Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Glaucoma Medical Therapy Principles and Management_Netland_2008

288 Index

Open-angle glaucoma (continued) risk factors for, 179

treatment of. See Treatment Optic nerve cupping, 188 OptiPranolol. See Metipranolol Organomercurials, 14 Osmolality

blood, 153

of drug formulations, 12–13

Osmotic drugs. See also Glycerol; Mannitol angle-closure glaucoma treated with, 158 blood volume increases caused by, 157 chemical structure of, 152f

clinical uses of, 158–159 contraindications, 154 diuresis induced by, 154, 156 drug interactions, 158 history of, 151

iatrogenic intoxication with, 157 indications for, 154 intravenous, 162

mechanism of action, 152–154 oral, 159–162

in pediatric patients, 240 perioperative uses of, 159 preoperative uses of, 159

‘‘rebound’’ intraocular pressure, 155–156 side effects of, 155–157, 157t

treatment regimen for, 154–155, 209t Osmotic gradient, 153t, 153–154 Oxprenolol, 166

Panallergic patients, 229–230 Panretinal photocoagulation, 225 Passive transport, 5

Patient education, 206–207, 252 Patient–physician relationship, 249, 252 Pediatric patients. See also Infants

beta blockers in, 236t, 236–237 brimonidine in, 228, 239–240

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in, 237–238, 239f cholinergic agonists in, 238–239 fixed-combinations in, 238

general considerations for, 235 glycerol in, 240

latanoprost in, 228, 235–236, 237f mannitol in, 240

osmotic agents in, 240 prostaglandin analogs in, 235–236 summary of, 240

Penbutolol, 167t

Perindopril, 172t

Periorbital skin pigmentation, 41, 192 Peripheral anterior synechiae, 216, 220 Persistence, 243

pH

of drug formulations, 12 gels, 15

Pharmacokinetics definition of, 3–4 first-order, 5 graphing of, 6f modeling of, 4 rates for, 5 zero-order, 5

Phospholine Iodide. See Echothiophate iodide Phospholipase A2, 24

Phospholipids, 18–19

Physostigmine, 110t

Pigment dispersion syndrome, 222–224 Pigmentary glaucoma, 222–224 Pilocarpine

aqueous humor outflow affected by, 104, 108f chemical structure of, 115f

cholinergic toxicity caused by, 219 contraindications, 106–109, 226 dosing of, 110t

with epinephrine, 140 eye drops, 17 formulations, 115 gel delivery of, 115 indications for, 109

intraocular pressure reductions using, 114, 116

mechanism of action, 44 miotic actions of, 109, 116 Ocusert, 16–17, 223

in pediatric patients, 238–239 pharmacokinetics of, 115–116 prostaglandin analogs and, for intraocular

pressure reduction, 44 refractoriness to, 111

side effects of, 111, 219 with timolol, 110t

Pilocarpine nitrate (Pilagan, Pilofrin), 110t Pindolol, 166, 167t

Plendil. See Felodipine Polyvinyl alcohol, 13

Potassium sorbate and timolol maleate, 68 Practolol, 166

Pregnancy, 233–234 Prepresbyopic adults, 229 Preservatives, 13–14

Primary open-angle glaucoma baseline evaluations, 195 definition of, 179, 221

risk factors for, 180 suspects, 194–196 treatment of. See Treatment

Prinivil. See Lisinopril Procardia XL. See Nicardipine Prodrugs, 14

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy, 23 Propine. See Dipivefrin Propranolol

characteristics of, 167t history of, 55

intraocular pressure reduction using, 55, 166 Prostaglandin analogs. See also specific drug

additivity of, 43–46, 203 adrenergic agonists and, 45 advantages of, 36

beta blockers and, 36, 44, 203

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and, 44, 204 chemical structure of, 34f

cholinergic agonists and, 44–45 ciliary body affected by, 34–35 compliance with, 249 contraindications, 36

drug interactions, 41–42

fixed combinations with, 45t, 45–46

history of, 33 indications for, 35–36

intraocular pressure reduced using additivity, 43–46

clinical trials, 42–43, 43f description of, 33–34, 36 fixed combinations, 45–46 mechanism of action, 34–35, 35f

neovascular glaucoma treated with, 226 in pediatric patients, 235–236

side effects of

conjunctival hyperemia, 37–38, 192 cystoid macular edema, 40–41, 191 description of, 37

eyelash changes, 39

herpes simplex virus keratitis reactivation, 41 iris color changes, 38, 38f

periorbital skin pigmentation, 41 systemic, 41

uveitis, 39–40, 191 timolol vs., 42f, 42–43 treatment regimen for

compliance with, 249 description of, 36

types of, 33

uveitic glaucoma treated with, 35–36 uveoscleral outflow affected by, 34

Prostaglandin F2a, 114 Pulmonary system, 61–62 Pupillary block

description of, 217f, 219 illustration of, 217f laser iridotomy for, 223

miotic treatment and, 220 Purite, 14

Quinapril, 172t

Racemate, 8

Ramipril, 172t

Reactive airway disease, 65 Reflex tearing, 6

Regimens. See Treatment regimen Renin-angiotensin system, 172

Retisert. See Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant

Retrobulbar anesthesia, 81

Schlemm’s canal, 10, 104

Scottish Glaucoma Trial, 181, 187t Secondary glaucoma, 158–159 Sectral. See Acebutolol

