Index

A

A655 registration form, 5 Abetalipoproteinaemia (Bassen–

Kornzweig syndrome), 49, 50 Acceptance of loss of vision, 107–108 Accommodation, 190–191, 224

age-related changes, 190 with hand magnifier use, 198,

199–200, 202

with stand magnifier use, 212 vergence of light, 214–215

Achromatopsia, 161

Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADLS), 173, 174

Acuity reserves, 147 Adaptive equipment, 274

Adolescents, visual impairment, 46–47 social problems, 326

Age Blindness Burden, 13–14 Age-Related Eye Disease Study

(AREDS), 86

Age-related macular degeneration, 9, 13, 77, 78, 80–87, 107, 117, 313, 340, 348

aetiology, 78 cataract, 89

choroidal neovascularisation, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84

classical membranes, 84, 86 occult membranes, 86

clinical features, 78, 80 dietary factors in progression

reduction, 86 drusen, 78, 80, 84

management pathways, 81 dry (atrophic) form, 78, 80

geographic atrophy, 80, 86 epidemiology, 21 fluorescein/indocyanine green

angiography, 82–83, 86 genetic factors, 78, 83–84 information for patients, 309 laser photocoagulation, 83, 84

physiological change, 79 registration data, 19

rehabilitation services, 295 retinal pigment epithelium

detachment, 82 symptoms, 80, 333 treatment, 84–86

visual hallucinations, 82 visual prognosis, 86, 87

wet (exudative) form, 78, 80, 81–82, 84

Age-related visual impairment, 77–100, 326

associated depression, 326 epidemiological data

global, 14 population-based, 20–21

registration data, UK, 20 treatable causes, 21

see also Elderly patients Ageing-related changes

accommodation, 190 visual physiology, 78, 79

Albinism, 9, 28, 33, 36, 37, 40, 74 discomfort glare, 161

low vision aids, 51 Allowances (Income tax, etc,

Attendance), 303–304, 305 Alzheimer’s disease, 99 Amaurosis fugax

central retinal artery occlusion, 97, 98

temporal arteritis, 94 AMPPE, 71, 72

Amsler charts, 85, 155

Anger, response to loss of vision, 106 Angular enlargement, 192–193 Aniridia

discomfort glare, 161 lighting requirements, 313

Anosmia, 49

Anterior chamber paracentesis, 97 Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy,

98

differential diagnosis, 96 Anti-vascular endothelial growth

factor aptamer, 86 Aphakia

children, 51 contact lenses, 126

Aplanatic Comfort, 233 Arc perimetry, 155

Arden grating test, 141, 145 Arthritis, 99

Aspheric spectacle magnifiers, 234–239

Coil Hyperoculars, 234, 235, 238 Coil ready-made hyperoculars, 235,

236

Keeler systems, 235–239 Assessment of Visual Function

Related Quality of Life Questionnaire (VFQOL), 173, 174

Astigmatism, 120

Astronomical (Keplerian) telescopes, 242

enlargement, 245 exit pupil, 250, 251

length, 244, 246, 247, 248 optics, 241–243

viewing non-distant objects, 248 Attendance Allowance, 304 Attitudes

of patients, 105, 109, 110–112, 327–328

response to loss of vision, 105–108, 294, 301, 326

of practitioners, 104 of public, 104–105, 327

Audible thermometers, 277 Audiologists, 340, 341, 342, 346 Autofocus telescopes, 254 Automated perimetry, 155

B

Back vertex power, hand magnifiers, 199

Bailey–Lovie charts, 132–133, 134 acuity, 124

design characteristics, 131 low contrast, 143, 145 word reading, 149, 152

Bar magnifiers, 218–222 advantages/disadvantages, 219 enlargement calculation, 219, 221 field of view, 221

patient instruction, 222 Base-in prism, 125

binocular spectacle enlargement, 228, 229, 230

Bassen–Kornzweig syndrome (abetalipoproteinaemia), 49, 50

BD8 registration form, 5 Befriending service, 347 Behavioural problems, 36 Behr’s syndrome, 35 Benefit entitlement, 2, 4, 6, 7 Bereavement process, 109

Bereavement response, 105–108, 294, 301, 326

Best’s disease (vitelliform dystrophy), 42–43, 46, 50

Biette’s retinopathy, 44

Bifocal high-powered additions, 233–234

Bifocals prescription, 125

Binocularity

reading performance, 227–228 refraction routine, 124–125 telescope viewing, 250, 255 vision tests, 125

Bioptic telescopes, 158, 253 autofocus, 254

Bitemporal hemianopia, 4 Blind pension, 305

Blind Persons Act (1920), 3

Blind Person’s Income Tax Allowance, 302

Blindness

age-related macular degeneration, 78 bereavement, 105–107

acceptance, 107 anger, 106 denial, 105 depression, 106 grief, 106

cerebral, 33, 36, 37, 39

chronic open angle glaucoma, 90 congenital cataracts, 34 cytomegalovirus retinitis, 73 definitions, 2, 3–4, 6–7 epidemiology, global, 14–15 epidemiology, UK

children, 21

elderly populations, 20–21 population-based data, 20 registration data, 17–20

pathological myopia, 66 posterior uveitis, 69

proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 58

public perceptions, 104–105 registration, 3–4, 17–20, 303

allowances, 303–304 benefits, 304 concessions, 304

social welfare services, 292 Blinking, 315

Blue Badge disabled parking scheme, 304

Blue-tooth technology, 284–285 BP1 registration form, 5 Braille, 296, 297, 310

libraries, 348

Brain damage, low vision therapy, 320–321

Bright field magnifiers, 218 see also Flat-field magnifiers

Brightness acuity tester (BAT), 162 Bumpons, 300

Button guides, 277

C

Cambridge gratings, 141, 145 Canadian National Institute for the

Blind, 6 Canes, 283, 298

Cardiovascular disease, 92, 93 Case history recording, 108–109

elderly patients, 77–78 functional vision assessment,

168–169 refraction, 116–117

Case-controlled studies, 12 Cataract, 87, 117

colour vision loss, 159 congenital, 30, 33, 34, 50 contrast sensitivity reduction, 88

