Index

Aberrations 50, 61, 67–71, 80, 89, 97, 417, 418 Abney effect 252, 286, 297, 299, 303, 306, 320, 322, 325, 327, 328, 335, 337, 338, 415

Absolute threshold to light 415 Absorption spectrum 175, 415

Accommodation 61, 62, 65, 66, 69, 97, 203, 415 Accommodation range 65, 66, 415 Achomatopsia 415

Achromatic colors 167, 212, 279, 325, 337, 392, 415

Achromatizing lens 415

Action potentials 100, 111, 112, 115, 116, 118, 136, 138, 140, 344, 415

Action spectrum 179, 415 Acuity 416

Adaptation 13, 146, 160, 214, 416 Additive color mixture 416

Additivity 171, 172, 174, 218, 219, 434 After images

Agnosia 416 Akinetopsia 413 Amacrine cells 116, 416 Amblyopia 416

AMD 105, 190, 204, 205–207, 413, 416 Amino acid 108, 109

Angular frquency 61, 416 Angular magnification, M 416

Annulus 111, 118, 120, 129, 185, 265, 365, 416 Anterior chamber 88, 96, 416

Aperture problem

Aqueous humor 63, 88, 416 Area MT 397, 399

Artificial intelligence (AI) 16, 345

Astigmatism 64, 65, 70, 416

Autostereogram 5, 94–96, 416

Axon 100, 115, 136, 138–140, 417

Axon terminal 100, 136

Bandwidth 76, 188, 325, 345, 417

Bandwidth 76, 188, 325, 345, 417 Bezold–Bru¨cke phenomenon 252, 286, 297–

299, 303, 306, 313, 322, 327, 328, 335, 338, 395, 417

Bezold-Bru¨cke hue shift 328, 395 Binding problem 29, 397, 401, 417 Binocular disparity 388, 398, 421 Binocular rivalry 24

Binocular sector 92, 417 Binocular vision 94, 206, 207, 417

Bipolar cells 100, 111, 112–115, 130, 138, 306, 410, 417

Black body 38, 228, 269 Blind spot 99, 204, 417 Blindsight 340, 417

Blobs 386, 390, 394, 395, 397 Border colors 47, 232, 417 Bottom-up processing 11, 24

Brightness 8, 39, 73, 87, 131, 143, 144, 152, 165–167, 170, 172, 174, 175–181, 198, 199, 219, 244, 245, 275, 285, 308, 313, 335, 337, 349, 350, 417

Brightness enhancement 8

Brindley’s class A and B observations 347 B-system 113, 349, 417

Camera obscura 85, 87, 97

Candela 168, 426

Cataract 37, 38, 98, 205, 417 Cell assembly 283

cGMP 106, 110, 417

Channels 8, 96, 106, 110, 137, 138, 140, 188, 233, 252, 255, 258, 302, 337, 396, 397, 402

Chroma 178, 210, 213, 244, 245, 247, 248, 252, 253, 264, 285, 322, 323–326, 337

Chromatic aberration 50, 67, 68, 415, 417 Chromatic adaptation 91, 126, 146, 265, 268,

271, 274, 297, 394, 418 Chromatic colors 179, 212, 418

Chromatic responses 322, 324, 325, 333–335, 337, 381, 395, 448

Chromaticity 8, 222–225, 227–233, 236–240, 242, 248–250, 260, 418

Chrominance 182, 195, 196, 256–261, 267, 351, 353, 368–373, 375, 379, 418

Chromosome 109, 294–296

CIE 165, 170, 172–174, 176, 180, 220, 223– 229, 231, 233, 235, 236, 238, 240, 241, 244, 246–248, 250–254, 258, 268, 417

Ciliary muscles 97 Circadian rhythm 39 Codon 109

Color 209, 220, 233, 247, 248, 250, 259, 261, 264, 265, 268, 275, 282, 313, 341, 391, 392, 418

Color constancy 282, 418

Color differences 144, 171, 182, 195, 224, 244, 247–250, 255, 258, 259, 264, 306, 314, 326, 338, 351, 379, 424, 428

Color matching 235, 237, 239, 240, 290, 291 Color naming 280, 312

Color perception 7, 167, 212, 278, 279, 283– 285, 291, 297, 302, 322, 339, 363, 392, 396, 397, 413

