Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / LASIK and Beyond LASIK Wavefront Analysis and Customized Ablation_Boyd_2001
.pdf
Next
Contents
Editor-in-Chief:
BENJAMIN F. BOYD, M.D., F.A.C.S.
Editors:
SUNITA AGARWAL, M.S.;D.O.;F.S.V.H.
ATHIYA AGARWAL, M.D.;D.O.;F.R.S.H.
AMAR AGARWAL, M.S.;F.R.C.S.;F.R.C.Ophth
i
|
|
|
|
|
Project Director: |
Andres Caballero, Ph.D |
|||
Production Manager: |
Kayra Mejia |
|
|
|
Page Design and Typesetting: |
Kayra Mejia |
|
|
|
|
Laura Duran |
|
|
|
Art Design: |
Eduardo Chandeck |
|||
Spanish Translation: |
Prof. Juan Murube, M.D. |
|||
Sales Manager: |
Tomas Martinez |
|||
Marketing Manager: |
Eric Pinzon |
|
|
|
Customer Service Manager: |
Miroslava Bonilla |
|||
International Communications: |
Joyce Ortega |
|
|
|
©Copyright, English Edition, 2002 by HIGHLIGHTS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY |
||||
All rights reserved and protected by Copyright. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval |
||||
system or transmitted in any form by any means, photocopying, mechanical, recording or otherwise, nor the illustrations |
||||
copied, modified or utilized for projection without |
the prior, written permission of the copyright owner. |
|||
Due to the fact that this book will reach |
ophthalmologists from different countries with different training, |
|||
cultures and backgrounds, the procedures and practices described in this book should be implemented in a manner
consistent with the professional standards set for the circumstances that apply in each specific situation. Every effort |
Contents |
|
|
has been made to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to correctly relate generally accepted practices. |
|
The authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for errors or exclusions or for the outcome of the |
|
application of the material presented herein. There is no expressed or implied warranty for this book or information |
|
imparted by it. |
|
Any review or mention of specific companies or products is not intended as an endorsement by the authors or |
|
the publisher. |
|
Boyd, Benjamin F., M.D.; Agarwal, Sunita, M.S.; Agarwal, Athiya, M.D.; Agarwal, Amar, M.D. |
|
"LASIK and Beyond LASIK - Wavefront Analysis and Customized Ablation" |
|
ISBN Nº 9962-613-04-3 |
|
Published by: Highlights of Ophthalmology Int'l |
|
P.O. Box 6-3299, El Dorado |
|
City of Knowledge |
|
Clayton, Bldg. 207 |
|
Panama, Rep. of Panama |
|
Tel: (507)-317-0160 |
|
FAX: (507)-317-0155 |
|
E-mail: cservice@hophthal.com |
|
Worldwide Web:www.thehighlights.com |
|
Printed in Bogota, Colombia. |
|
You may contact HIGHLIGHTS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY INC., for additional information about other books in this |
|
field or about the availability of our books. |
|
ii
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
BENJAMIN F. BOYD, M.D., D.Sc. (Hon), F.A.C.S.
Doctor Honoris Causa
Immediate Past President, Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis
Honorary Life Member, International Council of Ophthalmology
Editor-in-Chief and Author, HIGHLIGHTS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, 25 Hard Cover Volumes and the 15 million copies of HIGHLIGHTS OF OPHTHALMOLOGY Bi-Monthly Journal.
Recipient of the Duke-Elder International Gold Medal Award (International Council of Ophthalmology), the Barraquer Gold Medal (Barcelona), the First Benjamin F. Boyd Humanitarian Award and Gold Medal for the Americas (Pan American), the Leslie Dana Gold Medal and the National Society for Prevention of Blindness Gold Medal (United States), Moacyr Alvaro Gold Medal (Brazil), the Jorge Malbran Gold Medal (Argentina), the Favaloro Gold Medal (Italy).
Recipient of The Great Cross Vasco Nuñez de Balboa Panama's Highest National Award.