assessment, 144 discomfort glare, 161 elderly patients, 21, 77, 87–89

with age-related macular degeneration, 89

clinical features, 88 prevalence, 87–88 visual assessment, 88

epidemiology, global, 14–15 epidemiology, UK, 19, 21 lighting requirements, 313 myopia association, 67 surgery, 88–89

information for patients, 309 intraocular lens power, 126

visual function questionnaires (quality of life instruments), 173–174

Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), 97–98

clinical features, 97 management, 97–98

Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), 92–94, 107

clinical features, 93 differential diagnosis, 96

iris neovascularisation, 93, 94 ischaemic/non-ischaemic, 93

laser treatment, 93 macular oedema, 94 management, 94

prophylactic laser photocoagulation, 93–94

risk factors, 92–93

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion Study, 93–94

Cerebral blindness, 33, 36, 37, 39 Cerebral palsy, 36 Cerebrovascular accident

ophthalmic terms, 322 rehabilitation

low vision therapy, 320 multidisciplinary approach, 342,

344–345

visual fields assessment, 154 visual symptoms, 98–99

Certificate of Vision Impairment (CVI), 6, 303

Certification, 302 categories, 303

see also Registration

Charles Bonnet syndrome, 82, 329, 331 Chartered Institute of Building

Engineers’ Code, 123–161 Cheque-writing guides, 282, 289, 300 ‘Chest’ magnifiers, 211

Childhood visual impairment, 27–53 accommodation, 190

Braille use, 296, 297

causes in developing countries, 15–16

certification, 5

colour vision testing, 42 contact lenses, 126

contrast sensitivity assessment, 143 educational requirements, 50, 51 electronic vision enhancement

systems usage, 263 electrophysiological testing, 30–33 epidemiological data, global, 14,

15–16 epidemiology, UK, 21 genetic causes, 15

large print text (relative size magnification), 192

low vision aids, 50–52 management in adulthood, 74 ophthalmic disorders, 42–45

parental attitudes, 113 psychological aspects, 51, 113 reading addition prescription,

190–191 retinoscopy, 119

symbol acuity charts, 135 symptomatic visual difficulty, 38, 42 see also Adolescents; Infants;

Neonates

Chiropodists, 341, 342 Chopping boards, 277 Chorioretinal atrophy, 66 Choroidal neovascularisation

age-related macular degeneration, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84

central retinal vein occlusion, 93, 94 pathological myopia, 66

punctate inner choroidopathy, 70 serpiginous chorioretinitis, 71

Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Acts, 292, 296

City University plates, 42 Clinical audit, 167 Clip-on mirrors, 156 Clocks, 278, 310

Closed-circuit television see Electronic vision enhancement systems

Coil Hyperocular, 234, 235, 238

Coil prismatic half-eye spectacles, 231, 232

Coil ready-made hyperoculars, 235, 236

Coin holders, 283

Collagen vascular disease, 97 Colour vision assessment, 158–160

children, 42 tests

D15, 159

Farnsworth 100 hue, 159 Ishihara, 158

PV16, 159 Colour vision loss

acquired superimposed on congenital disorder, 159, 160, 314

acquired/hereditary, 158, 159 contrast enhancement strategies,

314–315 rehabilitation advice, 160

Community-based services, 341

Community-based studies, 14 Computer use, 74

childhood visual impairment, 51 keyboard labelling, 285, 300 screen configuration/on-screen

enlargement, 51, 74, 286 speech conversion, 51, 74, 286, 310 written communication, 281

see also Electronic vision enhancement systems

Computer-generated contrast sensitivity charts, 141, 144–145

Computer-generated visual acuity charts, 135–136

Concessions, 304, 305

Cone dystrophy, 38, 40, 42, 43, 46, 50, 159

colour vision loss, 159 genetic aspects, 43 lighting requirements, 313

Confounding disability, 117 Confounding factors, 12 Confrontational visual fields

assessment, 155 Congenital cataract, 9, 33, 34, 50

associated ophthalmic/systemic abnormalities, 34

genetic aspects, 34 Congenital deafness, 45 Congenital glaucoma, 33, 34, 36 Congenital nystagmus, 33

low vision aids, 51

Congenital (simple) optic atrophy, 35

Congenital toxoplasmosis, 72 Contact lens telescopes, 126 Contact lens wear, 118

following cataract surgery with age-related macular degeneration, 89

prescribing options, 126 Contact-lens-related microbial

keratitis, 13 Contrast enhancement, 273

blue-blocking lenses, 283 clocks/watches, 278 daily living aids, 314–315

domestic lighting, 287, 288 electronic vision enhancement

systems, 266

glaucoma management, 92 information/advice for patients, 310 large button telephone characters,

278

low vision therapy, 314–315 playing cards/board games, 279 tape recorder controls, 277 writing paper, 281

Contrast reserves, 147, 148 Contrast sensitivity, 288, 289

assessment, 140–145

edge detection tests, 143–144 low contrast acuity charts,

140–143

practical relevance, 88, 145 sinusoidal grating tests, 144–145 temporal summation, 143

ocular predominance determination, 227

threshold requirements, 140 Contrast sensitivity function (CSF),

140, 143

Coordinator (key worker), 342 Corneal grafts, 125

Corneal scarring, 161 Corneal topography, 120–121 Cortical blindness, 74

Counselling, 113, 300–301, 328 Counting fingers (CF), 137 Craftwork, 212 Cross-sectional studies, 12 Cross Cylinder, Jackson, 122 Cups, 314

CVI 2003, 6, 303 Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

congenital infection, 36 retinitis, 71, 73

quality of life questionnaires, 176 treatment, 73

D

D15 test, 42, 159

Daily living aids, 274–285 contrast enhancement, 314–315 home environment, 277–279 kitchen, 274–277

labelling, 285, 300 lighting requirements, 314

medicines administration, 279–280 reading, 282

social services responsibilities, 292 travelling/mobility, 283–285 writing, 280–281