Selective laser trabeculoplasty, 209–211 Sexual dysfunction, 60

Side effects, 249. See also specific drug, side effects of

Slow-release contact lenses, 21 Sodium ascorbate, 162 Sodium-potassium–activated adenosine

triphosphate, 9 Solutions

suspensions vs., 11–12 timolol, 65–69

Index 289

Sturge-Weber syndrome, 235 Sucrose, 162

Sular. See Nisoldipine

Sulfanilamide, 125f Surgical treatment

contraindications, 263

filtering surgery, 22–23, 182–183, 185, 191, 209–210

indications for, 209, 261

laser trabeculoplasty. See Laser trabeculoplasty nonpenetrating drainage surgery, 262

options, 209–211 overview of, 259–260 sequencing of, 262 trabeculectomy, 262

Surveillance of patients, 207 Suspensions

aqueous phase of, 12 solutions vs., 11–12

Sympatholytics, central, 168–169

Target intraocular pressure, 186, 202, 261 Tear(s)

osmolality of, 12 pH of, 12 tonicity of, 12–13

Tear film dynamics, 10–11 precorneal, 6

Tear flow

basal rate of, 6 Ocusert affected by, 17 turnover rate, 11

Tenormin. See Atenolol Tetrahydrocannabinol, 173–174 Thimerosal, 41

Timolol

additive uses of, 68 apraclonidine and, 91

aqueous humor production affected by, 67 with bimatoprost, 145

with brimonidine, 145–146 brimonidine and, 94

cardiovascular system adverse effects of, 61 chemical structure of, 66f

concentrations of, 66 daily uses of, 71

with dorzolamide, 141–142 dose–response effect, 67 efficacy of, 67–68

with epinephrine, 140–141

in gel-forming solutions, 58, 68 history of, 63, 66

indications for, 65–66

intraocular pressure reduction using, 55–56, 65–67, 67–68, 192

with latanoprost, 143–144 mechanism of action, 56 molecular imprinting uses, 21 onset of action, 67

in pediatric patients, 236t, 236–237 persistence of, 68

with pilocarpine, 110t plasma concentrations of, 60 potassium sorbate and, 68

290 Index

Timolol (continued) preservatives, 58

prostaglandin analogs vs., 42f, 42–43 side effects of, 58–60

solutions, 65–69 summary of, 59t

systemic absorption of, 60 systemic uses of, 167t with travoprost, 144–145

Timolol hemihydrate, 66f Timoptic. See Timolol

Timpilo. See Pilocarpine, with timolol Tonicity, of drug formulations, 12–13 Topical drugs

absorption of, 7

carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 128–134, 192–193

Topiramate (Topamax), 173 Trabecular meshwork

cholinergic agent effects on, 105 description of, 10

laser trabeculoplasty effects, 211 Trabeculectomy, 262

Trabeculoplasty. See Argon laser trabeculoplasty; Laser trabeculoplasty

Trandate. See Labetalol Trandolapril, 172t Transfer coefficients, 5 Transition temperature, 19 Trauma, 226–228 Travoprost (Travatan)

chemical structure of, 34f

conjunctival hyperemia associated with, 37 description of, 14, 33

intraocular pressure reduction using, 42–43, 43f

side effects of, 37

with timolol, 46, 144–145 treatment regimen for, 36

Treatment. See also Medications; specific medications

combination therapies, 203–204, 204t, 205f decisions regarding, 186

follow-up after, 193–194 goals for, 186 individualization of, 204–205 initial modalities, 190–191

intraocular pressure reduction goals, 186, 188–190

medical, 191–193. See also Medications; specific drug

nonadherence to, 190. See also Noncompliance surgery. See Surgical treatment

surveillance of patients during, 207 trials regarding, 181–186

Treatment regimen. See also specific medication, treatment regimen

compliance with. See Compliance customization of, 260

dosing irregularities, 248–249, 249t noncompliance caused by, 248

questionnaires to assess compliance with, 250, 250t

simplification of, 251–252 Trusopt. See Dorzolamide

Ultrafiltration, 9 Univasc. See Moexipril Unoprostone, 33, 34f Urea, 151, 152f, 162 Urolithiasis, 127

Uveitic glaucoma, 35–36 Uveitis, 39–40, 191 Uveoscleral outflow

ciliary muscle contraction effects on, 104, 106f

prostaglandin analogs effect on, 34 Uveoscleral pathway, 10

Vasotec. See Enalapril

Verapamil, 170t, 171

Viscosity, of drug formulations, 13

Visual field testing, 194, 194t

Vitamin C, 175

Xalacom. See Latanoprost, with timolol

Zebeta. See Bisoprolol

Zero-order kinetics, 5

Zestril. See Lisinopril