EDITORS
DR. SUNITA AGARWAL, M.S.;D.O.;F.S.V.H. (Germany)
Contents
Pioneer in the world in the field of Laser Cataract Surgery. She heads Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Hospital at Bangalore, India and Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Clinic at Dubai (UAE). She is an expert in the field of Lasik Laser as she is in the field of cataract surgery under No Anesthesia. She has brought out for the first time in the world the use of the Air Pump as a new method to prevent surge and also found out that the internal tube of the phaco machine can lead to endophthalmitis . She practices at Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, 15 Eagle Street, Langford town, Bangalore-560 025, India and at Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Clinic,Villa No.2, Roundhouse 3, Al Wasl Road, Dubai Post box 9168, UAE.
DR. ATHIYA AGARWAL, D.O.;F.R.S.H. (London)
Excellent surgeon who trains ophthalmologists from all over the world in Lasik and Phaco.
She performs No anesthesia cataract surgery, Phakonit and Lasik Laser quite easily. Dr.Athiya is a very good speaker and teaches routinely in various conferences nationally and internationally. She practices at Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, 19 Cathedral Road, Chennai (Madras) – 600 086, India.
DR. AMAR AGARWAL, M.S.;F.R.C.S.;F.R.C.Ophth (London)
Started for the first time in the world "No anesthesia cataract surgery", "Phakonit (cataract removal through a 0.9 mm incision)" and "Favit" a new technique to remove dropped nuclei. He is a very dynamic speaker. He has a double FRCS to his credit. His parents Dr. J. Agarwal and Dr. Mrs.T.Agarwal, Sister Dr.Sunita Agarwal, wife Dr.Athiya Agarwal and Brother-in-law Mr.Pankaj Sondhi help him in his aim to perfection. He practices at Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Hospital, 19 Cathedral Road, Chennai (Madras) – 600 086, India.
Dr.Agarwal’s Eye hospital at Chennai is the only eye hospital in the world built in the shape of an eye and has been included in the Ripley’s Believe it or not series. Dr.Agarwal’s Eye Hospital is at Chennai (India), Bangalore (India) and Dubai. The web site of the hospital is: http://www.dragarwal.com
iii
Contributing Authors
Agarwal, Amar, M.S.,FRCS;FRCOphth
Medical Director,
Dr. Agarwal's Group of Eye Hospital
Chennai, India
Agarwal, J., FORCE;DO;FICS
Chairman,
Dr. Agarwal's Group of Eye Hospital,
Chennai, India;
Bangalore, India;
Dubai (UAE)
Agarwal, Sunita, MS;DO;FSVH
Medical Director;
Dr. Agarwal's Group of Eye Hospital
Bangalore, India
Agarwal, T.; FORCE;DO;FICS
Managing Director,
Dr. Agarwal's Group of Eye Hospital,
Chennai, India;
Bangalore, India;
Dubai (UAE)
Alio, Jorge L., M.D.
Director,
Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante Alicante, Spain
Attia, Walid, M.D.
Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante Alicante, Spain
Avalos U., Guillermo, M.D. |
Carvalho, Luis A., PhD. |
|
Chief, Department of Ophthalmology |
Institute of Physics |
|
Hospital Sagrado Corazon; |
University of Sao Paulo, Brazil |
|
Medical Director, |
|
|
Clinica Laser Oftalmico |
Castro, Jarbas C., PhD. |
|
Guadalajara, Mexico |
Professor, |
|
|
Institute of Physics |
|
Belda, Jose I., M.D. |
University of Sao Paulo, Brazil |
|
Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante |
Contents |
|
Alicante, Spain |
||
Cigales, Melania, M.D. |
||
|
Instituto Oftalmologico de Sabadell |
|
Benelli, Umberto, M.D. |
Sabadell, Spain |
|
Department of Neurosciences |
|
|
Section of Ophthalmology |
Coelho, Etelvino, M.D. |
|
University of Pisa |
Director, Centro de Microcirugia |
|
Pisa, Italy |
Refrativa & Excimer Laser de |
|
|
Minas Gerais |
|
Border, Andrea D., O.D. |
Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil |
|
Discover Vision Centers |
|
|
Kansas City, Missouri |
Coret, Andreu, M.D. |
|
|
Medical Director, |
|
|
Instituto Oftalmologico de Barcelona |
|
Boyd, Benjamin F., M.D., F.A.C.S. |
Barcelona, Spain |
|
Editor-in-Chief, |
|
|
Highlights of Ophthalmology Int., |
Cummings, Arthur, MB, ChB Mmed |
|
Panama, Rep. of Panama |
(Ophth) FCS(SA), FRCS (Edin) |
|
|
Wellington Ophthalmic Laser Clinic |
|
Butler, Jason, M.D. |
Dublin, Ireland |
|
Long Beach Laser Center |
|
|
Long Beach, California |
Charles, Steve, M.D. |
|
|
Clinical Professor |
|
Carriazo E., Cesar, M.D. |
Department of Ophthalmology |
|
Medical and Scientific Director |
University of Tennessee |
|
Carriazo Ophthalmological Center, |
Center of Health Science |
|
Colombia |
Memphis, Tennessee |
iv
|
|
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS |
|
Chamon, Wallace, PhD. |
Hardten, David R., M.D. |
Lindstrom, Richard, M.D. |
|
Refractive Surgery Division |
Director of Refractive Surgery |
Medical |
Director, |
Escola Paulista de Medicina |
Minnesota Eye Consultants; |
Phillips Eye Center for Teaching |
|
University of Sao Paulo, Brazil |
Clinical Associate Professor of |
and Research; |
|
|
Ophthalmology |
Clinical Professor, |
|
Choudhry, Saurabh, D.O., FERC. |
University of Minnesota |
University of Minnesota, |
|
Fellow, Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital, |
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
Minnesota, Minneapolis |
|
Chennai, India |
|
|
|
|
Haw, Weldon, M.D. |
Mahmoud M. Ismail, M.D., Ph.D. |
|
Choudhry, Reena, M., DO.;FERC. |
Cornea & Refractive Surgery, |
University of Al-Azhar, |
|
Fellow, Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital, |
Department of Ophthalmology, |
Cairo, Egypt |
|
Chennai, India |
Stanford University School of Medicine |
|
|
|
Stanford, California |
Manche, Edward E., M.D. |
|
Davis, Elizabeth, A., M.D. |
|
Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology |
|
Associate, |
Hoyos, Jairo E., M.D. |
Stanford University |
|
Minnesota Eye Consultants, PA; |
Medical Director |
School of Medicine |
|
Assistant Clinical Professor |
Instituto Oftalmologico de Sabadell |
Stanford, California |
|
University of Minnesota |
Sabadell, Spain |
|
|
Minneapolis, Minnesota |
|
Martiz, Jaime R., M.D. |
|
|
Hoyos-Chacon, Jairo, M.D. |
Refractive Surgery Consultant; |
|
Denning, James A., B.A., B.S. |
Instituto Oftalmologico de Sabadell |
The Laser Center, Houston, Texas; |
|
Discover Vision Centers |
Sabadell, Spain |
Course Director & President |
|
Kansas City, Missouri |
|
International Lasik Course |
|
|
Katsanevaki, VJ, M.D. |
Houston, Texas |
|
Doane, John F., M.D. |
Department of Ophthalmology |
|
|
Discover Vision Centers |
University of Crete-Medical School |
McDonald, Marguerite, M.D. |
|
Kansas City, Missouri |
Crete, Greece |
Director, |
Contents |
|
|
Southern Vision Institute |
|
EuDaly, Lon S., O.D. |
Knorz, Michael C., M.D. |
New Orleans, Louisiana |
|
Discover Vision Centers |
Klinikum Mannheim |
|
|
Kansas City, Missouri |
Mannheim, Germany |
Morris, Scot, O.D. |
|
|
|
Discover Vision Centers |
|
Feinerman, Gregg, M.D. |
Koch, Paul S., M.D. |
Kansas City, Missouri |
|
Medical Director, |
Koch Eye Associates |
|
|
Feinerman Vision Institute, |
Warwick, Rhode Island |
Murube, Juan, M.D. |
|
Long Beach Laser Center, |
|
Professor of Ophthalmology, |
|
Long Beach, California; |
Krueger, Ronald, M.D. |
University of Alcala; |
|
Assistant Clinical Professor, |
Medical Director, |
Chairman, Dept. of Ophthalmology, |
|
University of California, |
Department of Refractive Surgery, |
Hospital Ramon y Cajal |
|
Irvine, California |
The Cleveland Clinic Foundation |
