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To our wives, families, and all of our colleagues, especially the contributors, who have dedicated many hours to writing and editing chapters for this book

ISBN: 0-8247-0558-0

This book is printed on acid-free paper

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Marcel Dekker, Inc.

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The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above.

Copyright # 2002 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Current printing (last digit):

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Preface

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a recently developed imaging technology that has stimulated considerable interest in the fields of medicine, biology, and material science. The unique capability of OCT to noninvasively explore microstructure within turbid media using nonionizing radiation has opened the door to applications such as optical biopsy, surgical guidance, studies of developmental biology, and quality control of advanced composites in situ.

The technological innovations that have led to the current success of OCT are manifold and have been published in the scientific literature of optical communications, optical engineering, applied physics, and biomedical engineering. Similarly, the applications of OCT have been separately described in the publications of the relevant fields. The diversity of these publications has led to a need for a comprehensive handbook describing OCT and detailing the advances. The aim of this book, then, is to address this need and to serve as a repository for engineers and scientists involved with the development of OCT technology. Sufficient detail is given to enable newcomers to the field to construct a state-of-the-art OCT imaging system. In addition, the book will serve as a reference for medical clinicians wishing to understand the fundamentals of OCT and its capabilities and limitations.

Chapter 1 presents historical background describing the development of OCT and includes citations to the primary literature. The following five chapters provide a summary of the technology specific to each of the major subcomponents of a typical OCT system, including optical sources, fiber optics, temporal delay scanning, OCT probe design, detection, and system integration. Chapters 7 through 13 are devoted to new imaging concepts spawned from OCT research, such as the reduction of speckle in OCT images, polarization-sensitive OCT, the detection of Doppler-shifted backreflection to determine flow, the combined use of OCT and confocal microscopy, spectral radar, and alternative imaging geometries for OCT.

The applications section (Chapters 14 to 28) begins with a summary of the use of OCT for measuring optical properties and a discussion of nonbiological applications of OCT such as monitoring advanced composites and optical data storage. Biological and medical applications are grouped by topic, beginning with developmental biology and continuing through the major human tissue systems that have

iii

iv

Preface

been investigated. While the development of OCT has enjoyed widespread interest and has been pursued by many research groups throughout the world, the technology is still young. We hope the readers of this book will be motivated to explore new directions for this promising imaging modality.

Brett E. Bouma

Guillermo J. Tearney

Contents

Preface

iii

Contributors

vii

1.

Optical Coherence Tomography: Introduction

1

 

James G. Fujimoto

 

 

TECHNOLOGY

 

2.

Optical Coherence Tomography: Theory

41

 

Michael R. Hee

 

3.

Optical Sources

67

 

Brett E. Bouma and Guillermo J. Tearney

 

4.

Reference Optical Delay Scanning

99

 

Andrew M. Rollins and Joseph A. Izatt

 

5.

Design of OCT Scanners

125

 

Felix I. Feldchtein, V. M. Gelikonov, and G. V. Gelikonov

 

6.

System Integration and Signal/Image Processing

143

 

Joseph A. Izatt, Andrew M. Rollins, Rujchai Ung-Arunyawee,

 

 

Siavash Yazdanfar, and Manish D. Kulkarni

 

 

IMAGING CONCEPTS

 

7.

Speckle Reduction Techniques

175

 

J. M. Schmitt, S. H. Xiang, and K. M. Yung

 

8.

Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography

203

 

Thomas E. Milner, Joseph A. Izatt, Siavash Yazdanfar,

 

 

Andrew M. Rollins, T. Lindmo, Zhongping Chen,

 

 

J. Stuart Nelson, and Xiao-jun Wang

 

9.

Polarization-Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography

237

 

Johannes F. de Boer, Shyam M. Srinivas, J. Stuart Nelson,

 

 

Thomas E. Milner, and Mathieu G. Ducros

 

10.

Optical Coherence Microscopy

275

 

Hsing-Wen Wang, Joseph A. Izatt, and Manish D. Kulkarni

 

v

vi

 

Contents

11.

Full-Field Optical Coherence Microscopy

299

 

H. Saint-Jalmes, M. Lebec, E. Beaurepaire, A. Dubois, and

 

 

A. C. Boccara

 

12.

Spectral Radar: Optical Coherence Tomography in the

 

 

Fourier Domain

335

 

M. W. Lindner, P. Andretzky, F. Kiesewetter, and G. Ha¨usler

 

13.

Alternative OCT Techniques

359

 

Christoph K. Hitzenberger and Adolf F. Fercher

 

APPLICATIONS

14. Optical Coherence Tomography for High-Density Data Storage 385

Stephen R. Chinn and Eric A. Swanson

15.Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography to the Study

of Polymer Matrix Composites

421

Joy P. Dunkers

 

16.Relationship Between Tissue Microscopic Structure and Scattering

Properties: Implications for OCT Imaging

445

Rebekah Drezek, Andre´s F. Zuluaga, and Rebecca Richards-Kortum

 

17.Optical Coherence Tomography in the Diagnosis and Management

 

of Posterior Segment Disorders

471

 

Mark J. Rivellese and Carmen A. Puliafito

 

18.

