Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Handbook of Pediatric Strabismus and Amblyopia_Wright, Spiegel, Thompson_2006

Retrobulbar anesthetic blocks, 42 Rheumatoid arthritis, as Brown’s

syndrome cause, 315, 316 Richmond pseudoisochromatic plates,

13

Rivalry, retinal, 81, 82 Rotation, ocular

limitation of, 325 physiology of, 61–67

cycloduction, 62 Donder’s law of, 61–62 Listing’s law of, 61–62 pseudotorsion, 62

Sherrington’s law of reciprocal innervation, 63–64

synergist muscles, 64 Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, 469

S

Saccade initiation failure, 432– 435 acquired, 432, 433

congenital, 432, 433 Saccades, 29–30

abnormalities of, 429 amplitude of, 29 command-generated, 425 definition of, 29

evaluation of, 328–329, 425 preoperative, 328

involuntary, 425 memory-guided, 425 in neonates, 7, 105

normal development of, 7 optokinetic nystagmus-based

evaluation of, 30, 226–227 physiology of, 426– 429 reflex, 425

elicitation of, 429

smooth pursuit eye movements versus, 29–30

spontaneous, 425

upward, brainstem pathways in, 437

voluntary, 425 Saccadic omission, 30

Saccadic velocity measurement, 169, 171

for differentiated of restriction from paresis, 327–329

of lateral rectus muscle function, 354

Schiotz tonometer, 16

Scleral buckling procedure, as strabismus cause, 346, 347

Scotomas

large, Worth 4-dot test in, 200 suppression, 107

Bagolini striated lenses test in, 203

facultative, 180

large-scale strabismus-related, 188, 189

monofixation syndromerelated, 179–182

red filter test in, 194 vectograph examination of,

214

Worth 4-dot test in, 202

Sedation

contraindication in adjustment suture technique, 396

during intraocular pressure measurement, 17

during keratometry, 17

during slit-lamp examination, 16 of uncooperative patients, 4

Sedatives, exotropia-inducing effect of, 266

Semicircular canals, 424 – 425

Sensory adaptations, to strabismus, 85, 174 –216

definition of, 174

sensory tests for, 141, 190–216 afterimage test, 209–212 diplopia tests, 190–204 four base-out test, 212,

214 –216

haploscopic tests, 204 –212 vectographic tests, 212,

213–214

visually immature, 174, 178–190, 178–216

anomalous retinal correspondence, 182–188

horror fusionis, 188–190 large retinal suppression, 188,

189

monofixation syndrome (peripheral fusion), 172–182

prolonged visual plasticity, 190 visually mature, 174 –178

confusion, 177–178 diplopia, 174 –177

Sensory fusion, in binocular vision, 70–83

binocular cortical cells in, 70, 71 corresponding retinal points in,

70–71

Sensory fusion, in binocular vision (Continued)

definition of, 70 disparate images in, 72

empirical horopter in, 71, 72, 73, 74 –75

noncorresponding retinal points in, 72, 73

Panum’s fusional area in, 72, 73, 74 stereoacuity testing in, 76–80 stereoscopic vision in, 72, 74 –75 Vieth-Müller circle in, 71, 72

Sensory tests, 141, 190–216 afterimage test, 209–212 diplopia tests, 190–204

four base-out test, 212, 214 –216 haploscopic tests, 204 –212 vectographic tests, 212, 213–214

Setting sun sign, 437 Sherrington’s law of reciprocal

innervation, 63–64, 171, 331–332, 352, 391

Silicone frontalis sling procedure, 364 Simultaneous prism cover test,

155–157

Sinus disease, cavernous, as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 352

Sinusitis, as Brown’s syndrome cause, 315, 316

Sinus surgery, as medial rectus muscle injury cause, 365, 366–367

Skiascopy rack, 20 Slip lamps, portable, 3

Slipped muscles, in strabismus surgery, 53, 55–56

Slit lamp examination, 16 Smooth pursuit, 425, 429– 430

accurate, as visual development milestone, 106

in neonates, 7, 105–106 neural pathways for, 429– 430 purpose of, 429

saccadic eye movements versus, 29–30

Smooth pursuit asymmetry, 105–106 infantile/congenital esotropia-

related, 106, 225

Snellen acuity, comparison with contrast acuity, 13

Snellen letters, 11–12, 109 Spectacles

hypermetropic, for infantile/ congenital esotropia correction, 232

for hypermetropic accommodative esotropia correction, 244 –246 indications for prescription of, 127,