Madrid, Spain |
|
|
Cole Eye Institute |
|
|
Gatell, Jordi, M.D. |
Cleveland, Ohio |
Narang, Sameer, M.S. |
|
Instituto Oftalmologico de Barcelona |
|
Director, Narang Eye Clinic |
|
Barcelona, Spain |
Lara, Elvira, O.D. |
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India |
|
|
Instituto Oftalmologico de Barcelona |
|
|
Ginis, HS., BSc |
Barcelona, Spain |
Narang, Priya, M.S. |
|
Department of Ophthalmology |
|
Director, Narang Eye Clinic |
|
University of Crete-Medical School |
Lavery, Frank, MCh FRCSI FRCS |
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India |
|
Crete, Greece |
(Edin) DOMS |
|
|
|
Wellington Ophthalmic Laser Clinic |
Narasimhan, Smita, M.B.B.S.,FERC |
|
Gomez, Javier J., M.D. |
Dublin, Ireland |
Consultant, Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital, |
|
Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante |
|
Chennai, India |
|
Alicante, Spain |
|
|
|
v
CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS |
|
|
|
Nardi, Marco, M.D. |
Preetha R., M.B.B.S; FERC |
Simon-Castellvi, Jose Ma., M.D. |
|
Associate Professor |
Fellow, Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital, |
Clinica Oftalmologica Simon, |
|
Department of Neurosciences |
Chennai, India |
Barcelona, Spain |
|
Section of Ophthalmology |
|
|
|
University of Pisa |
Probst, Louis E., M.D. |
Simon-Castellvi, Sarabel, M.D. |
|
Pisa, Italy |
Medical Director, |
Clinica Oftalmologica Simon, |
|
|
TLC The Windsor Laser Eye Center, |
Barcelona, Spain |
|
Nguyen, Kim, M.D. |
Windsor, Ontario, Canada |
|
|
Long Beach Laser Center |
|
Slade, Stephen G., M.D. |
|
Long Beach, California |
Sasikanth, RR., MD |
The Laser Center, |
|
|
Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital |
Houston, Texas |
|
Oliveira, Canrobert, M.D. |
Chennai, India |
|
|
Director, Hospital de Olhos de Brasilia |
|
Viera de Carvalho, Luis A., PhD. |
|
Brasilia, DF Brazil |
Schor, Paulo, PhD, M.D. |
Professor, |
|
|
Bioengineering Division |
University of Sao Paulo |
|
Pallikaris, Ioannis G., M.D. |
Escola Paulista de Medicina |
Brazil |
|
Department of Ophthalmology |
University of Sao Paulo |
|
|
University of Crete-Medical School |
Sao Paulo, Brazil |
Waring, George, M.D. |
|
Crete, Greece |
|
Professor of Ophthalmology |
|
|
|
Emory University; |
|
Parul, Goel, M.S., F.E.R.C. |
Shalaby, Ahmad, M., M.D. |
Co-Founder |
|
Consultant, Dr. Agarwal's Eye Hospital, |
Instituto Oftalmologico de Alicante |
Emory Vision Correction Center |
|
Chennai, India |
Alicante, Spain |
Atlanta, Georgia |
|
Perez-Santoja, Juan J., M.D. |
Simon-Castellvi, Cristina, M.D. |
Werner, Leonardo P., M.D. |
Contents |
Refractive Surgery and Cornea Unit |
Clinica Oftalmologica Simon, |
Department of Ophthalmology, |
|
Alicante Institute of Ophthalmology |
Barcelona, Spain |
São Geraldo Eye Hospital, |
|
Miguel Hernandez University |
|
Federal University of Minas Gerais |
|
School of Medicine |
Simon-Castellvi, Guillermo L., M.D. |
and the "Instituto Vizibelli" |
|
Alicante, Spain |
University of Barcelona, |
Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil |
|
|
Faculty of Medicine, |
|
|
Peters, Tim, M.D. |
Dept. of Ophthalmology; |
Wilson, Steven E., M.D. |
|
Nationwide Vision Laser & Eye Center, |
Chief Anterior Segment Surgeon, |
Chair, Department of Ophthalmology, |
|
Clinical Lecturer, |
Clinica Oftalmologica Simon, |
and Professor of Vision Research |
|
University of Arizona |
Barcelona, Spain |
University of Washington |
|
Phoenix, Arizona |
|
Seattle, Washington |
|
vi
Contents
SECTION I - LASIK
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF DIAGNOSIS, CORNEAL MAPPING,
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF EXCIMER LASERS
CHAPTER 1 |
CHAPTER 3 |