Optical Coherence Tomography in the Anterior Segment of the Eye

487

 

Hans Hoerauf and Reginald Birngruber

 

19.

Optical Coherence Tomography and Developmental Biology

505

 

Stephen A. Boppart, Mark E. Brezinski, and James G. Fujimoto

 

20.

Optical Coherence Tomography in Dermatology

539

 

Julia Welzel, Joachim Noack, Eva Lankenau, and Ralf Engelhardt

 

21.

Imaging Neoplasia

563

 

Constantinos Pitris, Mark E. Brezinski, and James G. Fujimoto

 

22.

Optical Coherence Tomography in Dentistry

591

 

Bill W. Colston, Jr., Matthew J. Everett, Ujwal S. Sathyam,

 

 

and Luiz B. Da Silva

 

23.

Surgical Guidance and Intervention

613

 

Stephen A. Boppart, Mark E. Brezinski, and James G. Fujimoto

 

24.

Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography in Gynecology

649

 

N. M. Shakhova, Felix I. Feldchtein, and A. M. Sergeev

 

25.

Gastrointestinal Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography

673

 

Norman S. Nishioka, Stephan Brand, Brett E. Bouma, Guillermo

 

 

J. Tearney, and Carolyn C. Compton

 

26.

Optical Coherence Tomography in Cardiology

693

 

Guillermo J. Tearney, Brett E. Bouma, M. S. Shishkov, K. Schlendorf,

 

 

S. Houser, D.-H. Kang, H. T. Aretz, T. J. Brady, and I.-K. Jang

 

27.

Capabilities of Optical Coherence Tomography in Laryngology

705

 

N. D. Gladkova, A. V. Shakhov, and Felix I. Feldchtein

 

28.

Optical Coherence Tomography in Urology

725

 

F. Koenig, Guillermo J. Tearney, and Brett E. Bouma

 

Index

 

739

Contributors

P. Andretzky University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

H. T. Aretz Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

E. Beaurepaire CNRS, ESPCI, Paris, France

Reginald Birngruber Medical Laser Center Lu¨beck, Lu¨beck, Germany

T. J. Brady Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Stephan Brand Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Mark E. Brezinski Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

A. C. Boccara CNRS, ESPCI, Paris, France

Stephen A. Boppart Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts

Brett E. Bouma Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Zhongping Chen University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California

Stephen R. Chinn* Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Massachusetts

Bill W. Colston, Jr. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,

California

Current affiliation: Malachite Technologies, Methuen, Massachusetts

vii

viii

Contributors

Carolyn C. Compton Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Luiz B. Da Silva Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California

Johannes F. de Boer* University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California

Rebekah Drezek The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas

A. Dubois CNRS, ESPCI, Paris, France

Mathieu G. Ducros University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas

Joy P. Dunkers National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,

Maryland

Ralf Engelhardt Medical Laser Center Lu¨beck, Lu¨beck, Germany

Matthew J. Everett Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,

California

Felix I. Feldchtein Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

Adolf F. Fercher University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

James G. Fujimoto Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts

G. V. Gelikonov Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

V. M. Gelikonov Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

N. D. Gladkova Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

G. Ha¨usler University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

Michael R. Hee University of California, San Francisco, California

Christoph K. Hitzenberger University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

Hans Hoerauf Medical University of Lu¨beck, Lu¨beck, Germany

S. Houser Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Joseph A. Izatt Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

I.-K. Jang Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

D.-H. Kang Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

F. Kiesewetter University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

F. Koenig Charite´ Medical School, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

Current affiliation: Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Contributors

ix

Manish D. Kulkarni Zeiss Humphrey Systems, Dublin, California

Eva Lankenau Medical Laser Center Lu¨beck, Lu¨beck, Germany

M. Lebec CNRS, CPE, Universite´ Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France

T. Lindmo Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway

M. W. Lindner University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany

Thomas E. Milner University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas

J. Stuart Nelson University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California

Norman S. Nishioka Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Joachim Noack Medical Laser Center Lu¨beck, Lu¨beck, Germany

Constantinos Pitris Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,

Massachusetts

Carmen A. Puliafito University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida

Rebecca Richards-Kortum The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas

Mark J. Rivellese Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

Andrew M. Rollins Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

H. Saint-Jalmes Universite´ Claude Bernard-Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France

Ujwal S. Sathyam Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California

K. Schlendorf Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

J. M. Schmitt Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

A.M. Sergeev Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

A.V. Shakhov Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

N. M. Shakhova Nizhny Novgorod Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia

M. S. Shishkov Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Shyam M. Srinivas University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California

Eric A. Swanson* Coherent Diagnostic Technology, Concord, Massachusetts

Guillermo J. Tearney Harvard Medical School and Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts

Rujchai Ung-Arunyawee Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

Current affiliation: Sycamore Networks, Chelmsford, Massachusetts

x

Contributors

Hsing-Wen Wang Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

Xiao-jun Wang Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, Georgia

Julia Welzel Medical University of Lu¨beck, Lu¨beck, Germany

S. H. Xiang Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

Siavash Yazdanfar Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

K. M. Yung Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

Andre´s F. Zuluaga The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas