Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Macular Edema A Practical Approach_Coscas, Cunha-Vaz, Loewenstein. Soubrane_2010

Acetazolamide

macular edema management 53 postsurgical cystoid macular edema

management 155, 156

retinitis pigmentosa-associated macular edema management 162, 164

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), macular edema association 18

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) definition 168

evaluation 42–47 macular edema association

clinical findings 171–177 overview 16, 168 pathophysiology 168–171 treatment

corticosteroids 179, 180 photocoagulation 176 photodynamic therapy 178 vascular endothelial growth factor

inhibitors 178, 179 vitrectomy 180

AIDS, see Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AMD, see Age-related macular degeneration Anecortave acetate, juxtascleral delivery 63, 64 Angiotensin II, inflammation mediation 22, 23 ATG3, topical delivery 62

Autoimmune retinopathy, macular edema association 165, 166

Bevacizumab

diabetic macular edema management 90 radiation retinopathy management 185 retinal vein occlusion management 127

Bevasiranib, diabetic macular edema management 91 Biomicroscopy, age-related macular degeneration 172

Blood-retinal barrier (BRB)

extracellular edema and breakdown 2, 3 functional overview 18, 19, 59 histopathology 1, 2

limiting membranes 19, 20 protein retention in breakdown 20

BRB, see Blood-retinal barrier

Brimonidine, biodegradable vitreal implant 70 Bruch’s membrane, age-related macular degeneration

pathophysiology 169

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors macular edema management 52, 53 postsurgical cystoid macular edema

management 15, 155 Choroidal hemangioma, features and

management 192–194

Choroidal melanoma, macular edema association 17, 165

CME, see Cystoid macular edema

Coats disease, macular edema association 17 Corticosteroids

age-related macular degeneration management 179, 180

diabetic macular edema management 85–88 macular edema management 51, 52 postsurgical cystoid macular edema

management 155

radiation retinopathy management 184, 185 retinal vein occlusion management 123–127 uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema

management 142–144

Cystoid macular edema (CME), see also Irvine-Gass syndrome; Postsurgical cystoid macular edema epiretinal membrane 18

features 10–12

fluorescein angiography 4, 11, 12 optical coherence tomography 28–30 pathology 27

phototraumatism 16

uveitis association, see Uveitis Cytotoxic edema 2

Definition, macular edema 1, 10 Dexamethasone, Ozurdex biodegradable

implant 66–69 Diabetic macular edema

classification 13, 74–76 definition 13, 74 diagnosis 80–84 epidemiology 74, 78–80

evaluation 27, 28, 34–37, 76–78 medical care

bevacizumab 90 corticosteroids 85–88 follow-up 104

novel drugs 91 pegaptanib 88, 89

pharmacologic vitreolysis 90, 91 photocoagulation

complications 98–100 focal treatment 95, 96 grid technique 94, 96, 97

light and subthreshold photocoagulation 100 mechanism of action 93

micropulse photocoagulation 100, 101 modified grid photocoagulation 97, 98 overview 92

retinal regeneration therapy 102 selective retina treatment 101, 102 semiautomated patterned scanning laser

photocoagulation 102 timing 93, 94

ranibizumab 89, 90 systemic control 84, 85 triamcinolone acetonide

intravitreal injection 86, 87 peribulbar injection 87

vitrectomy 103, 104 natural history 74 pathogenesis 74 prognosis 104 vascular damage 14, 15

Diamox, uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema management 144

Drug-induced macular edema, features 17, 18

Extracellular edema 2, 3, 21

FA, see Fluorescein angiography FAF, see Fundus autofluorescence FAZ, see Foveal avascular zone Fluocinolone acetonide

Iluvien vitreal implant 66 Retisert vitreal implant 65, 66

Fluorescein angiography (FA)

age-related macular degeneration 42, 43, 172–174 diabetic macular edema 34, 35, 80

Irvine-Gass syndrome 32

macular edema evaluation 3–5, 11, 12, 30, 31 postsurgical cystoid macular edema 151 retinal vein occlusion 39, 116, 117

uveitis 39

uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema 138, 139 Foveal avascular zone (FAZ)

diabetic macular edema 76, 77 features 12

Fundus autofluorescence (FAF), macular edema evaluation 30

Ganciclovir, Retisert vitreal implant 64, 65 Glitazone, macular edema induction 185, 186

Hypertension, control in diabetic macular edema 85

ICGA, see Indocyanine green angiography ILM, see Inner layer membrane Indocyanine green angiography (ICGA)

age-related macular degeneration 43, 174, 175 differential diagnosis utility 31

Irvine-Gass syndrome 32

Infliximab, diabetic macular edema management 91 Inner layer membrane (ILM), peeling for

vitreomacular traction syndrome 186, 190, 191 Interferon-α

macular edema management 54 uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema

management 142 Intracellular edema 1, 2, 21

Intravitreal injection, see Posterior segment drug delivery

Iontophoresis, posterior segment drug delivery 62, 63

Irvine-Gass syndrome evaluation 32–34 features 15, 16

Ischemia

glial cell swelling 24–26 relative ischemia 12

Laser photocoagulation, see Photocoagulation Leukocyte infiltration, inflammation mediation

