Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Handbook of Pediatric Strabismus and Amblyopia_Wright, Spiegel, Thompson_2006

Horizontal rectus muscles (Continued) anatomy of, 32–35

Duane’s syndrome-related cocontraction of, 24 transposition of, 403, 407

as A- or V-pattern strabismus treatment, 287–288, 289

as superior oblique muscle overaction treatment, 308

Horror fusionis, 188–190 HOTV letters, 11, 14, 118

Hummelsheim procedure, 404, 405, 406, 419

for cranial nerve VI palsy, 353, 354, 355

for medial rectus hypoplasia, 365, 369

for medial rectus muscle injury, 365

modifications of, 354, 406

for monocular elevation deficit syndrome, 342

Hydrocephalus

dorsal midbrain syndrome associated with, 436, 438

internuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with, 441

setting sun sign associated with, 437

Hypermetropia amblyopia-related, 115–116

bilateral, spectacles use in, 127, 128 infantile/congenital esotropia-

related, 223–224, 225

with overconvergence, as infantile esotropia cause, 219

Hyperopia

high, lens-based correction of, 522–523

infantile/congenital esotropiarelated, 224 –225

in neonates, 522 Hypertropia, 87

bilateral superior oblique paresisrelated, 296, 297

cover/uncover test for, 150–151 dissociated vertical deviation-

related, 370 Hirschberg test for, 146 left, 87–88

diplopic image in, 177 oblique muscle palsy-related,

292–294 prism-induced, 92

rectus muscle palsy-related, 292–294

right, 87–88

superior oblique paresis-related, 302–303

true, 370

vertical vergence-based control of, 95

Hypoaccommodation, cranial nerve III palsy-related, 362

Hypotonia, in saccade initiation failure, 434

Hypotropia, 87

cranial nerve III palsy-related, 362, 363

I

I-ARM acronym, for pediatric screening examination, 125, 126

Illiterate E game, 11, 14, 118, 141 Image jump, 79, 90, 91 Immunizations

as cranial nerve III palsy cause, 452 as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 352

Immunosuppressive therapy, for myasthenia gravis, 476– 477

Incycloduction, 27 Incyclotropia, 88

foveal location in, 89 Induced convergence retraction,

435– 438

Induced tropia test, 122–125 Infarction, as cranial nerve III palsy

cause, 452

Infections, as Guillain-Barré syndrome cause, 457– 458

Inferior oblique muscle actions of, 27, 42, 45 anatomic insertion of, 27

anatomic relationship with inferior rectus muscle, 36–37,

38–39

lateral rectus muscle, 34 –35 vertical rectus muscle, 40, 41

anatomy of, 40, 41, 42, 45– 47 arc of contact of, 27

field of action of, 28 length of, 27

origin of, 27 palsies of

adduction deficits associated with, 306, 316

eye movement limitations in, 29

Inferior oblique muscle (Continued) pareses of

isolated, 304 –305 unilateral, 305–306

pseudo-overaction, 310 tendon length of, 34 weakness of, 439

yoke muscle function of, 66 Inferior oblique muscle overaction,

308–312

with A- or V-pattern strabismus, 288

bilateral asymmetrical, 311 craniosynostosis-related, 369 differentiated from dissociated