Daily living skills, rehabilitation programmes, 296–300

Dark adaptation, 169 Day centres, 346

Delayed visual development, 36, 37–38, 39

Denial, 105–106, 110, 112

Dependence, 110–111, 321 Depression, 311, 312, 320, 326 Diabetes mellitus, 117

central retinal vein occlusion risk, 92, 93

glaucoma association, 90 insulin injection aids, 279

retinopathy see Diabetic retinopathy Diabetic nurse, 341, 342

Diabetic retinopathy, 7, 56–65, 125, 347

clinical presentation, 56–58 CSMO, 57

elderly patients, 21, 92 epidemiology, UK, 21, 60 grading, 59

hard exudates, 58

laser photocoagulation, 60, 61–62 side effects, 62, 65

low vision support, 62, 64 maculopathy, 57, 60, 61–62, 92 management, 61–63, 74

multidisciplinary approach, 341 patient education, 58

prevalence, 60 preventive measures, 58 progression, 58, 61

proliferative retinopathy, 58, 60, 61 registration data, 19

retinal microaneurysms, 56, 57 St Vincent’s Declaration targets,

64–65

UK Prospective Diabetic Study, 58 vitrectomy, 60–61

Dietary factors, age-related macular degeneration progression reduction, 86

Dieticians, 340, 341

Digital voice recorders, 277 Directory enquiries, 304

Disability, 7 definition, 7–8

model for rehabilitation programmes, 294–295

Disability glare, 161

Disability Living Allowance, 304 Disability Working Allowance, 304 Disability-adjusted life-year (DALY),

14

Disabled employment adviser, 341, 342

Disabled Person’s Railcard, 304 Disabled Person’s Tax Credit, 304 Discomfort glare, 161

Disorder, 7, 8 Distance acuity

charts, 129–136 see Visual acuity

childhood visual impairment, 51 specifications, 136–137

comparative aspects, 138–139 testing strategies, 145–146

Distance vision

refraction routine, 121–123 task analysis, 168

Dome magnifiers, 51

see also Flat-field magnifiers Down’s syndrome, 120 Driving, 6, 8, 51

age-related macular degeneration, 92

with bioptic telescopes, 253 glaucoma, 92

visual field loss, 156, 158 Drusen, 78, 80, 84

E

E-mail access, 297

Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), 61

Ferris LogMAR charts, 134–135 Easyreader system, 99

Eating, social aspects, 329 Eccentric Fixation Charts, 317 Eccentric vision, 310, 316–318

impact on social functioning, 327, 328 Edge detection tests, 143–144 Education, 50, 51, 347

advisory services, 341, 342

electronic vision enhancement systems usage, 263, 268

task analysis, 169 Elderly patients, 77–100

case history recording, 77–78 current spectacle use, 117–118 lighting requirements, 313

home safety issues, 314 for reading, 123

low vision management, 99 physiological changes, 78, 79 rehabilitation failure, 114 vision-specific quality of life

instruments, 175 visual assessment, 77–78 visual loss-related social impairment, 328

see also Age-related visual impairment

Electronic mobility aids, 284 Electronic text conversion, 286 Electronic vision enhancement

systems, 74, 192, 194, 257–268, 285–286

advantages/disadvantages, 258, 260 children, 51

classification, 257 comparative aspects, 262–263 contrast maximisation, 266 contrast reversal, 258, 266 costs, 263, 268

definition, 257 elderly patients, 99

enlargement, 192, 258, 264, 265, 268 field of view, 264–265 head-mounted devices, 261–262 image enhancement, 267 ‘mouse’-style devices, 258–261 practical issues, 268

reading, 262–263, 297

contrast sensitivity influence, 266

duration, 266 speed, 264

self-focusing, 258 training, 267–268

user characteristics, 263 uses, 263

variable magnification, 258 Electro-oculography (EOG), 30

Electrophysiological testing, neonates/ children, 30–33, 39–40

Electroretinography, 30 Emotional impact of visual loss,

300–301 information/advice for patients,

311–312

Empathy, 109, 122, 302, 318

Employment, 111–112, 347 task analysis, 169

use of electronic vision enhancement systems, 263, 268

Enlarged characters, 273 Enlargement, 184

electronic vision enhancement systems, 264, 265, 268

see also Image enlargement; Magnification

Enlargement ratio, 184 hand magnifiers, 205 spectacle magnifiers, 226

Entopic images, 329, 331 Epidemiology, 1, 10–22

bias in registration data, 7 global data, 14–16

Africa, 13, 14, 15 Asia, 14, 15 Australia, 14 China, 14

developing countries, 14 Europe, 14

India, 14

Japan, 14

Latin America, 14 Middle East, 14 New Zealand, 14 USA, 14

incidence rates, 12–13 methodology, 10, 12–14 UK, 16–22

age-related visual impairment, 20–21

children, 21 data sources, 16

government survey data, 21–22 population-based data, 20–21 registration data, 17–20

Epiphora/watery eye, congenital glaucoma, 34, 36

F

Face recognition, 142

Family and friend support, 113 Family Resource Survey data, 22 Farnsworth 100 hue test, 159 Ferris LogMAR charts, 134–135 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 36

Field of view, 184 bar magnifiers, 221

electronic vision enhancement systems, 264–265

flat-field magnifiers, 221 hand magnifiers, 207

stand magnifiers, 210, 217–218 telescopes, 241, 251–252, 254, 255

Filter lenses, glare management, 162 Fixation, newborn infant visual

function assessment, 28 Flat-field magnifiers, 51, 218–222

advantages/disadvantages, 219 enlargement calculation, 219, 221 field of view, 221

patient instruction, 222 ‘Flecked’ retina, 43, 44 Fluorescein angiography

age-related macular degeneration, 82–83, 86

retinal microaneurysms (diabetic retinopathy), 57

Fluorescent lighting, 313 Food slicers, 276 Forster–Fuchs’ spot, 66

G

Galilean telescopes, 242 contact lens/spectacle lens

combination, 254 enlargement, 245 exit pupil, 250, 251 field of view, 252

length, 244, 246, 247, 248 optics, 243

viewing non-distant objects, 248, 249

Garden cane tops, 279

General medical practitioners, 340, 344 General positioning satellites, 284 Genetic factors

age-related macular degeneration, 78, 83–84

Best’s disease (vitelliform dystrophy), 43

childhood visual impairment, 15 chronic open angle glaucoma, 90 cone dystrophy, 43

congenital cataract, 34 Leber’s amaurosis, 36–37, 46 optic atrophy, 33–34, 39, 42 retinal dystrophies, 52–53 retinitis pigmentosa, 47

