Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Glaucoma Medical Therapy Principles and Management_Netland_2008

Glaucoma Medical Therapy

Ophthalmology Monographs

A series published by Oxford University Press in cooperation with the American Academy of Ophthalmology

Series Editor: Richard K. Parrish, II, MD, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute

American Academy of Ophthalmology Clinical Education Secretariat: Louis B. Cantor, MD, Indiana University School of Medicine Gregory L. Skuta, MD, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute

1.Retinal Detachment: Principles and Practice, third edition Daniel A. Brinton and Charles P. Wilkinson

2.Electrophysiologic Testing in Disorders of the Retina, Optic Nerve, and Visual Pathway, second edition Gerald Allen Fishman, David G. Birch, Graham E. Holder, and Mitchell G. Brigell

3.Visual Fields: Examination and Interpretation, second edition Thomas J. Walsh

4.Glaucoma Surgery: Principles and Techniques, second edition Edited by Robert N. Weinreb and Richard P. Mills

5.Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiography: Technique and Interpretation, second edition Joseph W. Berkow, Robert W. Flower, David H. Orth, and James S. Kelley

6.Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography: Clinical Neuro-Orbital Anatomy

Jonathan D. Wirtschafter, Eric L. Berman, and Carolyn S. McDonald

7.Cataract Surgery and Intraocular Lenses: A 21st-Century Perspective, second edition Edited by Jerry G. Ford and Carol L. Karp

8.Volumes 1, 2, and 3, Surgery of the Eyelid, Orbit and Lacrimal System

Edited by William B. Stewart

9.Surgical Anatomy of the Ocular Adnexa: A Clinical Approach

David R. Jordan and Richard L. Anderson

10.Optic Nerve Disorders, second edition

Edited by Lanning B. Kline and Rod Foroozan

11.Laser Photocoagulation of the Retina and Choroid (with slide set) James C. Folk and Jose´ S. Pulido

12.Low Vision Rehabilitation: Caring for the Whole Person

Edited by Donald C. Fletcher

13.Glaucoma Medical Therapy: Principles and Management, second edition Edited by Peter A. Netland

14.Diabetes and Ocular Disease: Past, Present, and Future Therapies, second edition Edited by Ingrid U. Scott, Harry W. Flynn, Jr., and William E. Smiddy

15.HIV/AIDS and the Eye: A Global Perspective

Emmett T. Cunningham, Jr., and Rubens Belfort, Jr.

16.Corneal Dystrophies and Degenerations

Edited by Ming X. Wang

17.Strabismus Surgery: Basic and Advanced Techniques

Edited by David A. Plager; written by Edward G. Buckley, David A. Plager, Michael X. Repka, and M. Edward Wilson; contributions by Marshall M. Parks and Gunter K. von Noorden www.oup.com/us/aao/plager/strabismus

18.A Compendium of Inherited Disorders and the Eye

Elias I. Traboulsi www.oup.com/us/aao/traboulsi/genetic

1

Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence

in research, scholarship, and education.

Copyright 2008 by Peter A. Netland

Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.

198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com

Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,

without the prior permission of Oxford University Press.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Glaucoma medical therapy : principles and management / edited by Peter A. Netland.—2nd ed. p. ; cm. — (Ophthalmology monographs ; 13)

Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-532850-9

1. Glaucoma—Chemotherapy. I. Netland, Peter A. II. American Academy of Ophthalmology. III. Series.

[DNLM: 1. Glaucoma—drug therapy. 2. Intraocular Pressure—drug effects. W1 OP372L v.13 2007 / WW 290 G550152 2007]

RE871.G554 2007 617.7'41061—dc22 2007013167

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in China on acid-free paper

Legal Notice

he American Academy of Ophthalmology provides the opportunity for Tmaterial to be presented for educational purposes only. The material represents the approach, ideas, statement, or opinion of the author, not necessarily the only or best method or procedure in every case, nor the position of the Academy. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the opinions expressed and statements made by various authors in this monograph reflect the author’s observations and do not imply endorsement by the Academy. The material is not intended to replace a physician’s own judgment or give specific advice for case management. The Academy does not endorse any of the products or companies, if any, mentioned

in this monograph.

Some material on recent developments may include information on drug or device applications that are not considered community standard, that reflect indications not included in approved FDA labeling, or that are approved for use only in restricted research settings. This information is provided as education only so that physicians may be aware of alternative methods of the practice of medicine, and should not be considered endorsement, promotion, or in any way encouragement to use such applications. The FDA has stated that it is the responsibility of the physician to determine the FDA status of each drug or device he or she wishes to use in clinical practice, and to use these products with appropriate patient consent and in compliance with applicable law.