128

polarized, as haploscopic devices, 77–78

prescription guidelines for, 522–524 strabismic deviation measurement

through, 527 Spin test, 431, 442 Spiral of Tillaux, 30

Split-tendon lengthening procedure, superior oblique, 289, 414

Split-tendon transposition procedures Hummelsheim procedure, 353, 354,

355, 365, 369, 404, 405, 406, 419 Jensen procedure, 404, 405

Squinting

to bright light. See Photophobia strabismus-related, 84

Starling’s length-tension curve, 388, 389, 390

Stereoacuity

from binocular retinal fields, 75 from central field, 75 high-grade, 81

quantification of, 78 Stereoacuity testing, 76–80

contour, 77, 78–79 random dot, 79–80

Stereopsis

intermittent exotropia surgeryrelated loss of, 274

normal development of, 7 Stereoscopic resolution, 78 Stereoscopic vision, 72, 74 –75 Steroids, as myasthenia gravis

treatment, 476– 477

Stimulation, active, of amblyopic eyes, 132–133

Strabismus acquired

as confusion cause, 177–178 prognosis for, 138–139

as amblyopia cause, 109, 110 fixation preference testing for,

119–122

pathophysiologic mechanisms of, 110, 113

vertical prism testing for, 122–125

angle of, measurement of. See Ocular deviations, measurement of

Strabismus (Continued) small-angle, monofixation

syndrome associated with, 179, 201

as squinting cause, 84 torsional, rectus muscle

transposition surgery for, 406– 407

vertical, 87–88 V-pattern

arrow, 285, 286

bilateral superior oblique paresis-related, 296, 297

craniosynostosis-related, 369 definition of, 284 ET-pattern, 284

treatment of, 287–289 XT-pattern, 284 Y-pattern, 285

Strabismus examination. See Motor examination, ocular

Strabismus fixus, 232, 339 acquired, 351 myopic, 351–352

Strabismus surgery, 388– 422 complications of

slipped or lost rectus muscle, 418– 419

stretched insertion scar, 419 effect on astigmatic correction,

523

Faden procedure, 333, 399– 402 inferior oblique muscle weakening

procedures, 407– 411

anterior transposition, 407– 410 extirpation-denervation, 407 graded recession-

anteriorization, 410– 411 myotomy, 407

recession, 407, 408 muscle recession procedures,

388–396

adjustable suture technique in, 394 –396

hang-back technique in, 393–394, 396

as incomitant strabismus treatment, 332

inferior oblique muscle, 311, 391, 407, 408

inferior rectus muscle, 37, 337 lateral rectus muscle, 274 –275,

287, 288, 373

rectus muscle, 388–391

Starling’s length-tension curve in, 388, 389, 390

muscle shortening procedures, 396–399

plications, 396, 398–399 resections, 396, 397 tucks, 396, 397–398

muscle transposition procedures, 402– 407

anteriorization, inferior oblique, 45– 47, 311–312, 327, 407– 410

complications of, 406

of horizontal rectus muscle, 287–288, 289, 308, 403, 407

inferior oblique anteriorization, 45– 47, 311–312, 327, 373, 407– 410

for rectus muscle palsy, 404 – 406

for small vertical deviations, 403

for torsion, 406– 407

in myotonic dystrophy, 488 recession-resection (“R and R”)

procedure, 399

superior oblique muscle tightening procedures, 411– 414

full-tendon tuck or plication, 413– 414

Harada-Ito procedures, 412– 413

superior oblique muscle weakening procedures, 414 – 418

dissociated vertical deviationexacerbating effect of, 308, 414 – 418

tenotomy, 415– 416

for unilateral inferior oblique paresis, 305–306

Wright superior oblique tendon expander, 415, 416– 418

Stroke, as dorsal midbrain syndrome cause, 436, 437

Superior colliculi, 426 Superior oblique muscle

actions of, 27, 40 anatomic insertion of, 27 anatomy of, 40– 42

arc of contact of, 27 field of action of, 28, 29 length of, 27

origin of, 27

Superior oblique muscle (Continued) palsies of

abnormal head posturing associated with, 374

traumatic, 304

vertical fusion vergence amplitude in, 98

pareses of, 294 –299

bilateral, 296–297, 304, 305 Brown’s syndrome-related, 319 congenital, 295, 300–302

as “fallen eye” cause, 297–298 head tilt associated with, 295 head tilt test in, 294 –295, 296 infantile esotropia associated

with, 220

as inhibitional palsy of the contralateral antagonist, 298–299

right, 291

tenotomyor tenectomyrelated, 317

traumatic, 296, 297, 299–300 treatment of, 302–304, 305 unilateral, 294 –295, 296, 297,