vertical deviation, 370 dissociated vertical deviation-

related, 373 infantile/congenital esotropia-

related, 225, 370

intermittent exotropia-related, 275 mimickers of, 310–311

primary, 308–310

differentiated from secondary inferior oblique overaction, 309–310

V-pattern, 309, 311 Y-pattern, 309–310, 311

superior oblique paresis versus, 299 treatment of. See Inferior oblique

muscle weakening procedures unilateral asymmetrical, 311

Inferior oblique muscle recession, 311, 391, 407, 408

Inferior oblique muscle weakening procedures, 311–312, 407– 411

anteriorization (anterior transposition), 45– 47, 311–312, 407– 410

as dissociated vertical deviation treatment, 373

graded anteriorization technique of, 47

J-deformity associated with, 46– 47, 312, 409, 410

as ocular restriction cause, 46– 47, 327

extirpation-denervation, 407 graded recession-anteriorization,

410– 411 myotomy, 407

recession, 311, 391, 407, 408 Inferior rectus muscle

actions of, 27, 36

anatomic insertion of, 27 anatomic relationship with inferior

oblique muscle, 36–37, 38–39 anatomy of, 30, 36–38

fascial connections, 36–37, 38–39

aplasia of, 365, 368 arc of contact of, 27 hypoplasia of, 365, 368 length of, 27

lost, 37 origin of, 27

paresis of, left, 290

tight, double elevator palsy-related, 340, 341

transposition of, 406– 407 Inferior rectus muscle recession

lid changes associated with, 37 in thyroid strabismus, 337

Inferior rectus muscle resection, lid changes associated with, 37

Inflammation, as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 443, 446

Infraduction, 27

Infrared eye trackers, 328 Infraversion, 67

Ing, Malcolm, 235

Inhibitional palsy of the contralateral antagonist, 298–299

Inhibitory burst neurons (IBNs), 426– 427, 429

Intermuscular septum, 53, 54 Internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 440– 441 Interpupillary distance

effect on stereoacuity, 78 relationship with convergence, 161

Interstitial nucleus of Cajal, lesions of, 372

Intorsion, retinal, 167 Intrafacial synkinesis, 469 Intraocular pressure (IOP)

elevated, 16

ocular restriction-related, 331 measurement of, 16–17 propofol-related decrease in, 4, 5,

17

Iris, vascular supply to, 58–59 Ischemia, of the anterior segment,

59–60, 354, 406

J

J-deformity, 46– 47, 312, 409, 410 Jensen procedure, 404, 405 Joubert syndrome, 339

K

Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 481– 485 chronic progressive external

ophthalmoplegia associated with, 482– 484

cranial nerve palsy associated with, 456

Keratometry, 17 Kestenbaum-Anderson-Parks procedure,

376–378

Klippel-Feil syndrome, 359 Koerber-Salus-Elschnig syndrome, 435 Krimsky light reflex test, 149, 150, 227,

524, 527

L

Lancaster Red/Green test, 164 –165, 166–167, 204 –205

Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), in amblyopia, 110, 111, 113–114, 190

Lateral rectus muscle actions of, 27, 32

anatomic insertion of, 27 vertical displacement of, 32

anatomic relationship with inferior oblique muscle, 34 –35

anatomy of, 30, 34 –35

in anterior segment blood circulation, 59

arc of contact of, 27, 34 congenital aberrant innervation of,

285

in cranial nerve VI palsy, 354 Duane’s syndrome-related

cocontraction of, 355–356, 357 infraplacement of, 275–276

with intermuscular septum and check ligaments, 54

“leash effect” of, 286 length of, 27

lost, 34 –35

myopic strabismus fixus-related slippage of, 351

origin of, 27 recession of

as A-pattern strabismus treatment, 287, 288 bilateral, as intermittent

exotropia treatment, 274–275 ipsilateral, as dissociated

horizontal deviation treatment, 373

tendon length of, 34

yoke muscle function of, 65, 66

LEA figures, 11, 118 Lens gradient method, of

accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio) measurement, 161–162, 163–164