UNDERSTANDING REFRACTIVE LASERS |
EVALUATION OF THE LASIK FLAP BY |
|
CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY |
Therapeutic Principles of Excimer Lasers |
1 |
Advances in Excimer Laser Technology |
2 |
Scanning Lasers |
2 |
Eye Tracking Systems |
6 |
How the Corneal Tissues are Affected in |
|
LASIK vs Incisional Keratotomy |
6 |
CHAPTER 2 |
|
FUNDAMENTALS ON |
|
CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY |
|
Introduction: Human Optics and the |
|
Normal Cornea |
9 |
Instruments to Measure the Corneal Surface |
10 |
Causes of Artefacts of the Corneal |
|
Topography Map |
14 |
Understanding and Reading Corneal Topography 15 |
|
Topographic Scales |
16 |
Computer Displays: Presentation of |
|
Topographic Information |
16 |
Special Software Applications and Displays |
23 |
ATLAS OF CORNEAL TOPOGRAPHY |
31-42 |
TOPOGRAPHERS NOW AVAILABLE |
43 |
Frequent Problems With the Flap |
61 |
What is Confocal Microscopy? |
61 |
Confocal Microscopy Procedure |
62 |
Results |
62 |
The Importance of Confocal Microscopy to the |
|
Sands of Sahara’s Syndrome |
63 |
How to Prevent Sands of Sahara Syndrome |
63 |
CHAPTER 4
PREDICTIVE FORMULAS FOR LASIK
The Predictive Formulas Main Components |
65 |
Developing Individualized Predictive Formulas |
65 |
The Healing Pattern of the Cornea |
65 |
Excimer Laser Ablation Nomograms for: |
|
Photorefractive Keratectomy |
66 |
LASIK |
66 |
Predictive Formulas for LASIK with: |
67 |
VISX S2 SmoothScan |
68 |
Chiron Technolas 116 |
69 |
Technolas 217 Excimer Laser |
70 |
Contents
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Subjects Index
Help ?
vii
CONTENTS
SECTION II - LASIK
HIGHLIGHTS OF SURGICAL INSTRUMENTATION (MICROKERATOMES)
AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES
CHAPTER 5 |
CHAPTER 9 |
MICROKERATOMES |
LIMITATIONS AND |
|
CONTRAINDICATIONS OF LASIK |
Different Mechanical Components |
78-80 |
Applanation Lenses |
80 |
Tonometer |
80 |
Guidelines for Microkeratome Use |
80 |
Astigmatism Inductions by Hinge Ablation |
86 |
Free Cap |
87 |
The Main Microkeratomes: |
87-99 |
Outline |
|
Description |
|
How to Use Them |
|
CHAPTER 6
AUTOMATIC CORNEAL SHAPER
Note from the Editor-in-Chief |
101 |
Different Components & Instrumentation |
101-3 |
Surgical Technique Step by Step |
104-5 |
Troubleshooting |
105 |
Care, Handling & Sterilization |
107 |
CHAPTER 7 |
|
DOWN UP LASIK |
|
Setting up of the Hansatome |
109 |
Care, Maintenance & Sterilization |
112 |
Troubleshooting |
114 |
Surgical Technique Step by Step |
114 |
Advantages & Disadvantages |
114 |
CHAPTER 8 |
|
ALL LASER LASIK With the |
|
Pulsion FS Laser |
|
Preoperative Evaluation |
119 |
Surgical Logistics |
120 |
Surgical Technique Step by Step |
120-4 |
Postoperative Care |
125 |
Preoperative Evaluation |
127 |
Special Cases |
134 |
LASIK after IOL Implantation |
134 |
Bilateral Simultaneous vs. Sequential Surgery |
134 |
LASIK after RK |
134 |
Alternatives to LASIK |
135 |
PRK |
135 |
Refractive Lensectomy |
135 |
Phakic Intraocular Lens |
136 |
Thermokeratoplasty (LTK) |
136 |
CHAPTER 10
LASIK SURGICAL TECHNIQUE
Patient Selection |
139 |
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION |
140 |
The Patient |
140 |
The Instruments |
140 |
The Laser |
140 |
The Keratome |
141 |
The Surgeon |
142 |
PREPARATION IN OPERATING ROOM |
142 |
Draping |
142 |
Speculum |
142 |
Positioning the Patient |
143 |
THE LASIK PROCEDURE |
143 |
Marking |
143 |
Placement of the Suction Ring |
143 |
The Microkeratome Cut |
144 |
Laser Ablation |
145 |
Replacing the Flap |
146 |
Intraoperative Bleeding in LASIK |
148 |
Postoperative Care |
150 |
Home Care Instructions |
150 |
Contents
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Subjects Index
Help ?
