Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Illustrated Tutorials in Ophthalmology Kanski, Bolton 2001
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Tests for stereopsis
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Titmus |
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TNO random dot test |
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Polaroid spectacles |
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Red-green spectacles |
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Figures seen in 3-D |
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‘Hidden’ shapes seen |
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Frisby |
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Lang |
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No spectacles |
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No spectacles |
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‘Hidden’ circle seen |
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Shapes seen |
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Tests for sensory anomalies
Worth four-dot test |
Bagolini striated glasses |
a - Prior to use of glasses |
a - Normal or ARC |
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b - Normal or ARC |
b- Diplopia |
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c - Left suppression |
c - Suppression |
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d - Right suppression |
d - Small suppression scotoma |
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e - Diplopia |
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Dissimilar image tests
Maddox wing |
Maddox rod |
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Dissociates eyes for near fixation (1/3 m) |
• White spot converted into red streak |
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Measures heterophoria |
• Cannot differentiate tropia from phoria |
Pseudo-deviations
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Pseudo-esotropia |
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Pseudo-exotropia |
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Epicanthic folds |
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Wide interpupillary distance |
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Short interpupillary distance |
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Positive angle kappa |
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Negative angle kappa |
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Cover tests
• Cover test detects heterotropia |
• Prism cover test measures total deviation |
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•Uncover test detects heterophoria
•Alternate cover test detects total deviation
Essential infantile esotropia
Presents within first 6 months
Signs
•Angle large and stable
•Nystagmus in some cases
•Normal refraction for age
•Poor potential for BSV
• Amblyopia in about 30% • Cross fixation
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