Lens implants, ultraviolet protection for, 524

Levator palpebrae, anatomic relationship with superior rectus muscle, 36

Levodopa/carbidopa, as amblyopia treatment, 132

Levoversion, 67 Lid fissure

narrowing of, 24

Duane’s syndrome-related, 356–357

inferior rectus muscle recession-related, 37

ocular restriction-related, 331 widening of, 24

inferior rectus muscle recession-related, 37

rectus muscle paresis-related, 331–332

Lidocaine, myotoxic effects of, 343 Lid retraction, in dorsal midbrain

syndrome, 436 Lid speculum, 4

wire, 3

Light occlusion, bilateral, as amblyopia treatment, 131–132

Light reflex tests, 144 –150 angle kappa, 145–149 Brückner test, 15, 126, 127,

149–150, 249, 358

Hirschberg test, 144 –145, 146, 147, 152

Krimsky test, 149, 150, 227, 524, 527

Line of sight, angle kappa of, 145–146 Listing’s law, 61–62

Listing’s plane, 61

Local anesthetics, myotoxic effects of, 343, 345–346

Lockwood’s ligament, 37, 38, 39, 45 Long-lead burst neurons (LLBNs), role

in saccadic eye movements, 429

M

Macular degeneration, color vision assessment in, 12

Maculopathy, ultraviolet protection in, 524

Maddox rod test, 88, 165, 167, 190, 204 in congenital superior oblique

palsy, 301, 302 double, 165, 167 single, 165

in superior oblique overaction, 307 Marcaine, myotoxic effects of, 343 Marcus Gunn jaw-winking

phenomenon, 341, 468– 469 Duane’s syndrome-related, 359

Marin-Amat syndrome, 470 M cells, 373

Measles, as Guillain-Barré syndrome cause, 457– 458

Medial longitudinal fasciculus lesions, 440– 441

Medial rectus muscle actions of, 27, 32, 33

anatomic insertion of, 27 vertical displacement of, 32

anatomy of, 30, 34 arc of contact of, 27

in Cianci’s syndrome, 229, 231 Duane’s syndrome-related

cocontraction of, 355–356 endoscopic sinus surgery-related

injury to, 365, 366–367 in Faden procedure, 400 length of, 27

lost, 56 origin of, 27

tendon length of, 34

tight, Möbius syndrome-related, 364 –365

yoke muscle function of, 65, 66 Medial rectus muscle recession,

390–391 bilateral, 304

asymmetrical, 333

as congenital esotropia treatment, 232–242

as partially accommodative esotropia treatment, 247–252

right, 332–333

as Möbius syndrome treatment, 365

Medial rectus muscle shortening, right, 396–397

Medulloblastomas, as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 443

Megacolon, Hirschsprung, 469 Meningitis

cranial nerve VI palsy associated with, 352, 443

internuclear ophthalmoplegia associated with, 441

Mesencephalic-diencephalic junction lesions, 435

Mesencephalic reticular formation, 430 Micrognathia, Möbius syndrome-

related, 364

Microtropias, binocular fixation preference testing in, 8

Migraine headaches

as esotropia cause, 443– 444 ophthalmoplegic, 455– 456

Miller Fisher syndrome, 441, 457, 458– 459

relapsing, 459 Miotics

as accommodative esotropia treatment, 252–254

side effects of, 253–254 Misoprostol, as Möbius syndrome risk

factor, 364

Möbius syndrome, 364 –365 differentiated from infantile/

congenital esotropia, 219, 220 Monocular depth perception, 80–81 Monocular elevation deficiency, 439 Monocular fixation syndrome. See

Monofixation syndrome (peripheral fusion)

Monocular vision, development of, 103

Monofixation syndrome (peripheral fusion), 89, 172–182

amblyoscope testing in, 206 anisometropic amblyopia-related,

114

Bagolini striated lenses test in, 203 cover test in, 152, 154

as ocular restriction cause, 326 primary, 182

Worth 4-dot test in, 200–201 Motility disorders, ocular, 423–519

disorders at the neuromuscular junction, 470– 479

disorders of nerve and muscle, 481 Kearns-Sayre syndrome,

481– 485

Möbius syndrome, 489– 491 myotonic dystrophy, 485– 489

disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems, 423– 470

anomalies of innervation, 460– 467

Motility disorders, ocular (Continued) internuclear ophthalmoplegia,

440– 441

ocular motor cranial nerve palsies, 442– 470

supranuclear disorders, 432–440 disorders of the extraocular

muscles, 479– 480

Möbius syndrome-related, 364 Motion parallax, 80–81

Motor abnormalities, esotropia associated with, 225

Motor examination, ocular, 138–173 family history in, 139

goals of, 138

medical history in, 138–139 physical examination in, 139–172

accommodative convergence measurement in, 161–164 amblyopia assessment/visual

acuity assessment in, 140–141

binocular sensory testing in, 139

clinical distance-near relationship in, 164

cycloplegic refraction in, 172 ductions and versions in, 140,

141–143

fundus examination in, 172 inspection of patients in, 140 Lancaster Red/Green test in,

164 –165, 166–167 ocular deviation

measurements in, 140, 143–160

restriction and paresis tests in, 168–172

sensory tests in, 141

torsion assessment in, 164 –168 Motor fusion, 70, 81–83

in binocular vision, 70, 81–83 definition of, 81–82

fusional vergence movements in, 82

phoria-related decrease in, 84, 85 torsional, 88–89

MTI PhotoScreener, 10, 15 Multiple sclerosis

contrast sensitivity in, 14 internuclear ophthalmoplegia

associated with, 441

superior oblique paresis associated with, 302

Mumps, as Guillain-Barré syndrome cause, 457– 458

Muscle pull, mechanical disadvantage of, 324

Muscle-pulleys (muscle sleeves), of extraocular muscles, 49–51, 52, 55–56, 58

abnormal location of, 325, 327 Muscle recession procedures, 388–396 adjustable suture technique in,

394 –396

hang-back technique in, 393–394, 396

as incomitant strabismus treatment, 332

inferior oblique, 311, 391, 407, 408 inferior rectus, 37, 337

lateral rectus, 274 –275, 287, 288, 373

recession-resection (“R and R”) procedure, 399

rectus, 388–391

Starling’s length-tension curve in, 388, 389, 390

superior rectus, 36, 373

Muscle shortening procedures, 396–399 plications, 396, 398–399 resections, 332, 396, 397

tucks, 396, 397–398

Muscle transposition procedures, 402– 407

anteriorization (anterior transposition), inferior oblique, 45– 47, 311–312, 407– 410

as dissociated vertical deviation treatment, 373

graded anteriorization technique of, 47

J-deformity associated with, 46– 47, 312, 409, 410

as ocular restriction cause, 46– 47, 327

complications of, 406

of horizontal rectus muscle, 403, 407

as A- or V-pattern strabismus treatment, 287–288, 289, 403

as superior oblique muscle overaction treatment, 308

for rectus muscle palsy, 404 – 406 complications of, 406 Hummelsheim procedure, 405,

406

Muscle transposition procedures (Continued)

Jensen procedure, 404, 405 Knapp procedure, 404, 405

for small vertical deviations, 403 split-tendon

Hummelsheim procedure, 353, 354, 355, 365, 369, 404, 405, 406, 419

Jensen procedure, 404, 405 for torsion, 406– 407

of vertical rectus muscles, 345, 406, 407

Muscular dystrophy, facio-scapulo- humeral, 490

Myasthenia gravis

autoimmune (acquired), 472– 477 congenital, differentiated from

infantile/congenital esotropia, 219, 220

as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 352

differentiated from internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 441

Mydriasis atropine-related, 521

comparison with cycloplegia, 172 cyclopentolate-related, 521

Mydriatic drops, as discomfort cause, 4 Myectomy, of inferior oblique muscle,

311 Myopathies

congenital centronuclear (myotubular), 490

dysthyroid, 480

proximal myotonic, 485, 486– 487, 488

Myopia

alternating, infantile/congenital esotropia-related, 225

binocular visual acuity in, 522 high, 351

acquired strabismus fixusrelated, 351–352

lens-based correction of, 522 in neonates, 522

Myotonic dystrophy, 485– 489

N

Near fixation targets, 3

Near point convergence exercises, 278–279

Near point of convergence (NPC), in convergence insufficiency, 278

Near reflex, 99

spasm of, 439– 440

Near targets, accommodative, 3 Near triad, 430

Neisseria meningitidis infections, 452 Neosynephrine, 172 Nephronophthisis, 435

Neural integrator, 429 definition of, 430 evaluation of, 431

Neuroblastomas, 469 Neurological diseases

as comitant strabismus cause, 100 differentiated from infantile/

congenital esotropia, 219 Neurological evaluation, of acquired

strabismus patients, 139 Neuromuscular blocking agents, as

myasthenia gravis cause, 472 Neuromuscular junction disorders,

470– 479

autoimmune (acquired) myasthenia gravis, 472– 477

botulism, 478– 479

congenital myasthenic syndrome, 471– 472

familial infantile myasthenia gravis, 470– 471

transient neonatal myasthenia, 470

Neuromyopathies, 456– 457 Neurons

binocular cortical, 104 –105 monocular cortical, 104

Neuropathies generalized, 457 progressive optic, 12

Niemann-Pick disease, 434 Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis

(NRTP), 430 Nystagmus

Cianci’s syndrome-related, 228–229, 231

congenital, esotropia associated with, 257 258, 259

gaze-evoked, 431, 474

head posturing associated with, 374, 375, 378–379, 379

treatment of, 376–378 head tilt associated with, 378 latent

with cyclovertical movement, 370, 372

esotropia-related, 255–256, 257

Nystagmus (Continued) infantile/congenital esotropia-

related, 225–226 manifest, 257, 258, 378–379 visual acuity testing in, 123,

125

optokinetic (OKN), 8–9, 65. See also Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) drum; Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) testing

evaluation of, 429 normal development of, 7

in saccade initiation failure, 432– 433

rebound, 431 seesaw, 372 sensory, 115

surgical treatment of, 378 vestibular, evaluation of, 429

Nystagmus compensation (blockage) syndrome, 259–260

cyclovertical, 372

O

Oblique muscle(s). See also Inferior oblique muscle; Superior oblique muscle

actions of, 27–28, 39– 40 anatomic relationship with rectus

muscles, 24

anatomy of, 24, 25, 39– 47 dysfunction of, 289–319

clinical evaluation of, 289–290 primary overaction of,

differentiated from paresis Bielschowsky head tilt test for,

290–291, 294

three-step test for, 291, 292–294 retinal surgery-related

displacement of, 347–348 Oblique muscle recessions, 391 Occlusion test

for exotropia measurement, 272 in combination with far distance test, 273

for intermittent exotropia measurement, 274 –275

for pseudodivergence excess measurement, 270–271

Occlusion therapy, 3

for amblyopia, 130, 131–132 effect on contrast sensitivity,

14

part-time, for exotropia, 273

Ocular deviations, measurement of, 140, 143–160

accommodation targets in, 144 accommodative convergence

(AC/A ratio), 161–164

cover tests for, 4, 150–159, 528–529 alternate cover test, 152–153,

154, 157

for cardinal positions of gaze measurement, 155

cover/uncover test, 149, 150–152, 154

interpretation of, 152, 154 prism alternate cover test, 154 simultaneous prism cover test,

155–156

variable measurements in, 154 –155

incomitant deviations measurement, 159, 160

light reflex tests, 144 –150 angle kappa, 145–149

Brückner reflex test, 149–150 Hirschberg test, 144 –145, 146,

147, 152

Krimsky test, 149, 150, 227, 524, 527

methods of, 144

prism-based methods, 143–144 with Snellen letters, 144

Ocular muscle contraction moment arm in, 388, 389 rotational force in, 388, 389

Ocular tilt reaction, 450 Oculocephalic maneuver. See Doll’s

head (oculocephalic) maneuver Oculomotor nerve. See Cranial nerve

III

Oculomotor reflexes, 65

Oculomotor synkinesis, 453– 454, 467 cranial nerve III palsy-related,

362–363

Omnipause neurons, role in saccadic eye movements, 429

One and one-half syndrome, 474 Ophthalmoplegia

chronic progressive external, 482– 484

generalized neuropathies-related, 457

internuclear, 440– 441

Optical pearls and pitfalls, 520–529 Optic nerve, hypoplasia of, 370 Optic nerve, myelination of, 7

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) drum, 7, 9, 30, 65, 169, 328–329

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) testing in congenital fibrosis syndrome,

232

for saccadic eye movement diagnosis, 30, 226–227, 328–329

for smooth pursuit asymmetry diagnosis, 106

Optotype testing, 11–12, 141

Oral clefts, Möbius syndrome-related, 364

Orbit

craniosynostosis-related extorsion of, 369

fractures of, as ocular restriction cause, 326

Orbital decompression, as Graves’ ophthalmology treatment, 336–337

Orbital floor fractures, as restrictive strabismus cause, 342–345

Orbital mass, as ocular restriction cause, 325, 326

Orthophoria, 84 –85 Orthostatic reflex, 65 Orthotropia, 84 Otoliths, 425

P

Palpebral fissure, Duane’s syndromerelated narrowing of, 359–360

Palsy. See also Strabismus, paralytic; specific palsies

definition of, 323 Panum’s fusional area

binasal retinal stimulation within, 76, 77–78

bitemporal retinal stimulation within, 76–77

in physiological diplopia, 75, 76 Papoose boards, 3, 4

Paramedian pontine reticular formation, 427, 428, 429, 437

Paresis. See also Strabismus, paralytic; specific pareses

definition of, 323

diagnostic tests for, 168, 169, 170, 171–172

Parkinson’s disease, as accommodative insufficiency cause, 280

Parks, Marshall, 334, 416 Parks-Bielschowsky three-step test, 449 Patching. See Occlusion therapy

Patch test. See Occlusion test

Penalization, as amblyopia treatment, 130–131

atropine, 130–131, 523 ultraviolet protection during,

524 optical, 130

Pencil pushups, 279

D-Penicillamine, as myasthenia gravis cause, 472– 473

Perkins tonometer, 16–17

Pertussis, as Guillain-Barré syndrome cause, 457– 458

Peters’ anomaly, bilateral, 115 Pfeiffer syndrome, 369 Phenergan, 4, 5

Phenothiazines, as myasthenia gravis cause, 472

Phenylephrine, as cycloplegic agent, 18, 19

Phorias

cover/uncover test for, 151 definition of, 84

differentiated from tropias, 204 intermittent, 85

spontaneous manifestation of, 85 Phoria-tropia syndrome, 179 Phospholine iodide, 252–253

side effects of, 253–254 Photophobia, intermittent exotropia-

related, 267 Photoscreening, 10, 15

Physical restraint, of uncooperative patients, 3, 4

Physostigmine, 18 side effects of, 521

Pinealomas, as dorsal midbrain syndrome cause, 436

Placido’s disc, 17

Plagiocephaly, congenital superior oblique palsy-related, 301–302

Plasticity, prolonged visual, 190 Pleoptics, as amblyopia-related

eccentric fixation treatment, 132 Plications, 396, 398–399 Pneumotonometers, 17

Podnar, Gregg, 118

Podnar, Paul, 118

Portal Stimuli System (Haag-Streit), 118 Position, ocular, 24 –25

Position of rest, 26 Prader-Willi syndrome, 339 Premature infants

retinopathy in, 147, 148 tonic downgaze in, 439

Presbyopia, 280 Pretectal sign, 435

Prism adaptation, 252, 255 Prism alternate cover test, 154 Prism convergence exercises, 278 Prism diopters (PD), 90–91, 524

conversion to degrees, 525

use in fusional vergence amplitude measurement, 95–96, 98

Prisms, ophthalmic

for ocular deviations measurement, 143–144

for strabismus measurement and correction, 524 –529

additivity error with, 526–527 base-down, 95

base-in, 92, 94, 95–96 base-out, 91–92, 95, 96, 97, 98 base-up, 92, 95

in exotropia, 272

for face turning measurement, 375

in four base-out test, 212, 214 –216

Fresnel Press-On, 528

image jump effect of, 79, 90, 91

in incomitant strabismus, 528–529

in Krimsky test, 149, 150 loose, 3

at near fixation, 527 nomograms for, 527, 528 oblique, 527–528 positioning of, 525–526

in simultaneous prism cover test, 155–157

“stacking” of, 526–527 strabismus-inducing, 92,

94 –95, 96 strabismus-neutralizing, 91–92,

93, 528–529 through glasses, 527

Propofol, 4, 5

Proprioceptive eye position control, 99 Proptosis, 24

Graves’ disease-related, 336–337 Prostigmin, 475

Proximal myotonic myopathy, 485, 486– 487, 488

Pseudo-Brown’s syndrome, 327, 349 Pseudo-esotropia, 220, 228

differentiated from infantile/ congenital esotropia, 219, 220

Pseudo-fovea

in anomalous retinal correspondence, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 202–203, 207–209