Sorsby’s macular dystrophy, 52–53 X-linked retinoschisis, 43

Geneticists, 339, 340 Geniculate ganglia, normal

development, 28

Geriatricians, 341, 342 Glare

disability, 161 discomfort, 161 management, 162, 283 reflective, 161

sensitivity testing, 161–162 brightness acuity tester, 162 Miller–Nadler, 162

Vistech MCI 8000, 162 task analysis, 169 veiling, 161

Glaucoma, 90, 107

acute angle closure (AACG), 91 adult-onset, 90

central retinal vein occlusion association, 92, 93

chronic open angle (COAG), 90 colour vision loss, 160 congenital, 33, 34, 36

contrast sensitivity reduction, 145, 333

elderly patients, 90–92 epidemiology, UK, 21 genetic aspects, 90 juvenile-onset, 90 myopia association, 67 normal tension, 91

pigment dispersion syndrome, 90 primary infantile, 90

quality of life questionnaires, 176 registration data, 19

screening, 90 visual field loss, 333

visual fields assessment, 154 visual prognosis, 92

Glaucomenflecken, 91 Goldmann bowl perimetry, 155 Grief response, 106

see also Bereavement response Group dynamics, 320

Group work, 319–320

social function discussion, 327, 329

Guide cane, 298

Guide dogs, 284, 299, 347 handling/care training programme,

299

Guide Dogs for the Blind Associations, 348

Guiding techniques, 299

Gyrate atrophy, 41

H

Halberg trial clip, 121, 216 Hallucinatory images, 329, 331

age-related macular degeneration, 82 Hand magnifiers, 74, 198–209

advantages/disadvantages, 198, 200 dioptric equivalent power, 198

calculation, 202 elderly patient use, 99

eye–lens distance, 207, 208 Badal optical system, 203

equal to magnifier focal length, 202

field of view, 203

greater than magnifier focal length, 206

less than magnifier focal length, 205–206

retinal image size, 203 field of view, 207

lighting requirements, 287 patient instruction, 208–209 patient posture, 313 practical optics, 199–201

relative distance enlargement, 186, 188

use with spectacles, 198, 199–200, 202, 205, 209

by emmetrope/corrected ametrope, 203–205

equivalent power calculation, 205 magnifier in contact with reading

addition, 205–206

use when accommodating, 198, 199– 200, 202

Hand movements (HM) vision, 137 Handicap, 291

definition, 7–8 Head-mounted systems

electronic vision enhancement, 261–262

luminance enhancement, 267 Hearing loss, 114

in childhood, 36 Refsum’s disease, 49 Usher’s syndrome, 45

Hearing utilisation, 310

Hemianopic field loss, 154, 322, 333 bitemporal, 4

homonymous, 4, 98, 321 low vision therapy, 321 clip-on mirrors, 156 Fresnel prisms, 156

Hereditary optic atrophy, 33–34 clinical features, 35

HI MAG-LVA 9, 236 Hidden agendas, 111 Hiding Heidi cards, 143 High refractive error

infant/neonate, 33 see also Myopia, high

HIV infection, 71, 73 Hobbies, 263

Homonymous hemianopia, 4, 98, 321 Hospital consultations, 343

Housing Benefit, 304

Humphreys visual fields assessment, 155

Hypercholesterolaemia, 58 Hypermetropia, compensation in

telescope viewing, 246–247 Hypertension, 58, 90, 92, 93 Hypoplasia, 33

I

Image enhancement, 267 Image enlargement, 184, 185

calculation using equivalent viewing power, 193

methods, 185 quantification, 194–196 relative distance, 185–189 relative size, 191–192

Immunocompromised patients, 71 Impairment

definitions/classification, 7–10 impact on quality of life, 169 Implantable Miniature Telescope

(IMT), 89, 127 Incapacity Benefit, 304 Incidence rates, 12–13 Income support, 304 Income tax allowance, 303

Indocyanine green angiography, 82–83

Infantile (juvenile) optic atrophy, 35 Infants

visual function assessment, 28–30 electrophysiological testing,

30–33

visual impairment

with apparent visual problem, 33–36

with multiple handicaps, 36 signs, 29

without detectable opthalmic abnormalities, 36–38

Inflammatory retinopathies, 69–71 fundal changes, 72

Information/advice for patients, 309 causes of visual loss, 309

contrast enhancement, 310 emotional impact of visual loss,

311–312

hospital consultations, 343 lighting optimisation, 310 low vision aids, 310 residual vision use, 309–310 sugical interventions, 309 vision substitution, 310–311 visual physiology, 309

Insulin injection aids, 279 International Classification of

Functioning, Disability and

Health (ICIDH-2), 8, 10, 11 International Classification of

Impairment, Disability and Handicap (ICIDH), 8

International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10), 3

Interviewing patients case history, 108–109

task analysis, 108, 109–111 Intraocular hypertension, 90 Intraocular lens

power, 126

telescope systems, 126, 254 Introductions, 328

Invalid Care Allowance, 304 Inverse square law, 287, 313 Ishihara test, 158

J

Jaeger charts, 149

Job Seeker’s Allowance, 304

Jumbo D15 test, 159

Juvenile (infantile) optic atrophy, 35 Juvenile-onset glaucoma, 90

K

Kay picture cards, 135

Keeler A series charts, 124, 132

near (reading) charts, 149, 150, 152 notation, 138–139

Keeler aspheric spectacle magnifiers, 235–239

Keeler LVA 12, 233

Keeler Redi-fit, 237 magnification, 238 optical parameters, 239 testing set, 237–238

