Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Handbook of Pediatric Strabismus and Amblyopia_Wright, Spiegel, Thompson_2006

Anticholinesterase drugs, as myasthenia gravis cause, 472

Anticonvulsant drugs, as myasthenia gravis cause, 472

Antisaccades, 425 Antisuppression therapy

as diplopia cause, 273

as horror fusionis cause, 189–190 Aphakia, ultraviolet protection in, 524 ARIX gene mutations, 339–340 Arnold-Chiari malformations, 431,

441 Asthenopia

convergence insufficiency-related, 277, 280

intermittent exotropia-related, 267

Astigmatism

bilateral, 116, 127, 128 corneal, 17

lens-based correction of, 523 Atropine, as cycloplegic agent, 18, 19,

172, 244, 521 contraindications to, 18 dosage of, 522

side effects of, 521

use in heart disease patients, 522 Atropine penalization, 130–131, 523

ultraviolet protection during, 524 Autorefractors, 20

Axes of Fick, 61

B

Bagolini striated lens test, 179–180, 181, 184, 185, 190, 202–203

Bell’s palsy, recurrent, 459

Bell’s phenomenon, 4, 16–17, 431 in cranial nerve III palsy, 364 in dorsal midbrain syndrome,

436

in double elevator syndrome, 439 in Kearns-Sayre syndrome, 481,

484 – 485

in myotonic dystrophy, 486 Bielschowsky head tilt test, 65 Bifocals

for accommodative esotropia, 523–524

for high-accommodative convergence esotropia, 247

Bifoveal vision (bifixation), 81 Binocular cortical cells, 70 Binocular eye movements, yoke

muscles in, 64

Binocular fusion

in Duane’s syndrome, 358, 359 head posturing associated with, 139 in horror fusionis, 188–190

Binocular sensory testing, 139 Binocular vision

definition of, 70 development of, 104 –105

cortical suppression-related abnormality in, 107

infantile esotropia-related impairment of, 220

motor fusion in, 70, 81–83 sensory fusion in, 70–83

binocular cortical cells in, 70, 71

corresponding retinal points in, 70–71

definition of, 70 disparate images in, 72

empirical horopter in, 71, 72, 73, 74 –75

noncorresponding retinal points in, 72, 73

Panum’s fusional area in, 72, 73, 74

stereoacuity testing in, 76–80 stereoscopic vision in, 72,

74 –75

Vieth-Müller circle in, 71, 72 Blebs, pseudo-Brown’s syndrome-

related, 349, 350

Blepharoptosis, congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles-related, 339

Blindness. See also Visual loss/ impairment

unilateral, as sensory esotropia cause, 261–262

Blinking, “synkinetic,” 433– 434

Blink response, normal development of, 7

Blurred vision

convergence insufficiency-related, 277, 280

intermittent exotropia-related, 267 Botulinum toxin, 419– 420

as cranial nerve VI palsy treatment, 446

as intrafacial synkinesis treatment, 469

Botulism, 478– 479

Brain lesions. See also Brainstem tumors; Brain tumors

contrast sensitivity in, 14

Brainstem

anomalies of, as neural integrator abnormality cause, 431

lacunar infarcts of, 302

role in eye movements, 430

in saccadic eye movements, 427, 428, 437

Brainstem tumors

as internuclear ophthalmoplegia cause, 441

as saccade initiation cause, 434 Brain tumors

as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 352 as esotropia cause, 445

as eye movement disorder cause, 431

as superior oblique paresis cause, 302

Break point, 278

Bridle-effect theory, of Duane’s syndrome, 147–148

Brown’s syndrome, 312–319 acquired, 312, 314, 315–316

idiopathic, 315, 316 inflammatory, 315, 316

as ocular restriction cause, 326 as “canine tooth syndrome,” 319 classification of, 312, 314

clinical features of, 314 –315 congenital (“true”), 312, 313,

314 –315, 316–319

as ocular restriction cause, 326 surgical treatment of, 317–319

differentiated from

inferior oblique paresis, 305, 306

monocular elevation deficit syndrome, 341

primary superior oblique overaction, 306, 307

etiology of, 312–314 iatrogenic, 303–304, 412, 413 limited elevation in adduction

