasis 180 extension from adjacent structures

181

extension from the eye 179 extension from the meninges and

brain 181 Sellar tumors 242 Septo-optic dysplasia 234 Spasmus nutans 233

Subarachnoid hemorrhage 214 Subarachnoid space syndrome 126,

137

Superior orbital fissure 112, 113, 124 Supranuclear eye movement systems 2

non-optic reflex system 12 position maintenance system 15 pursuit system 6

saccadic system 2 vergence system 11

Supranuclear lesion 147 Swinging flash light test 61, 220

T

Tardive dyskinesia 203 Terson’s syndrome 214

Third nerve fascicle syndromes 119 Tic douloureux 203

Tilted disk 155 Tolosa-Hunt syndrome 248 Tonic pupil 64

Tourette’s syndrome 202 Toxoplasmosis 250

Trauma (nonaccidental injury) 236 Trigeminal nerve

exit from the brain 140 mandibular division 143 maxillary division 143 nucleus 140

ophthalmic division 141 frontal nerve 142 lacrimal nerve 142 nasocilliary nerve 142

trigeminal cave 140 Trochlear nerve 123

course

cavernous sinus 124 exit from the brain 123

Index 257

exit from the nucleus 123 orbital course 124 superior orbital fissure 124

lesions 125 nucleus 123

U

Uncal herniation syndrome 120

V

Vergence disorders 29 Vestibular system disorders 30 Visual cortex 83, 88

Visual pathways 73 blood supply 89

lateral geniculate body 92 optic chiasma 91

optic nerve 90 optic radiations 92 optic tract 91 retina 90

visual cortex 92 lesions 93

level 73

lateral geniculate body 79 optic chiasma 75

optic nerve 73 optic radiations 81 optic tract 77 retina 73

visual cortex 82 localization 84

lateral geniculate body 87 optic chiasma 86

optic nerve 85 optic radiation 88 optic tract 87 retina 84

visual cortex 88

W

Weber’s syndrome 120 Wernicke’s hemianopic pupil 63 Wolfram syndrome 186