Keratoconus, 120, 123 contact lenses, 126

Keratometry, 120

Key worker (coordinator), 342 Kitchens

appliance labelling, 285, 300 equipment, 274–277

Knives, 277 Kollner’s law, 160

L

Labelling aids, 285, 300 Labo Clip-ons, 233 Lacquer cracks, 66

Landolt C Acuity Test Chart Panel, 122

Large button telephones, 278 Large print, 191, 273

clocks/watches, 278

playing cards/board games, 279 tape recorder controls, 277

Laser cane, 298 Laser iridotomy, 91

Laser photocoagulation

age-related macular degeneration, 83, 84

central retinal vein occlusion, 93 diabetic retinopathy, 60, 61–62 pathological myopia, 66–67 punctate inner choroidopathy, 71 side effects, 62, 65

Laser trabeculoplasty, 90 Lea Test system, 135, 143 Learning disability, 36, 320

keratometry, 120

low vision therapy, 321 retinoscopy, 119

visual acuity assessment, 135 contrast sensitivity, 143

Lebensohn’s rule, 125 Leber’s amaurosis, 33, 36, 39

gene therapy, 53

genetic aspects, 36–37, 46 Leber’s optic neuropathy, 35, 46 Letter recognition software, 286 Letter of Vision Impairment, 6, 303 Leucocoria (white reflex), 34

infant/childhood visual impairment, 29, 30

Life Satisfaction Index (LSIA 20, LSIA 13, LSIW 8), 173

Lighthouse Low Vision Examination

Intake History Form, 168 Lighting, 273, 287–288, 289

customisation, 313–314 fluorescent, 313

home safety issues, 314 information/advice for patients, 310 inverse square law, 287, 313 magnifier use, 287

reading requirements, 123 reading speed influence, 148, 149 task : surround illumination ratio,

161

working distance problems, 125 Liquid level indicators, 273, 274, 276,

310

Local societies, 347–348

LogMAR acuity values, 132, 133, 134 near acuity, 146

notation, 137, 138–139 LogMAR charts, 141

Long cane see Mobility cane Longitudinal studies, 12

Low birthweight, retinopathy of prematurity, 33

Low contrast acuity charts, 140–143 see visual acuity charts

Low vision

additional disabilities/disorders, 21 definitions, 2, 3, 10

epidemiology, global, 14 patients’ experience, 332–338 UK elderly populations, 20–21 see also Visual impairment

Low vision aids

age-related macular degeneration, 80, 86

children , 50–52

currently used device assessment, 118

eccentric vision utilisation, 318 elderly patients, 99

electronic vision enhancement systems, 257–272

for peripheral field loss, 254–255 glaucoma, 92

hand magnifiers, 198–209 information/advice for patients, 310 insulin injection, 279

learning process, 113 low vision therapy, 319 magnification, 183 non-optical, 273–290

performance evaluation, 167 quality of life instruments, 173

reading speed enhancement, 148, 153–154

rejection, 112–113

spectacle magnifiers, 223–240 stand magnifiers, 210–222 training in use, 310

working age persons, 74–75

Low vision enhancement system, 261 Low vision image system, 261

Low Vision Leaflet, 303

Low vision quality of life instruments, 176–178

Low Vision Quality of Life Questionnaire (LVQOL), 177–178

Low vision therapy, 308–323

advice for patients see Information/ advice for patients

aims, 308, 309–312

visual habits redevelopment, 312 blinking, 315

brain-damaged patients, 320–321 colour contrast enhancement, 310,

314–315

eccentric vision, 316–318 eye movements, 315–316 family involvement, 321 group work, 319–320

lighting customisation, 310, 313–314

multidisciplinary rehabilitation, 341, 346

optical low vision aids, 319 posture, 313

practical aspects, 312–321 relaxation techniques, 313

Lowe’s Visual Function Questionnaire, 173

LVI 2003, 6, 303

M

Macular colobomata, 33

Macular photostress recovery test, 57

Magnification, 183–196 accommodation, 190–191, 224 angular enlargement, 192–193 electronic (transverse) enlargement,

192, 194

equivalent viewing distance, 194 equivalent viewing power, 193 hand magnifier specifications, 198 relative distance enlargement,

185–189

relative size enlargement, 191–192 terminology, 184–185

trade magnification, 184, 205 Magnification ratio, 124

Magnifiers, 103, 111, 112, 114, 118, 297 enlargement quantification, 194–196 hand, 198–209

spectacle, 223–240 stand, 210–222 telescope, 241–256

Measles (Rubella), 15

Medicines administration, 279–280 Melbourne edge test, 141, 143 Metabolic physicians, 340, 341, 342 Metamorphopsia, 82, 155 Michelson’s function, 143 Microperimeters, 156

Micropsia, 82

Miller–Nadler glare tester, 162 Minimal angle of resolution (MAR),

137, 138–139

MN read charts, 149, 152–153 Mobility

aids, 283–285, 297 concessions, 304

rehabilitation programme, 297–298

Mobility (long) cane, 283, 298 training, 298–299

Mobility training, 297 guiding techniques, 299 long cane use, 298–299 orientation skills, 299

Monocular vision, 333 Monoculars, 74

Motivation, 103, 111–112, 113 ‘Mouse’-style electronic vision

enhancement systems, 258–261 Mr Happy Faces cards, 143 Multidisciplinary rehabilitation, 293,

295, 340–350 community-based services, 342 coordination, 343, 345

model services, 341–342 needs assessment, 345–346

patient expectations, 343, 344–345 professional in-service training,

345 records, 343

referrals, 342–343, 344, 345–346 voluntary sector, 346–349

Multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy, acute, 71, 72

Multiple sclerosis, 7, 117 acute optic neuritis, 68–69

Myopia

associated ophthalmic conditions, 67

glaucoma, 90

compensation in telescope viewing, 246

high, 65, 67

contact lenses, 126

high-powered near additions, 231 pathological, 65–67

choroidal neovascular membranes, 66

fundal changes, 66

laser photocoagulation, 66–67 progressive, 74

Myopic conus, 66 myReader, 267

N

N point system charts, 149–150 National Assistance Act (1948), 3, 292,

305

National Association for the Education, Training and Support of Blind and Partially Sighted People (OPSIS), 348–349

National Association of Local Societies for Visually Impaired People (NALSVI), 348