associated with, 314 –315 pseudo-, 327

surgical treatment of, 414, 416 Y-pattern strabismus associated

with, 285

Brückner reflex test, 15, 149–150

in accommodative esotropia, 249 corneal light reflex in, 126, 127 in Duane’s syndrome, 358

in manifest latent nystagmus, 258 red reflex in, 126, 127

C Calipers, 3

Campylobacter jejuni infections, 457– 458, 459

CAM therapy, for amblyopic eyes, 133 Cancer. See also specific types of

cancer

myasthenia gravis associated with, 476

“Canine tooth syndrome,” 319 Capsulopalpebral fascia, 36–37, 38–39 Cataracts

congenital, early detection and treatment of, 125, 127, 128

effect on red reflex test, 126–127 unilateral

as horror fusionis cause, 188–189

as sensory exotropia cause, 281

Caudal pons, role in saccadic eye movements, 429, 438

Central fixation, as visual development milestone, 106–107

Central nervous system malformations of, saccade

initiation failure associated with, 434

motility disorders of, 423– 470 anomalies of innervation,

460– 467

internuclear ophthalmoplegia, 440– 441

ocular motor cranial nerve palsies, 442– 470

supranuclear disorders, 432– 440

Central nervous system depressants, phoria-inducing effect of, 85

Cerebellitis, as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 443

Cerebellum

anomalies of, as neural integrator abnormality cause, 431

role in eye movements, 430 Cerebral palsy, congenital exotropia

associated with, 281 Check ligaments, 54, 57–58

Chin depression, 373–374, 375 surgical treatment of, 378

Chin elevation, 373–374

Brown’s syndrome-related, 315 monocular deficit syndrome-

related, 341

Chin elevation (Continued) ptosis-related, 374, 378–379 surgical treatment of, 378

Chloral hydrate, 4, 5, 17 Chronic progressive external

ophthalmoplegia (CPEO), 482– 483 Cianci’s syndrome, 228–231, 232, 237,

256

Ciliary arteries, anterior and posterior, 58–58

in muscle transposition surgery, 404, 406

City University Color Vision Test (TCU test), 13

Clefts, oral or facial, Möbius syndromerelated, 364

Clinical distance-near relationship, 164

Clostridium botulinum, 478

Club foot, Möbius syndrome-related, 364

Coenzyme Q10, as Kearns-Sayre syndrome treatment, 484

Cogan’s lid switch sign, 474 Collicular plate sign, 435 Collier’s sign, 436

Color vision assessment, 12–13 Confusion, visual, 81, 177–178 definition of, 349, 351

glaucoma-related, 349, 351 Congenital Esotropia Observational Study (CEOS), 221–225, 228, 233

Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM), 339–340

Congenital fibrosis syndrome, 231–232, 237

differentiated from infantile/ congenital esotropia, 219, 220

as ocular restriction cause, 325, 326 Conjunctivitis, acute hemorrhagic,

459– 460

Contact lens, occlusive, as amblyopia treatment, 131

Contour stereoacuity test, 77, 78–80 monocular clues in, 78–79

Contrast dyes, as myasthenia gravis cause, 472

Contrast sensitivity, assessment of, 13–14

Contrast sensitivity function, 14 Contrast sensitivity threshold, 13–14 Convergence, 82–83

accommodative. See Accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio)

fusional, 95, 98 tonic, 99

normal amplitude of, 96 proximal or instrument, 100 relationship with

accommodation, 161 interpupillary distance, 161

voluntary, 99

Convergence exercises, for convergence insufficiency, 278–279

Convergence insufficiency, 277–280 Convergence spasm, 439– 440 Cornea, shape of, assessment of, 17 Corneal light reflex, 524

Corneal light reflex test. See Hirschberg test

Corneal-pupillary axis, angle kappa of, 145–149

Cortical and basal ganglia dysplasia, 339 Cortical suppression

in amblyopia, 107, 109 definition of, 84

as saccadic omission, 30 in sensory adaptations to

strabismus, 178 Worth 4-dot test in, 199

Cover tests, 4, 150–159, 528–529 alternate cover test, 152–153, 154,

157

for cardinal positions of gaze measurement, 155

cover/uncover test, 149, 150–152, 154

interpretation of, 152, 154 prism alternate cover test, 154 simultaneous prism cover test,