viii
CHAPTER 11
PEARLS IN LASIK TECHNIQUE
Patient Counseling |
151 |
Achieving Adequate Exposure |
151 |
Achieve and Confirm Adequate Suction |
152 |
Create a Complete Flap |
153 |
|
CONTENTS |
Maintain Consistent Hydration |
153 |
Perform the Appropriate Ablation |
154 |
Prevent and Remove Debris from |
|
Beneath the Flap |
155 |
Properly Align the Flap |
156 |
Achieve Good Flap Adhesion |
157 |
Avoid and Treat Loose Epithelium |
157 |
Conclusion |
158 |
SECTION III
LASIK IN COMPLEX CASES
CHAPTER 12
LASIK FOR HYPEROPIA
Technique, Safety and Efficacy |
161 |
Hyperopic Correction using the Excimer Laser |
162 |
Patient Selection and Preoperative Considerations163 |
|
Technique |
164 |
Clinical Results |
164 |
Secondary Hyperopia |
165 |
Hyperopia with Astigmatism |
165 |
CHAPTER 13
LASIK FOR IRREGULAR ASTIGMATISM
Etiology of Irregular Astigmatism |
169 |
Diagnosis |
170 |
Clinical Classification |
170 |
Corneal Topography Patterns |
170 |
1.Irregular astigmatism with defined pattern 170
2.Irregular astigmatism with undefined
pattern |
171 |
Preoperative Evaluation |
171 |
Treatment of Irregular Astigmatism |
175 |
Surgical Techniques with Excimer Laser |
175 |
Automated Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty |
184 |
Intracorneal Ring Segments (INTACS) |
184 |
Other Non-Surgical Procedures |
184 |
Contact Lens Management |
184 |
CHAPTER 14
LASIK IN MIXED ASTIGMATISM
Classification |
187 |
Simple Myopic Astigmatism |
187 |
Compound Myopic Astigmatism |
188 |
Simple Hyperopic Astigmatism |
188 |
Compound Hyperopic Astigmatism |
188 |
Mixed Astigmatism |
189 |
Negative Cylinder Ablation to Treat |
|
Mixed Astigmatism |
189 |
Positive Cylinder Ablation to Treat |
|
Mixed Astigmatism |
190 |
Bitoric Ablation to Treat Mixed Astigmatism 190
Results of Lasik in Mixed Astigmatism |
192 |
Conclusion |
192 |
CHAPTER 15 |
|
RELASIK |
|
Procedure |
195 |
Results |
196 |
Discussion |
198 |
CHAPTER 16 |
|
LASIK AFTER RK AND PRK |
|
Results of LASIK After RK and PRK |
201 |
RK Group |
202 |
PRK Group |
203 |
Discussion |
204 |
CHAPTER 17
LASIK AFTER PENETRATING
KERATOPLASTY
Eligible Patients |
208 |
Timing of Surgery |
208 |
Surgical Technique |
209 |
Postoperative Treatment |
209 |
Risks and Possible Complications |
210 |
Results |
210 |
Conclusions |
212 |
Contents
Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Subjects Index
Help ?
ix