National Cataract Surgery Survey, 88–89

National Council for the Blind of Ireland (NCIB), 348

National Eye Institute Visual Function

Questionnaire (NEI-NFQ), 175

National Health Service sight tests, 304 voucher system, 234

National organisations, 348–349 Near acuity

add requirement prediction, 124 assessment, 146–154

acuity charts, 149–150 comparative acuity values, 151 reading performance, 146–147

refraction routine, 123–124 Near retinoscopy, 119

Near vision

task analysis, 168–169 testing strategies, 153–154

Needle-threaders, 277, 300 Needs assessment

multidisciplinary rehabilitation, 345–346

objectives ranking, 169 Neglect, 110–111 Neonates

electrophysiological testing, 30–33 growth of globe, 27–28

normal refractive state, 27 visual function assessment, 28 visual impairment

with apparent visual problem, 27, 33–36

with multiple handicaps, 36 signs, 29

without detectable opthalmic abnormalities, 36–38

Neural pathways development, 28 Nidek MP1, 156

Night blindness, 38, 47, 49, 50, 52, 267, 313

electronic image enhancement, 267 laser photocoagulation side effect, 62

No perception of light (NPL), 137 NoIR sun shields, 162 Non-optical aids, 273–289

classification, 273

daily living see Daily living aids definition, 273

electronic, 285–286 patient access, 288 practical issues, 288–289

Non-verbal communication difficulties, 327

Normal tension glaucoma, 91 Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), 172 Novo Bino/Mono spectacle

magnifiers, 233 Nursing care costs, 304 Nyctalopia, 44, 49, 65 Nystagmus, 29, 33, 74

infant/childhood visual impairment, 30

retinoscopy, 119

O

Observational studies, 12 Occlusion, reading performance

improvement, 227–228 Occlusive tape, 228

Occupational therapists, 340, 341, 342, 346

Ocular predominance determination, 227

Oestrogen therapy, postmenopausal, 93 Office of Population Censuses and

Surveys (OPCS) Disability Survey, 22

Onchocerciasis, 14 Ophthalmic nurse, 341

Ophthalmologists, 340, 341, 342, 344 OPSIS (National Association for the Education, Training and

Support of Blind and Partially Sighted People), 348–349

Optic atrophy, 33, 36, 38, 39, 42 genetic aspects, 39, 42 heredofamilial, 33–34, 35 UK registration data, 19

Optic atrophy with diabetes +/− deafness, 35

Optic hypoplasia, 33, 36, 37, 39 Optic nerve development, 28 Optic neuritis, acute, 67–69

clinical features, 67 management, 68

quality of life questionnaires, 176

Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial (ONTT), 68

Optical character recognition, 297 Optokinetic nystagmus, 29, 30 Optometrists, 340, 341, 342, 344 Orientation skills training, 299 Orthoptists, 341, 342

P

Pain on ocular movement, 67 Paperweight magnifiers, 218 see Flat-field magnifiers

Papillaedema, 47, 96 Parkinson’s disease, 99, 117 Partial sight

definitions, 2, 4–5, 7 epidemiology, UK, 20 registration, 4–5, 303 benefits, 304, 305

children, 21 concessions, 304, 305 registration data, 17–20

Partially Sighted Society (PSS), 348 Patient expectations, 343, 344–345 Patient–practitioner relationship, 108,

116 rapport, 104, 109

Pattern dystrophy, 40 Peer support groups, 294

Pelli–Robson low contrast letter charts, 141, 142

Pens, 281, 282

Pepper visual skills for reading test (VSRT), 149, 152

Perception of light (PL), 137 Peripheral viewing techniques, 156

see also Eccentric vision Personal care, 279–280

Phacoemulsification cataract surgery, 88

Phakic children, 51

Phantom images, 329, 331 Philadelphia Geriatric Centre Morale

Scale, 173 Photodynamic therapy

age-related macular degeneration, 86

information for patients, 309 punctate inner choroidopathy, 71

Photophobia, 38, 161

laser photocoagulation side effect, 62 see also Glare

Physiotherapists, 341, 342, 346 Pill organisers, 280

Plate surrounds, 277 Plates, 314, 329

PNAC (practical near acuity chart), 153

Population-based data, 20–21 Portable low vision aids, 74 Postage concessions, 304 Posterior uveitis, 69–71

infective/non-infective, 69 Posture, 313

Preclinical interviews, 168 Prescribing

see Low Vision aid section contact lenses, 126 spectacles, 125

Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome, 70

Preterm infants, retinopathy of prematurity, 33

Prevalence, 12, 13

UK registration data, 17 Primary hyperplastic vitreous, 33 Primary infantile glaucoma, 90 Prismatic Bino Comfort, 233 Prismatic half-eye spectacles, 231,

232

Pseudoisochromatic plate tests, 159 Psychological aspects, 103–115

carers’/companions’ role, 113 childhood visual impairment, 51,

113

functional visual loss, 325–326 patient–practitioner relationship,

108

rehabilitation failure, 114 response to loss of vision, 105–108

acceptance, 107–108

anger, 106 denial, 105–106

depression, 106–107 grief, 106

Psychologists, 341, 342, 346 Punctate inner choroidopathy, 70, 72 Pupillary reflexes, infant/childhood

visual impairment, 29, 37 Pushbikes, 51–52

PV16 test, 159

Q

Quality assurance, 167 Quality of life, 169–170

measurement instruments, 169–170 administration, 178

generic, 170–173

low vision-specific, 176–178 proxy-based, 172 vision-specific, 173–175

terminology, 170

R

Radiation therapy, 86 Radical retinoscopy, 118 Rain alerts, 277

Randomised controlled trials, 12 Reactive depression, 106–107 Reading

accommodative demand, 190–191 acuity reserve

maximisation, 148 requirements, 147, 196

binocular performance, 227–228 with stand magnifiers, 215, 216

contrast reserve maximisation, 148 requirement, 147

contrast threshold requirements, 140

daily living aids, 282 electronic vision enhancement

systems, 262–263, 264 contrast maximisation, 266 duration of use, 266

image enhancement, 267 training, 267–268

Eschenbach spectacle-mounted aids, 233

hand magnifier use, 209

image enlargement requirements, 196

lighting requirements, 123, 287 near acuity determination, 123–124 occlusion, 227–228