Color reproduction 219, 233, 249

Color scaling 210, 250, 254, 299, 308, 322, 333, 335, 338, 392

Color space 7, 220, 222, 224, 226, 231, 233, 235–237, 239–241, 246, 249, 250, 256– 259, 266, 271, 279, 280, 283, 290, 291, 296, 313, 322, 338, 340, 345, 396, 418, 424, 428, 431

Color triangle 222, 225, 418 Color TV 219, 241, 249, 277

Color vision model 210, 254, 258, 337, 352 Color vision theories 276

Colorimetry 180, 224, 237, 240 Columns, cortical

Complementary colors 125, 220, 302, 418 Complex cells 390, 392, 393, 396, 401 Cone 418

Cone fundamentals 235, 239, 255

Cone opponent cells 125, 254, 274, 280, 307, 322, 328, 339, 364

Cone pigments 86, 108, 109, 156, 161, 287, 290, 296, 297

Confusion loci Continuity

Contrast 14, 80, 150, 181, 186, 187, 350, 418 Contrast gain control 133, 355

Contrast rendering/contrast rendering factor, CRF 418

Contrast sensitivity curves for luminance and chrominance 418

Cornea 419 Corresponding points 419 Cortex 419

CVI 202, 412, 413

Cyclic GMP 106, 110, 417 Cytochrome oxidase blobs 386, 394

Dark adaptation 146–149 D-cells (decrement cells) 419 Decibel 198

Decrement response 419 Dendrite 419 Depolarization 419

Depth perception 32, 91, 94, 96, 131, 178, 202, 421

Detection 13, 14, 18, 29, 78, 104, 128, 147, 149, 150, 156, 175–178, 182, 187, 188, 194, 195, 202, 260, 327, 343, 344, 348, 355, 361, 362–364, 375, 379, 388, 392, 396, 397, 400, 407, 413, 419

Deuteranopia 419 Dichromacy 104, 289, 419 Difference sensitivity 419 Diffraction 48, 419 Diopter 51, 420

Direct signal route 420 Direction sensitive cells 400 Discrimination 13, 250, 251, 420 Dispersion 46, 47, 67, 420 Diurnal rhythm 39

DNA 109, 283, 295 Dorsal 397, 420

Dorsal stream 398, 399

Double opponent cell 274, 393, 420 D-system 133, 349, 420

Duplicity theory 101, 420 Dyslexia 409, 410

Electromagnetic radiation 8, 16, 35, 36, 167, 180, 276, 283, 286, 422, 429

Electroretinogram (ERG) 104, 410, 420 Elementary colors 339, 420

Energy 155

Equiluminant 128, 145, 179, 194, 195, 244, 351 Excitation 37, 103, 105, 160, 266, 394, 420 Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) 139,

140 Exon 109

Explanatory gap 284, 340, 348

Eye 61, 63, 85, 86, 133, 259, 388, 420 Eye lens 420

Face recognition 190, 346 Far point 65–67

Feature detectors Fechner’s law 196, 421 Flicker 421

Flicker sensitivity 419, 421 Fluorence 166 Fluorescence 37, 192

Flux 73, 96, 146, 153, 156, 167–170, 173, 192, 193, 226, 235, 423, 426, 427, 430

fMRI 12, 406, 407, 421

Focal length 54, 56, 57, 59–61, 63, 64, 68–70, 91, 416, 417, 427

Focal point 421

Fourier analysis 193, 194 Fovea 91, 102, 421

Fovea centralis 102, 124, 421

Frequency 36, 44, 78, 80, 81, 83, 97, 116, 133, 150, 171, 182, 184–195, 205, 207, 256, 257, 259, 260, 286, 299, 361, 362, 368, 369, 371–375, 388, 396, 408, 409, 418, 419, 423, 426, 428

Fundus 98, 421

Ganglion cells 116, 421

Gene 85, 86, 98, 108, 109, 110, 294–296 Gestalt psychology 421

Gestalt psychology 421 Glaucoma 96, 206, 409, 421 Grassman’s laws 219, 220

Grating 421

Grating 76–78, 80, 81, 83, 182–188, 192–195, 197, 205, 259–261, 361, 365, 368, 388, 412, 421, 428, 429, 432

Hemanopia 413

Hering contrast 353, 421

Hering’s opponent theory (of color vision) 279, 280

Hermann grid 349, 350 Herz (Hz) 192, 372

Hierarchical model 346, 390, 402, 403 Horizontal cells 99, 110–114, 421 Horopter 93, 94, 421