The Academy and Oxford University Press (OUP) do not make any warranties as to the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any material presented here, which is provided on an ‘‘as is’’ basis. The Academy and OUP are not liable to anyone for any errors, inaccuracies, or omissions obtained here. The Academy specifically disclaims any and all liability for injury or other damages of any kind for any and all claims that may arise out of the use of any practice, technique, or drug described in any material by any author, whether such claims are asserted by a physician or any other person.

Peter A. Netland, MD, PhD (left), and Robert C. Allen, MD (right), Memphis, Tennessee, 2000.

Preface

Iglaucoma was championed by physicians who had studied under Albrecht von Graefe. In 1876, Ludwig Laqueur, a professor in Strasbourg, France, recom-n the latter part of the nineteenth century, effective medical treatment for

mended the use of an extract of the calabar bean, the seed of an African vine that is a source of physostigmine. At about the same time, Adolf Weber, a practicing ophthalmologist in Darmstadt, Germany, advocated the use of an extract of jaborandi, a South American shrub that contains pilocarpine. Although these drugs did not treat the underlying cause of glaucoma, they successfully controlled intraocular pressure in many patients. Miosis-inducing parasympathomimetic drugs remained the mainstay of medical therapy for glaucoma for the next 75 years, until the introduction of oral acetazolamide and topical epinephrine in the 1950s, followed by topical ophthalmic beta blockers in the 1970s.

In recent years, a large number of drugs have been developed for the treatment of glaucoma. With the increasing choices of alternative medications, miotic drugs, acetazolamide, and epinephrine are now less frequently used to treat chronic glaucoma. Prostaglandin analogs, topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and adrenergic agonists have played an increasingly important role in the medical therapy of glaucoma. While naturally available substances provided the earliest glaucoma medications, new drugs are now developed through computational and synthetic chemical techniques. Currently available glaucoma medications have been approved for clinical use based upon their ability to lower intraocular pressure, although medications are being considered with other primary mechanisms of action that are thought to be potentially beneficial in glaucoma therapy. The clinical use of drugs for glaucoma therapy has evolved, adapting with the advent of each new drug.

viii Preface

Clinicians need to understand, synthesize, and use data about medications that have specific benefits and risks for their glaucoma patients.

An ideal drug would have no side effects, would be effortless to administer, would cost nothing, and would be 100% effective in controlling or eliminating the problem. Currently, the ideal drug for glaucoma does not exist. Nonetheless, investigators continually strive to improve glaucoma medical therapy, which will likely continue to improve in the future. New experimental and clinical investigations are promising and may open new therapeutic targets for treatment of glaucoma in the future. The focus of this book is the current art and science of clinically available drugs for medical therapy of glaucoma. The contributors have attempted to provide evidence-based information about the topic, while providing perspective from clinical experience.

This is a peer-reviewed, edited, multiauthor book, with chapters contributed by individuals with expertise in the medical therapy of glaucoma. The book is intended to provide information about glaucoma medical therapy for practicing ophthalmologists and ophthalmologists in training. Other practitioners who have clinical contact with glaucoma patients also may find the content of this monograph valuable. The material in this book on the medical management of glaucoma complements the surgical orientation of the second edition of Glaucoma Surgery: Principles and Techniques, edited by Robert N. Weinreb, MD, and Richard P. Mills, MD, and published by the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Oxford University Press.

In the second edition of this book, all chapters have been thoroughly revised and updated, and new chapters regarding fixed-combination drugs and medical treatment in pregnancy and pediatric patients have been added. Some chapters have required addition of extensive new material because of the changes in medical therapy of glaucoma since the publication of the first edition of the book in 1999. In 2005, Robert C. Allen, MD, co-editor for the first edition, succumbed to the complications of uveal melanoma. He was an esteemed clinical colleague and investigator, prolific academic, respected department chair, devoted family man, and cherished friend.

The contributors to this edition of Glaucoma Medical Therapy have dedicated their efforts to the memory of Dr. Robert C. Allen (1950–2005).

Peter A. Netland, MD, PhD

Educational Objectives

The educational objectives of this monograph are to

Identify the different categories of drugs and combinations of drugs used to treat glaucoma

Outline the treatment regimens employed with specific medications

Describe the side effects and contraindications of specific medications

Demonstrate how different drugs may be used either alone or in combination to achieve the desired therapeutic effect

Provide updated information on medications and their role in glaucoma therapy

Familiarize the reader with the effect of systemic medications on intraocular pressure

Explain the use of osmotic drugs in the management of angle-closure glaucoma and secondary glaucomas

Educate the reader on the use of medications in specific types of glaucoma, such as pediatric, pigmentary, corticosteroid-induced, and neovascular glaucoma

Encourage the reader to monitor patient compliance with recommended regimens and offer suggestions to improve compliance

Define maximum tolerable medical therapy

Analyze the use of medications in conjunction with laser or filtration surgery