performance assessment, 146–149 rehabilitation programme, 296–297 speed, 146, 147, 264, 296

target/letter size influence, 148, 149

spot or survival, 196 stroke patients, 321 task analysis, 109–110

visual function relationship, 146–147

Reading acuity assessment see Near acuity, assessment

Record-keeping, visual acuity assessment, 137

Recreation, 348

Red desaturation, 69 Redi-fit see Keeler Redi-fit

Referral of Vision Impaired Person, 6, 303

Referrals, intradisciplinary/ interdisciplinary, 342–343

professional responsibilities, 345 Reflective bands, 283

Reflective glare, 161 Refraction, 116–127 case history, 116

current optical corrections, 117–118 history-taking, 116–117 prescribing options, 125–126 subjective routine, 121–125

binocularity, 124–125 distance vision, 121–123 lighting adequacy, 123 near acuity, 123–124 near additions, 123, 124

optimal working distance, 121, 123

pinhole acuity check, 122–123 terminology, 121

Refractive error

childhood visual impairment, 28 compensation in telescope viewing,

246–247 elderly patients, 99

Refractive surgery, 126 Refractor head (phoropter), 121

Refsum’s disease, 49–50

Regan low contrast letter charts, 141–142

Regional Burden of Blindness (RBB), 13

Registration, 3–7, 74, 302, 303 allowances, 303–304, 305 anomalies, 7

data analysis, 17–20 forms, BD8, etc, 5–6, 303 statutory definitions

blindness, 3–4 partial sight, 4–5

Rehabilitation programmes, 293–295 communication, 296–297

content, 296 counselling, 300–301

daily living skills, 299–300 emotional problems, 300–301 failure, 114

group work, 293–294 mobility, 297–298 practical issues, 296–300

practitioner stress, 300–301 setting, 293

vision enhancement, 295 vision substitution, 295

Rehabilitation services, 291–305 aims/scope, 292, 294 delivery systems, 292

early referral benefits, 295 multidisciplinary approach, 293,

295, 339–349 patient access, 303

Rehabilitation workers, 340, 341, 342, 345, 346

Rejection of low vision aids/advice, 112–113

Relative distance enlargement, 185–189

required near enlargement calculation, 188, 189

spectacle magnifiers, 224, 226 Relative size magnification, 191–192 Relaxation techniques, 313, 331 Residential care costs, 304 Residual vision, 10, 309, 310 Retinal detachment, 333

cytomegalovirus retinitis, 73 diabetic retinopathy, 58 myopia, 67

Retinal development, 28 Retinal dystrophies, 348

molecular genetics, 52–53 Retinal pigment epithelium

detachment, 82

Retinitis pigmentosa, 9, 105–106, 107, 340, 348

associated neurological disorders, 49

clinical features, 47, 48, 49

early onset (childhood), 38, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47–49

genetic aspects, 47 low vision aids, 51

night blindness, 38, 47, 267 quality of life questionnaires, 176 treatment approaches, 53

Usher’s syndrome, 45 visual fields assessment, 155

Retinitis punctata, 44 Retinoblastoma, 30, 33, 34 Retinopathy of prematurity, 33 Retinoscopy, 118–119

children, 119

cycloplegic refraction, 119 near, 119

radical, 118

Reverse telescopes, 156 Rheumatoid arthritis, 117 Room temperature, 277 Rosser Index of Disability and

Distress, 173

Royal National Institute for the Blind (RNIB), 348

Rubella, 15, 36, 113 RVI 2003, 6, 303

S

Saccadic movement exercises, 315 Saccadomania (‘dancing eyes’), 30 Safety modifications, 273

kitchen equipment, 274–277 St Vincent’s Declaration, 64–65

Scanning laser ophthalmoscope, 155 Scanning techniques, 156 Screen-readers, 297

Self-esteem, 326, 328 Sensorial aids, 273–289

classification, 273

daily living see Daily living aids definition, 273

electronic, 285–286 patient access, 288 practical issues, 288–289

Serpiginous chorioretinitis, 71, 72 Severe Disablement Allowance, 304 Sheridan–Gardner letter matching

cards, 135 Shopping, 327

Short Form 36 (SF36), 172–173 Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), 172 Sight enhancement aids, 300 Sight substitution, 300

‘Sighted guide’ skills, 293 Sinusoidal grating tests, 144–145 Sloan distance acuity charts, 132 Sloan M series charts, 124, 149, 152 Smell sensation ultilisation, 311 Snellen acuity charts, 129–131 Snellen equivalent (near) system

charts, 149

Snellen fraction notation, 136–137, 138–139

Social clubs, 347–348 Social functioning, 326

eating, 329

visual behaviour, 315, 328–329 Social Security Act (1935; USA), 6 Social security benefits, 304, 305, 341 Social services referrals, 342

Social welfare services, 292 Social workers, 340, 341, 345, 346 Software, 286

speech conversion, 51, 74, 286, 310 SOLA LVA 25, 233

Sonic mobility aids, 284

Sorsby’s macular dystrophy, 52–53 Southampton Self Esteem Scale, 173 Spectacle addition

use with fixed focus stand magnifiers, 212

optimisation, 215–216 vergence of light, 214–215

use with hand magnifiers, 198, 199–200, 202, 205–206, 209 Spectacle magnifiers, 74, 223–240

advantages/disadvantages, 223, 224 aspheric, 234–239

Coil Hyperocular, 234, 235, 238 Coil ready-made hyperoculars,

235, 236

Keeler systems, 235–239

binocular enlargement, 228–231 decentration calculation, 228–230

childhood visual impairment, 51 comparison with near telescopes, 239 demonstration to patient, 240 dioptric equivalent power, 228 elderly patients, 99

front vertex power, 223 occlusion of poorer eye, 227–228 practical optics, 223–225 practical use, 240