155–157

variable measurements in, 154 –155 Cranial nerve(s)

palsies of, 442– 460 combined, 456– 457 general considerations in,

456– 457 paresis of, 323–324

Cranial nerve III

anomalies of, 462– 463, 467– 468 Marcus Gunn jaw-winking,

468– 469

oculomotor synkinesis, 467 vertical retraction syndrome,

467– 468 congenital fibrosis of the

extraocular muscles-related abnormalities of, 340

Cranial nerve III (Continued)

in Duane’s syndrome, 355, 359 as inferior oblique muscle

innervation, 45

as inferior rectus muscle innervation, 36

as medial rectus muscle innervation, 34

palsies of, 362–364, 452– 456 amblyopia associated with, 442 congenital, 363–364, 454 – 455 with cyclic spasms, 455 partial, 453

traumatic, 453, 454, 456 treatment of, 363–364

role in eye movements, 424 – 425 in supranuclear eye

movements, 427, 428 as superior rectus muscle

innervation, 36 Cranial nerve IV

congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles-related abnormalities of, 340

palsies of, 446– 452

superior oblique, 446– 447, 449– 450, 451

traumatic, 451– 452

role in eye movements, 424 – 425 in supranuclear eye

movements, 427

as superior oblique muscle innervation, 42

in traumatic superior oblique paresis, 299–300

Cranial nerve V, palsies of, 459– 460 Cranial nerve VI

agenesis of, as Duane’s syndrome cause, 355, 356–357

anomalies of, 460– 467

in Duane’s syndrome, 460– 466 in synergistic divergence,

466– 467 immaturity of, as infantile

esotropia cause, 220 nucleus lesions of, 440 palsies of, 101, 443– 446

botulinum toxin treatment of, 353–355, 419– 420

causes of, 352 congenital, 352

differentiated from infantile/ congenital esotropia, 219, 220

face turning associated with, 375

forced-generation test of, 169, 170

as lateral rectus muscle weakness cause, 226

lid fissure widening associated with, 332, 353

Möbius syndrome-related, 364

as paralytic strabismus cause, 352–355

surgical treatment of, 353, 354 –355

traumatic, 352–353

paresis of, Faden operation for, 400, 402

role in eye movements, 424 – 425 in supranuclear eye

movements, 427, 428 Cranial nerve VII

anomalies of, 469– 470

in Möbius syndrome, 489– 490 palsies of, 459– 460

Cranial nerve XI, in Möbius syndrome, 489– 490

Cranial nerve XII, in Möbius syndrome, 489– 490

Craniofacial anomalies

congenital exotropia associated with, 281

Möbius syndrome-related, 364

Craniofacial dysostosis, extraocular muscle aplasia-related, 365

Craniosynostosis, 369

ocular restriction associated with, 325, 327

Cross-fixation, 123

Cianci’s syndrome-related, 228, 230, 231

Crowding phenomenon, 116 Cycloduction, 27, 62 Cyclomydril, 18, 521

Cyclopentolate, as cycloplegic agent, 18, 19, 172, 244, 521

Cyclopentolate test, for atropine penalization evaluation, 131

Cycloplegia, 17–20

Cycloplegic agents. See also specific cycloplegic agents

side effects of, 521–522 Cyclotropia, 88

Cysts, of the iris, 253–254

D Demerol, 4

Denver Developmental Scale, 2 Depth perception, monocular, 80–81 Dermoids, limbal, 17 Dextroversion, 67

Diabetes mellitus, as superior oblique paresis cause, 302

Diplopia

acquired strabismus-related, 139, 174 –177

antisuppression orthotopic therapyrelated, 273

convergence insufficiency-related, 277

crossed, 75, 177

in anomalous retinal correspondence, 183, 184

exotropia-associated, 203 head posturing associated with,

378 heterotropia-related, 84

horror fusionis-related, 188–189 intermittent exotropia-related, 267 Miller Fisher syndrome-related,

458

paradoxical, 182, 184 physiological, 73, 75–76 prism-induced, 95

torsional, retinal surgery-related, 348, 349

uncrossed, 75–76, 175, 177 esotropia-associated, 203

Diplopia tests, 190–204

Bagolini striated lens test, 179–180, 181, 184, 185, 190, 202–203

dissociating, 190, 193

Maddox rod test, 88, 165, 167, 190, 204, 301, 302, 307

red filter test, 190, 191, 192, 193–196

vertical prism red filter test, 196, 197, 198

Worth 4-dot test, 190, 196, 199–202

Dissociated horizontal deviation (DHV), 373

Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD), 370–373

asymmetrical, 370 bilateral, 370, 371, 373 definition of, 370

differentiated from inferior oblique muscle overaction, 310

infantile/congenital esotropiarelated, 225

inferior oblique overaction-related, 312

latent, 370

neurophysiological basis for, 372 primary, 370, 371

relationship with infantile esotropia surgery, 372–373

treatment of, 373

with superior oblique weakening procedure, 308

Divergence, 83 fusional, 95

normal amplitude of, 96 as position of rest, 26

Divergence insufficiency, 261 Divergence paresis, cranial nerve VI

palsy-related, 352

“Dog on a leash” eye movement, 169, 171, 328

Doll’s head (oculocephalic) maneuver, 431

for double elevator palsy evaluation, 439

for infantile esotropia evaluation, 220, 221

for ocular motor cranial nerve palsy evaluation, 442

Donder’s law, 61–62

Dorsal midbrain syndrome, 435– 438 Dorsolateral pontine nuclei (DLPN),

430 Dorsumduction, 27

Double elevator palsy, 316, 340–342, 439

Marcus Gunn jaw-winking-related, 468– 469

Double vision. See Diplopia Duane’s cocontraction syndrome,

355–356

Duane’s syndrome, 355–362, 443 A- and V-pattern strabismus

associated with, 284

adduction deficits associated with, 310, 356–357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362

bilateral, 359

bridle-effect theory of, 463– 464 cause of, 355

cranial nerve IV anomalies associated with, 460– 466

differentiated from infantile/ congenital esotropia, 219, 220

Duane’s syndrome (Continued) esotropia associated with, 219 face turning associated with, 375 horizontal rectus muscle

cocontraction in, 32, 34 lateral rectus muscle weakness

associated with, 226

limited adduction associated with, 325, 326

Marcus Gunn jaw-winking-related, 469

medial and lateral rectus muscle contraction in, 64

suppression associated with, 188 surgical treatment of

for Duane’s syndrome type I, 361

for Duane’s syndrome type III, 361

for globe retraction, 361–362 indications for, 359–361

for upshoot and downshoot correction, 362

as synergistic divergence, 356, 357, 359

type I, 356, 357, 359 type II, 356, 357

type III, 356, 357, 359 X-pattern strabismus

associated with, 286 unilateral, 359

Y-pattern strabismus associated with, 285

Ductions, 26–27, 63, 64, 65, 141, 142 forced. See Forced-duction testing limited, 323

Dysplasia, cortical and basal ganglia, 339

E

Eccentric fixation, 7 amblyopia-related, 117 differentiated from anomalous

retinal correspondence, 184, 186

testing for, 117, 119

E game. See Illiterate E game Electromyography (EMG), in agonist

and antagonist muscles, 63–64 Electro-oculography (EOG), 169

for cranial nerve VI palsy evaluation, 171

for horizontal and vertical eye movement measurement, 328

Empirical horopter, 71, 72, 73, 74 –75 in stereoscopic vision, 74 –75

Endophthalmitis, red reflex in, 15 Enophthalmos, 24

orbital floor fracture-related, 342 Epicanthal folds, in pseudo-strabismus,

229

Epstein-Barr virus infections, as Guillain-Barré syndrome risk factor, 457– 458

Esophoria, 255 definition of, 86

divergence-based control of, 95 Esotropia, 217–265

accommodative, 243 bifocals for, 523–524 hypermetropic, 243–246

accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio) in, 99, 243, 246–247

acquired, 243 nonaccommodative, 254 –255

acute comitant, 443– 444 anomalous retinal correspondence

associated with, 197 binocular vision in, 217 comparison with exotropia, 217

cortical suppression and, 107, 108 cover/uncover test for, 150–151 crossed diplopia associated with,

203 cyclic, 261

definition of, 86

Duane’s syndrome-related, 358, 359

surgical treatment of, 361 duration of, 217

fusional divergence correction of, 217

with high accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio), 243, 246–247

surgical treatment of, 251–252, 400, 402

Hirschberg test for, 146 incomitant, Faden operation for,

400, 402

infantile accommodative, 228, 245, 254

differentiated from infantile/ congenital esotropia, 219, 220–221

infantile/congenital, 217–243 amblyopia associated with,

223

Esotropia (Continued)

botulinum toxin treatment of, 242–243

characterization of, 221–222 Chavasse theory of, 219 Cianci’s syndrome-related,

228–231, 232

clinical assessment of, 226–227 clinical features of, 221 definition of, 217, 226 differential diagnosis of, 219,

220–221

differentiated from infantile accommodative esotropia, 219, 220–221

etiology of, 219–220 genetic factors in, 227–228 incidence of, 217–218 inferior oblique overaction-

related, 370 large-angle, 218, 221

latent nystagmus associated with, 225–226

motor abnormalities associated with, 225

onset of, 221

refractive errors associated with, 223–225

spontaneous resolution of, 222–223

strabismic amblyopia associated with, 113, 114

systemic associations of, 226 treatment of, 232–243, 372–373 types of, 228–232

Worth theory of, 219 large-angle, infantile esotropia-

related, 218, 221

Möbius syndrome-related, 364 –365 neonatal, 105

with normal retinal correspondence, 193

nystagmus associated with, 255–260

face turning associated with, 255–256, 257

partially accommodative, 247–251 miotics treatment of, 252–254 surgical treatment of, 251–252

postoperative, 242

in intermittent exotropia patients, 276–277

prism-based neutralization of, 91, 92, 93

prism-induced, 94 refractive, 243 sensory, 261–262

differentiated from infantile/ congenital esotropia, 219

as uncrossed diplopia cause, 175 V-pattern, 450

chin depression associated with, 376

Ethmoid bone, endoscopic sinus surgery-related injury to, 365 Excitatory burst neurons (EBNs),

426– 427, 429 Excycloduction (extorsion), 27 Excyclotropia (extorsion)

definition of, 88 foveal location in, 89

Exophoria

convergence-based control of, 95

definition of, 86

near, convergence insufficiencyrelated, 277

prism-induced, 96, 97 Exotropia, 86, 87, 266–283

accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio) in, 99, 269, 271, 272, 275

alternating, 87 A-pattern

chin depression associated with, 376

treatment of, 287, 288 classification of, 267 comparison with esotropia, 217 congenital, 279, 281

inferior oblique overactionrelated, 370

consecutive, 240 cover/uncover test for, 150–151 craniosynostosis-related, 369

crossed diplopia associated with, 177, 203

definition of, 86

Duane’s syndrome-related, 358, 359

surgical treatment of, 361–362 Hirschberg test for, 146 intermittent, 266–277

A- and V-patterns in, 275–276 accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio) in, 269, 271,

272, 275 basic, 269

Exotropia (Continued)

bifoveal fusion in, 267 classification of, 268–272 clinical features of, 266–267 measurement of deviation in,

272–273

natural history of, 267 nonsurgical treatment of, 273 normal, 266

postoperative care for, 276–277 proximal convergence in, 269 pseudodivergence excess in,

269, 270, 274 –275 suppression associated with,

188

surgical treatment of, 273–275 tonic divergence excess in,

269, 270–272, 274 –275 tonic fusional convergence in,

269

tropia phase increase in, 273–274

X-pattern, 276

Y-pattern, 285 large-angle, X-pattern, 286

left, cranial nerve III palsy-related, 362, 363

neonatal, 105

with normal retinal correspondence, 193

prism-induced, 92, 95 sensory, 280–281

Extorsion

as excycloduction, 27 as excyclotropia, 88, 89 retinal, 167, 168

Extrafovel fixation, amblyopia-related, 117

Extraocular muscles. See also Oblique muscles; Rectus muscles

actions of, 27–28 agonists, 27, 63–64 anatomy of, 24, 25, 30–60

oblique muscles, 24, 25, 38– 47 rectus muscles, 24, 25, 30–38

antagonists, 27, 63–64 aplasia of, 365, 368, 369 arcs of contact of, 27 congenital absence of, 480 disorders of, 479– 480 fascial structures of

pulleys (muscle sleeves), 49–51, 52, 55–56, 58 Tenon’s capsule, 52–58

fibrosis of, 480

field of action of, 28–29 histology of, 48–51 insertion of, 27

length of, 27

muscle fiber types of, 48

global layer (GL), 49, 50, 51 orbital layer (OL), 49, 50, 51,

52, 58

muscle-pulleys (muscle sleeves) of, 49–51, 52, 55–56, 58

abnormal location of, 325, 327 nerve fiber to muscle filer

innervation ratio to, 48 neuromuscular spindles of, 48– 49 in ocular positioning, 24 –26 origin of, 27

palsy of, definition of, 323 paresis of

causes of, 323–324 definition of, 323

as incomitant strabismus cause, 100, 101–102

in smooth pursuit versus saccadic eye movements, 29–30

synergist, 64 tendon length of, 34 yoke muscles

definition of, 67

Hering’s law of, 65–66, 67 Eye alignment, neonatal, 105

Eye examination, pediatric, 1–23 family history in, 2

medical history in, 1–2, 6 physical examination in, 1, 2–20

contrast sensitivity assessment in, 13–14

dilatation and cycloplegia in, 17–20

external examination in, 6 fundus examination in, 20 intraocular pressure

measurement in, 16–17 keratometry in, 17 physician-patient rapport in,

2– 4

pupillary examination in, 15–16

red reflex test in, 14 –15 sedation use in, 4 –5 slit-lamp examination in, 16

in uncooperative children, 4 –5 visual acuity assessments in,

6–14

Eye movements, 24 –69. See also Ductions; Saccades; Smooth pursuit; Vergences

development of, 105–106 limitation of, 325

ocular position, 24 –26 range of, evaluation of, 424 reflex, evaluation of, 431 saccadic. See Saccades supranuclear, 423– 440

disorders of, 432– 440 physiology and clinical

evaluation of, 424 – 431 vestibular, 424 – 425

F

Face turning, 255–256, 257, 373–375 Brown’s syndrome-related, 315 congenital nystagmus-related,

376–378

cranial nerve VI palsy-related, 375 Duane’s syndrome-related, 358,

359, 375

treatment of, 359–360, 361 measurement of, 375

Facial anomalies

congenital superior oblique palsyrelated, 301–302

cranial nerve VI palsy-related, 449– 450, 451

Möbius syndrome-related, 490 myotonic dystrophy-related, 486

Facial palsy, Möbius syndrome-related, 364

Faden procedure, 333, 399– 402 effect on accommodative

convergence, 333 “Fallen eye,” 297–298 Far distance test, 273 Fat, orbital, 24, 25

entrapment of, 342, 343, 344. See also Fat adherence

Fat adherence, 56–57, 411 definition of, 334

as ocular restriction cause, 325, 326 retinal surgery-related, 346–347 treatment of, 334 –336

Fatigue, visual, intermittent exotropiarelated, 267

Fetal alcohol syndrome, 359 Fibrosis

local anesthetics-related, 325, 326, 343, 345, 346

trochlear, 319

Fibrotic bands, congenital. See Congenital fibrosis syndrome

Fixation alternating, 120

infantile/congenital esotropiarelated, 224

Worth 4-dot test in, 199–200 normal development of, 7

Fixation preference testing, 8 for amblyopia, 199–122

for infantile/congenital esotropia, 226

for strabismus amblyopia, 10 Fixation reflex, 12

Fixation testing, 4, 6–8. See also Fixation preference testing

for amblyopia, 119–122

in eccentric fixation, 117, 119, 120

with monocular fixation testing, 119

with Visuscope, 119 binocular, 6, 7–8 monocular, 6–7, 8

Forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) test, 9–10

Forced-duction testing, 168, 169, 170, 329–331

in Brown’s syndrome, 315 Forced-generation testing, 331 Forced lid closure test, 431

Four base-out test, 212, 214 –216 Fovea

angle kappa of, 145–149 maturation of, 7

Foveal ectopia, 348

Fresnel Press-On prisms, 528 Fundus, examination of, 20, 172 Fusion

diplopia test-related disruption of, 190

with Maddox rod test, 193, 204 with red filter test, 193

with Worth 4-dot test, 193, 196, 200–201

four base-out test for, 212, 214 –216 latent strabismus-related

disruption of, 139 Fusional tests, 3

G

Gaucher’s disease, 432, 433

saccade initiation failure associated with, 432, 433, 434

Gaze

cardinal positions of, 142 measurement of, 155

positions of, 28 Glasses. See Spectacles

Glaucoma explant surgery, as strabismus cause, 349–351

Globe retraction

Duane’s syndrome-related, 361–362 Möbius syndrome-related, 364

Goldenhar’s syndrome, 359 Goldmann perimetry, 12 Goniometers, orthopedic, 374 –375

Gradenigo’s syndrome, as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 352

Graves’ disease/ophthalmology definition of, 336

inferior rectus muscle recession in, 333–334

management of, 336–338

as ocular restriction cause, 326 Guillain-Barré syndrome

bulbar variant of, 457

cranial nerve palsy associated with, 457– 458

differentiated from botulism, 479 infections as risk factor for, 457–458 relationship with Miller Fisher

syndrome, 458– 459

H

Haemophilus influenzae infections, 452 Hang-back recession, 393–394, 396 Haploscopic devices, 77–78 Haploscopic tests, 204 –212

amblyoscope-based, 204, 205–209 Lancaster Red/Green test, 164 –165,

166–267, 204 –205 Harada-Ito procedure, 42, 304, 349,

412– 413, 451 bilateral, 305

Headaches, migraine. See Migraine headaches

Head posturing, abnormal, 373–379. See also Face turning; Head tilt; Torticollis

as binocular fusion indicator, 139 incomitant strabismus-related,

375–376 nystagmus-related, 379

surgical treatment of, 376–378 Head-thrusting behavior, in saccade

initiation failure (oculomotor apraxia), 433– 434

Head tilt

congenital superior oblique paresisrelated, 301, 302

cranial nerve IV palsy-related, 449, 450, 451

nystagmus-related, 378

traumatic superior oblique paresisrelated, 300

Head tilt test

for differentiation of primary from secondary inferior oblique overaction, 310–311

in inferior oblique paresis, 305

in superior oblique overaction, 305 Head trauma

as cranial nerve III palsy cause, 363 as cranial nerve IV palsy cause,

443– 444, 451– 452

as cranial nerve VI palsy cause, 352 as esotropia cause, 443– 444

as inferior oblique palsy cause, 304 as superior oblique paresis cause,

297, 299–300 Heavy eye syndrome, 351

Hering’s law of equal innervation, 144, 474

esotropia neutralization and, 93 hypertropia and, 87

incomitant deviations and, 159 oblique overaction and, 290 primary deviation and, 101 prism-induced vergence and, 95 right amblyopia and, 123 superior oblique paresis and, 295 true hypertropia and, 370 vergence eye movements and, 82,

95

yolk muscles and, 65–66, 298–299 Herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 302 Heterophoria, definition of, 84 Heterophoria method, of

accommodative convergence (AC/A ratio) measurement, 161–162

Heterotropia, definition of, 84 Hirschberg reflex, 126

Hirschberg test, 144 –145, 146, 147, 152 corneal light reflex in, 524 photographic techniques in, 524

Homatropine, as cycloplegic agent, 18, 19

Horizontal rectus muscles. See also Lateral rectus muscle; Medial rectus muscle

action of, 27