Hue 241, 247, 330, 334, 422 Hyperpolarization 110, 111, 422

I-cells (increment cells) 422 Illuminance, E 167, 169, 422

Illusion 5–7, 18–21, 23–34, 41, 178, 201, 263, 349, 350, 353, 379

Illusory contour 25, 26, 28

Increment and decrement thresholds 422 Increment cells 114, 305, 307, 309, 313, 322,

349, 422 Increment response 422

Inferior temporal cortex (ITC) 397, 399 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) 140 Interblob regions 395

Interference filter 76, 159, 422 Ion 110, 137, 138, 139, 141, 417 Ionic currents 110

IR 422

Iris 422

Irradiance 153, 158, 167, 426 Isoluminance 422

Koniocellular cells, KC cells 15, 122, 127, 311, 422

Lambert’s surface 73, 169 Land’s (retinex) theory 231, 281

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) 99, 251, 280, 422

Lateral inhibition 18, 134, 135, 186, 351, 400 Lens formula 59, 60, 65, 66, 69

Lens power (thin lenses); P 422 Light 35, 38, 39, 422

Light adaptation 13, 51, 87, 146–148, 150, 169, 267, 274, 309, 323, 373, 374

Parallel processing 402 Parietal cortex 397 Parietal stream 397

Parvocellular cells, PC-cells 121, 122, 300, 385, 386, 425

Penumbra 39, 40, 425

Perception 3, 6, 16, 91, 165, 322, 425 Perimeter 425

Period 11, 80, 81, 140 PET 12, 283, 406–408, 425 Phase 425

Photochemical adaptation 148, 425 Photochromatic interval 149 Photometry 143, 165, 425

Photon 35, 36, 425

Photopic vision 105, 146, 425 Photopigment 85, 101, 105–109, 175, 425 Photoreceptors 101, 425

Pigment epithelium 425 Place cells 398 Planck’s law 229 Power law 201, 430 Presbyopia 65, 425 Primary colors 217, 425

Primary visual cortex 19, 26, 103, 121, 123, 326, 384–388, 412, 431, 432

Primates 90, 113–116, 121, 133, 299, 326, 327, 341, 347, 351, 373, 393, 400

Principle of univariance 160, 426 Prism 46, 69, 232, 398, 417, 420, 429 Prosopagnosia 26, 413, 426 Protanopia 289, 426

Proteins 109

Psychophysics 12, 13, 173, 280, 285, 344, 353, 354, 372, 373

Pupil 96, 426

Purity (colorimetric) 426 Purkinje’s phenomenon 151, 426 Purple line 228

Qualia 6, 426

Quantum 156, 409, 426

Radians 426

Radiometry (e, energy units) and Photometry (v, visual) 426

Random dot stereogram Rayleigh criterion 49, 426

Receptive field 117, 118, 120, 314, 363, 427 Receptor, photoreceptor 427

Redundancy 300, 397

Reflection factor, . Spectral reflection factor,( ) 427

Refractive index, n 427 Refractive power, P 427

Related and unrelated colors 313, 427

Related colors 166, 180, 199, 230, 246, 313, 333, 424, 427, 431

Retina 67, 98 Retinal 111, 427

Retinal illuminance 427 Retinex 231, 270–273, 281, 282 Rhodopsin 427

Rod 427

Saccades 89, 428

Saturation (color vision) 428

Scaling 198, 199, 202, 209, 210, 244, 250, 252– 254, 258, 299, 305, 308, 314, 322, 330, 333, 335, 338, 353, 376, 388, 392, 424, 430

Schlemm’s canal 96, 428 Sclera 98, 428

Scotoma 204, 428 Scotopic vision 428 Sensitivity, s 143, 355, 428 Sensory space 428

Shadows 19, 21, 29, 30, 31, 39–41, 98, 181, 182, 262, 276, 349, 428, 432

Simple cells 388, 390, 393, 397 Simultanagnosia 413

Simultaneous contrast 19, 21, 261, 428 Sinusoidal grating 428

Snellen acuity 76, 203 Soma 428

Spatial antagonism 394 Spatial frequency 193, 428 Spatial summation 428 Spectral line 429

Spectral luminous efficiacy, K( ) 429 Spectral luminous efficiency function for

photopic vision; V( ) 429 Spectral opponency 429

Spectral reflection curves 73, 429 Spectral reflection factor; 73, 429 Spectral transmission factor; 74, 429 Spectrophotometer 429

Spectrum 429

Spectrum locus 228, 229, 236, 237, 240, 243, 249