predicted add requirement, 124 prism base-in incorporation, 125,

228, 229, 230

prismatic half-eye spectacles, 231 relative distance enlargement, 188,

224, 226 shallow/half-eye frames, 226 spherical, 231, 233–234

high-powered addition bifocal, 233–234

high-powered addition of single vision, 231, 233

working distance reduction, 223, 224, 225–226

Spectacle microscope, 223

Spectacle presciption change, 122, 123 Spectacles

current prescription, 117 prescribing options, 125

Speech conversion software, 51, 74, 286, 310

Speech therapists, 341, 342 Speed-reading, 296

Spherical spectacle magnifiers, 231, 233–234

high-powered addition bifocal, 233–234

high-powered addition of single vision, 231, 233

spot reading, 147 Stairs, 315

Stand magnifiers, 210–222 advantages/disadvantages, 210–211 ‘chest’ design, 211

childhood visual impairment, 51 elderly patients, 99

field of view, 210, 217–218 fixed focus, 211, 212–213 flexible ‘arm’, 211

lighting requirements, 287 patient instruction, 222 patient posture, 313 practical optics, 211–213

relative distance enlargement, 186, 188

variable focus, 211–212 vergence of light, 213–217

emergent vergence measurement, 216–217

reading addition optimisation, 215–216

working distance, 210

Stargardt’s disease, 28, 40, 42, 43, 46, 50

STEDI-FIT 10c, 236 Stigma, 105, 112

Storage container labelling, 285 Stroke see Cerebrovascular accident Subnormal vision, definitions, 2, 10 Suicide, 107

Sunvisors/hats, 283 Support groups, 294 Suppression, 227 Survey data, 21–22 Survival reading, 147

Swedish ‘multi-lens’ concept, 234 Swollen optic disc, differential

diagnosis, 96 Symbol cane, 283, 298

Symbol matching charts, 135 contrast sensitivity assessment, 143

Syphilis, 97

Syringes, 279

T

Tactile aids

clocks/watches, 273, 278, 310 labelling, 285

measuring tapes, 300

playing cards/board games, 279 scales, 273

Tactile senses utilisation, 310–311 Talking aids

books (audiobooks), 277, 278, 310, 348 clocks/watches, 278

microwave cookers, 277, 310 newspapers, 310, 347 scales, 277

signs, 277

Tangent screen perimetry, 155 Tape recorders, 277

Task : surround illumination ratio, 161 Task analysis, 108, 109–111

functional vision assessment, 167, 168–169

needs objectives ranking, 169 preclinical interviews, 168 spectacles prescription, 125

Tax relief, 304 Teachers, 340, 341

Telemicroscopes, 249, 255 enlargement measurement, 253

Telephone button labelling, 285 Telescopes, 99, 241–255

advantages/disadvantages, 241 astronomical see astronomical (Keplerian) telescopes

autofocus, 254 bioptic, 158, 253

contact lens/spectacle lens combination, 126, 254

depth of field, 246

designs for mobility, 253–254 enlargement, 244–245, 249

measurement, 252–253 exit pupil, 250–251, 252

field of view, 241, 251–252, 254, 255 Galilean see Galilean telescopes length, 243–244, 246, 247, 248 monoculars, 74

practical aspects, 255 practical optics, 241–243 reading cap addition, 249, 250 refractive error compensation,

246–247

spectacle magnifier comparisons, 239

vergence of light, 245–246 viewing non-distant objects,

248–250

Television licence fees, 304 Television watching, 263 Temporal arteritis, 94–95, 97, 98

clinical features, 94–95 corticosteroid treatment, 95 differential diagnosis, 96 ESR, 95

temporal artery biopsy, 95 visual prognosis, 95

Terminology, 1–4 Text conversion, 286 Text enlargement, 286

Thomson Test Chart 2000, 136 Timers, 276

Tinted glasses, 283 Touch typing, 281, 282

Toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, 69–70 congenital, 36

lesion reactivation, 69, 70 fundal changes, 72

primary acquired infection, 70 Trabecular meshwork inducible

glucocorticoid responsive gene product (TIGR), 90

Trachoma, 14 Tracing exercises, 315

Tracking exercises, 315, 316 Trade magnification, 184–185

hand magnifiers, 205 Training

electronic vision enhancement systems, 267–268

low vision aids use, 310

mobility (long) cane, 283, 298–299 Traumatic visual loss, 73–74

with brain damage, 320 Travel concessions, 304 Travelling aids, 283–285 Tray liners/holders, 277 Trial frame, 121

Twin studies, 84 Typing

electronic vision enhancement systems use, 263

touch, 281, 282 Typoscopes, 282

U

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic Study, 58

Usher’s syndrome, 45 Uveitis

anterior, 72 posterior, 69

V

Value added tax exemption, 274 VEGF, 86

Veiling glare, 161

see also Age-related visual impairment

information/advice for patients, 309 traumatic causes, 73–74

working age persons, 56–75 see also Low vision

Visual Performance Questionnaire (VPQ), 175

Visual physiology ageing-related changes, 78, 79

information/advice for patients, 309 Visual Status Inventory (VSI), 175 Visually directed reaching, infant

visual function assessment, 29 Visually evoked potential (VEP), 30 Vitelliform dystrophy (Best’s disease),

42–43, 46, 50 Vitrectomy, 60–61 Vitreous haemorrhage, 58 Voice recorders, 273

Volk lens, 57

Voluntary sector, 346–349 individual volunteers, 346–347 local societies, 347–348 national organisations, 348–349

Voting, 304 VTM dome, 219

W

Wallets, 283

Watches, 273, 278, 310

Waterloo charts, 134

Webber function, 143

White reflex see Leucocoria

White sticks see Canes

Working distance accommodation for near vision

improvement, 190–191 electronic (transverse) enlargement,

192

reduction with spectacle magnifiers, 223, 224, 225–226

relative distance enlargement, 185, 186

relative size magnification, 192 spectacles prescription, 125

World Blind Union, 7

World Health Organization (WHO) definitions of visual impairment,

2–3

International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICIDH-2), 8, 10, 11

International Classification of Impairment, Disability and Handicap (ICIDH), 8

World wide web access, 297 Writing, 328

aids, 212, 280–281 guides/frames, 281, 300

implements, 281, 282 paper, 281

rehabilitation programme, 296 use of electronic vision

enhancement systems, 263

X

X-linked retinoschisis, 41, 42, 43 X-linked retinitis pigmentosa, 47