303 V-pattern, 310

tendon fibers of, 41– 42 underaction of, craniosynostosis-

related, 369

Superior oblique muscle overaction, 306–308

adduction elevation deficits associated with, 306, 316 A-(lambda) pattern, 306, 307

with A- or V-pattern strabismus, 288

with binocular vision, 288–289 clinical features of, 306–307 differential diagnosis of, 306, 307 inferior oblique paresis versus, 299 intermittent exotropia-related, 275 isolated inferior oblique paresis-

related, 304 –305, 308

superior oblique muscle weakening procedures for, 414

treatment of. See Superior oblique muscle weakening procedures

Superior oblique muscle tightening procedures, 411– 414

full-tendon tuck or plication, 413– 414

Harada-Ito procedures, 412– 413 Superior oblique muscle tuck, 303–304

Superior oblique muscle weakening procedures, 308, 414 – 418

dissociated vertical deviationexacerbating effect of, 308

tenotomy, 415– 416

for unilateral inferior oblique paresis, 305–306

Wright superior oblique tendon expander, 275–276, 289, 305–306, 308, 391, 415, 416– 418

Superior oblique tendon anatomic relationship with

trochlea, 42, 43, 44 functional divisions of, 411, 412

tight, as Brown’s syndrome cause, 315

Superior oblique tendon lengthening procedures

as congenital Brown’s syndrome treatment, 317

split-tendon, 289, 414

Superior oblique tendon recession, 391 Superior oblique tendon silicone

expander. See Wright superior oblique tendon silicone expander

Superior oblique tendon transfer, as cranial nerve II palsy treatment, 363

Superior rectus muscle actions of, 27, 36 anatomic insertion of, 27

anatomic relationship with levator palpebrae, 36

anatomy of, 35, 36, 37 arc of contact of, 27 length of, 27

Marcus Gunn jaw-winking-related palsy of, 468– 469

origin of, 27 transposition of, 407 weakness of, 439

yoke muscle function of, 66 Superior rectus muscle recession

as dissociated vertical deviation treatment, 373

as lid fissure widening cause, 36 as upper lid retraction cause, 36 Superior rectus muscle resection, as lid

fissure narrowing cause, 36 Suppression, tests for, 212–216

amblyoscope testing, 206

red filter test, 193, 194, 195–196 vertical prism red filter test, 196,

197, 198 Supraduction, 27

Vertical gaze, transient abnormalities of, 438– 439

Vertical prism red filter test, 196, 197, 198

Vertical prism test, 122–125 Vertical rectus muscles. See also

Inferior rectus muscle; Superior rectus muscle

action of, 27–28 actions of, 35–36

anatomic relationship with inferior oblique muscle, 40, 41

anatomy of, 35–38

palsy of, three-step test for, 292 removal of, as hypoperfusion

cause, 59, 60 transposition of, 406, 407

as cranial nerve VI palsy treatment, 345

Vertical retraction syndrome, 339, 467– 468

Vestibular apparatus, role in eye movements, 424 – 425

Vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR), 65 assessment of, 425, 431 cancellation of, 425 dampening of, 9

in saccade initiation failure, 434 Vieth-Müller circle, 71, 72

Viral infections

as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 445

as Guillain-Barré syndrome cause, 457– 458

Vision screening, 125–129

red reflex test in, 125, 126–129 Vistech wall chart, 14

Visual acuity

at birth, 103 development of

age-related improvement in, 103, 104

critical period of, 103 requirements for, 104, 105

neonatal development of, 103 Visual acuity testing

in latent nystagmus, 123, 125 preverbal, 6–11, 140

verbal, 11–13, 140–141

Visual axis, 24, 25

Visual development, 103–137 abnormal, 107–125

cortical sensory adaptation in, 111

cortical suppression-related, 107–108

critical period for, 109 developmental milestones in,

106–107

normal, 7, 103–105 binocular, 104 –105

cortical sensory adaptation in, 111

monocular, 103

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) pattern (PVEP), 9, 10–11

effect of cortical suppression on, 107, 108

in strabismus-related cortical activity suppression, 190

Visual field testing, 12 automated, 12

Visual loss/impairment, unilateral, as sensory exotropia cause, 280–281 Visual maturation, delayed, 106–107

Visuscope, 119

W

Worth 4-dot test, 180, 182

in large regional suppression, 189 as partial haploscopic test, 205 stimulus angle for, 202

Wright, Kenneth W., 118 Wright figures, 3, 11, 118, 141

Wright rectus muscle plication, 59, 60, 398–399

Wright superior oblique tendon silicone expander, 275–276, 289, 305–306, 308, 391, 415, 416– 418

as Brown’s syndrome treatment, 313, 317–319

X

X-pattern strabismus, 286–287

Y

Y axis of Flick, 88

Y-splitting procedure, 362