23

Melanoma, see Choroidal melanoma

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) macular edema management 50, 51 postsurgical cystoid macular edema

management 153–155

NSAIDs, see Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

OCT, see Optical coherence tomography Octreotide

macular edema management 54 uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema

management 144

Ocucure OC-10X, topical delivery 62 Ophthalmoscopy, macular edema evaluation 3 Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

age-related macular degeneration 43–47, 175–177

cystoid macular edema 28–30

diabetic macular edema 35–37, 77, 80–84 Irvine-Gass syndrome 33, 34

macular edema evaluation 5–8 postsurgical cystoid macular edema 151 retinal vein occlusion 39, 117, 118 spectral-domain optical coherence

tomography 5–8

uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema 39, 139–141

vitreomacular traction syndrome 37, 39, 186

Othera OT-551, topical delivery 62

Paclitaxel, macular edema induction 185 Pazopanib, topical delivery 62

PEDF, see Pigment epithelium-derived factor Pegaptanib

diabetic macular edema management 88, 89 retinal vein occlusion management 127

Photocoagulation, see also Vitreolysis age-related macular degeneration

management 176

diabetic macular edema management complications 98–100

focal treatment 95, 96 grid technique 94, 96, 97

light and subthreshold photocoagulation 100 mechanism of action 93

micropulse photocoagulation 100, 101 modified grid photocoagulation 97, 98 overview 92

retinal regeneration therapy 102 selective retina treatment 101, 102 semiautomated patterned scanning laser

photocoagulation 102 timing 93, 94

radiation retinopathy management 184 retinal vein occlusion management

branch retinal vein occlusion 122 central retinal vein occlusion 121, 122

Photodynamic therapy, age-related macular degeneration 178

Phototraumatism, macular edema association 16 Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), diabetic

macular edema management 91, 92 Posterior segment drug delivery

blood-ocular barrier 59 intravitreal injection

implants 64–71 overview 64

self-reporting nanocrystals 71 local delivery

drug types 61, 62 topical 60–62

transcleral/conjunctival 61 transcorneal 60, 61

overview of approaches 59, 60 Postsurgical cystoid macular edema

classification 152 definition 148 diagnosis 150–152

differential diagnosis 152, 153 epidemiology 149 histopathology 149 management

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 155, 156 corticosteroids 155

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 155

prophylaxis 153, 154

sequential management 157, 158 vascular endothelial growth factor

inhibitors 156 vitrectomy 156, 157 vitreolysis 156

pathophysiology 149 prevention 157

risk factors 149, 150 stages 152

Prostaglandins

inflammation mediation 24 macular edema induction 185

Pseudophakic/aphakic macular edema, see Irvine-Gass syndrome

Radiation retinopathy histopathology 183

macular edema association 17 management

bevacizumab 185 corticosteroids 184, 185 photocoagulation 184

risk factors 183, 184 Ranibizumab

diabetic macular edema management 89, 90 retinal vein occlusion management 127, 128

Retinal arterial macroaneurysm, features and management 194–196

Retinal detachment, features and management 191, 192

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) active water transport 20, 21

age-related macular degeneration findings 176, 177

encapsulated cell technology for drug delivery 70, 71

fluid movement 170 metabolism 170

pump stimulators for uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema management 144

Retinal telangiectasia evaluation 41, 42

macular edema association 17 Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)

classification 111, 112 course 115

diagnosis

clinical signs 116

fluorescein angiography 116, 117 optical coherence tomography 117, 118

epidemiology frequency 112, 113 risk factors 113–115

evaluation 37, 39, 118–120 overview 15

treatment intravitreal drugs

corticosteroids 123–127

vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors 127, 128

photocoagulation

branch retinal vein occlusion 122 central retinal vein occlusion 121, 122

prevention of recurrence 128 surgery 122, 123

systemic therapy 128 Retinitis pigmentosa (RP)

cataract surgery 165 macular edema association

course 161 diagnosis 162 epidemiology 161 overview 17 physiopathology 161 treatment

acetazolamide 162, 164 surgery 163, 164

triamcinolone acetonide 162–164 vision degeneration 160, 161

Retisert vitreal implant fluocinolone acetonide 65, 66 ganciclovir 64, 65

RP, see Retinitis pigmentosa

RPE, see Retinal pigment epithelium RVO, see Retinal vein occlusion

SD-OCT, see Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

Sirolimus, diabetic macular edema management 91

Smart Dust, vitreal drug delivery 71 Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

(SD-OCT), principles 5–8

TargeGen 801, topical delivery 61, 62 Tractional myopic vitreoschisis, features and

management 192

Triamcinolone acetonide

diabetic macular edema management intravitreal injection 86, 87 peribulbar injection 87

retinitis pigmentosa-associated macular edema management 162–164

sub-tenon delivery 63

SurModics sustained drug delivery system 69, 70

Uveitis

cystoid macular edema association diagnosis

fluorescein angiography 138, 139 optical coherence tomography 139–141

epidemiology 136, 137 overview 16 pathophysiology 137, 138 treatment

anti-inflammatory drugs 141, 142 corticosteroids 142–144

retinal pigment epithelium pump stimulators 144

surgery 144, 145 evaluation 39

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) age-related macular degeneration

pathophysiology 171 downregulation by steroid therapy 52 inflammation mediation 23, 24 inhibitor therapy

age-related macular degeneration management 178, 179

diabetic macular edema bevacizumab 90 pegaptanib 88, 89 ranibizumab 89, 90

postsurgical cystoid macular edema 156 retinal vein occlusion 127, 128

therapeutic targeting 53, 54 types and receptors 23 vascular leakage induction 24

VEGF, see Vascular endothelial growth factor Vitrectomy

age-related macular degeneration management 180

diabetic macular edema management 103, 104 postsurgical cystoid macular edema

management 156, 157

rationale in macular edema management 54, 55 Vitreolysis, see also Photocoagulation

diabetic macular edema management 90, 91 postsurgical cystoid macular edema

management 156 Vitreomacular traction syndrome

evaluation 39, 41 macular edema

association 18

inner layer membrane peeling 186, 190, 191 mechanisms 54, 55

optical coherence tomography 186 Vitreous, age-related macular degeneration

pathophysiology 170, 171