in vertical prism red filter test, 196, 197, 198

Pseudointernuclear ophthalmoplegia, 458

Pseudo-strabismus, 229 Pseudotorsion, 62 Ptosis

chin elevation associated with, 374, 378–379

cranial nerve III palsy-related, 362–363, 364

treatment of, 363, 364 myasthenia gravis-related, 473,

474, 475

myotonic dystrophy-related, 488– 489

Pulled-in-two syndrome (PITS), 347 Pulleys. See Muscle-pulleys Pupillary dilation, 17–18, 19

cranial nerve III palsy-related, 362 Pupillary light reactor, normal

development of, 7 Pupils

Adie’s, as accommodative insufficiency cause, 280

distance between

relationship with convergence, 161

examination of, 4, 15–16 pupillary distance between

effect on stereoacuity, 78

size of, age-related variations in, 15 Purkinje image, first, 144 –145 Purkinje-Sanson image, first, 524

Q

Quinine, as myasthenia gravis cause, 472

“Quiver movements,” 474

R

Ragged-red fibers, 482, 487

Random dot stereoacuity test, 79–80 Reading aids

for accommodative insufficiency patients, 280

for anisometropic myopic amblyopia patients, 523

Recession procedures. See Muscle recession procedures

Recession-resection (“R and R”) procedure, 399

Rectus muscle(s). See also Lateral rectus muscle; Medial rectus muscle

anatomic relationship with oblique muscles, 24

anatomy of, 24, 25, 30–38 forced-duction testing of, 329–331 innervation of, 31

insertion of, 30–31 length of, 31

lost, 55–56, 418– 419

in ocular positioning, 24, 25 palsies of

differentiated from ocular restriction, 325

forced-duction testing in, 329–331

forced-generation testing in, 331

preoperative diagnosis of, 330–331

pseudoinferior, 342, 343 transposition surgery for,

404 – 406

paresis of, as saccadic eye movement loss cause, 327

in saccadic eye movements, 30, 327

slipped, 55–56, 418– 419

as ineffective muscle pull cause, 324

retinal surgery-related, 347 surgical procedures on, 388–391

Faden procedure, 399– 402 plication, 398–399 recession, 24, 388–392 tightening procedures, as lid

fissure narrowing cause, 24 Red filter test, 190, 191, 192, 193–196 Red reflex test, 4, 14 –15, 125, 126–129 Refraction, 19, 20

cycloplegic, 172, 521

effect of eye pigment on, 172 in hypermetropic

accommodative esotropia, 244

for infantile/congenital esotropia evaluation, 227

Refractive errors

esotropia associated with, 223–225 as head posturing cause, 379

high, lens-based correction of, 523 as strabismus cause, 85

strabismus-related, lens-based correction of, 523

Resection procedures. See Muscle resection procedures

Restriction, ocular causes of, 325–327 definition of, 325

differentiated from paresis, 327–332 test for identification of, 168–171

Retinal correspondence

anomalous (ARC), 117, 182–188 afterimage test of, 209,

210–211, 212 amblyoscope testing in,

207–209

angle of anomaly in, 186, 207 Bagolini striated lenses test in,

202–203 definition of, 182

differentiated from eccentric fixation, 184, 186

differentiated from normal retinal correspondence, 193, 196, 197, 198

harmonious, 186, 207–208 paradoxical diplopia associated

with, 183, 184, 187 pseudo-fovea in, 182, 183, 184,

185, 186, 202–203, 207–209 red filter test in, 192, 193 unharmonious, 186, 187,

208–209 normal (NRC)

afterimage test of, 209, 210–211 amblyoscope testing in, 205,

206

Bagolini striated lenses test in, 202, 203

definition of, 182 differentiated from anomalous

retinal correspondence, 193, 196, 197, 198

red filter test in, 191, 193 Retinal image, blurred bilateral,

115–116

Retinal rivalry, 81, 82

Retinal surgery, as strabismus cause, 346–349

Retinopathy of prematurity, positive kappa angle in, 147, 148

Retinoscopy dry, 520

dynamic, 520–521 Retinoscopy lens, loose, 3