Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Handbook of Nutrition and Ophthalmology_Semba_2007

biochemistry, 295–296 dietary sources, 296 functions, 297 metabolism, 297 requirements, 297 storage, 297

Niacin deficiency

cataract, 127, 133, 136, 139 clinical manifestations

pellagra, 298

nutritional amblyopia, 299–302 epidemiology, 298

historical background, 295 Niacin maculopathy, 302 Nicaragua, 57

Niger, 55

Nigeria, 224, 301, 333

Night blindness, See Vitamin A deficiency Nurses’ Health Study, 123, 127, 128, 129–139,

140, 144, 168, 170 Nutritional amblyopia

animal models

thiamin deficiency, 293 vitamin B12 deficiency, 311

beriberi, 291 clinical features, 282

Cuban Neuropathy Epidemic, 320–329 definition, 281

epidemiology, 282 historical background, 281 Leigh syndrome, 292 pathogenesis

See Folate deficiency See Niacin deficiency See Riboflavin deficiency See Thiamin deficiency

See Vitamin B12 deficiency pellagra, 299–302

public health significance, 281 treatment

B complex vitamins, 330 dietary, 330

folate, 306 thiamin, 293–294 vitamin B12, 311

wartime outbreaks

clinical presentation, 313–314 etiology, 320

Korean War, 319, 323 Spanish Civil War, 314, 321

synonyms for nutritional amblyopia, 313 treatment, 320

Vietnam War, 319, 323

World War I, 314, 321

World War II, 314–319, 321–323 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 291–292

Nutrition Canada Survey, 265 Nutrition transition, 220

O

Obesity

American Academy of Pediatrics policy statement, 234

body mass index, 220–221 childhood, 229 definitions, 220

economic impact, 230, 232 epidemiology

incidence, 221–222 prevalence, 221–222, 231

geographic distribution, 222–226 implications for eye health

diabetes mellitus, 229–230, 232 diabetic retinopathy, 230

pathogenesis

community design, 228–229 diet, 235

fat intake, 226

physical activity, 227–228 television, 226–227

prevention breastfeeding, 233 diet, 235–236 exercise, 233–234 perinatal period, 233

World Health Organization classification, 221 Oculocutaneous tyrosinemia

clinical features, 457 metabolic aspects, 457–458 nutritional treatment, 458 tyrosine aminotransferase, 457

Omega 3-fatty acids, 170, 205 Oomen, H.A.P.C., 10

Oeller, Johann Nepomuk, 163 Ornithine, See Gyrate atrophy Overweight, 220–221 Osborne, Thomas, 4 Oxidative stress

oxidative damage DNA, 403 proteins, 403–404 lipids, 404

redox signaling of inflammation, 401 trigger for inflammation, 395–397 sarcopenia, 168

smoking, 168

P

Pagenstecher, Hermann, 163

Papua New Guinea, 40, 287 Pakistan, 51, 225

Panama, 57

Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l’Age (POLA) Study, 167, 176

Pekelharing, Cornelis, 4 Pellagra, See Niacin deficiency Peru, 57, 225

Philippines, 27, 52, 60, 77, 318

Physicians’ Health Study, 123–124, 151, 154, 171, 176, 264, 265

Pittsburgh Diabetic Morbidity and Retinopathy Studies, 242

Phytanic acid, See Refsum disease Planet Health, 235

Poland, 3

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), See Essential fatty acids

Portugal, 4, 224, 298

Purtscher, Otmar, 30 Pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

cataract, 127, 133,137, 139 treatment for gyrate atrophy, 451 treatment for homocystinuria, 462

Q

Quetelet, Adolphe, 219

R

Raadt, Otto de, 318 Ramalingaswami, Vulimiri, 10 Ratier, Félix Séverin, 2 Raulin, Jules, 355

Refsum, Sigvald, 451 Refsum disease

clinical features, 451–452 laboratory findings, 452 metabolic aspects, 452–453 nutritional treatment, 454 phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase, 453

Retinitis pigmentosa clinical features, 469 metabolic aspects, 469

nutritional treatments, 469–470 Retinol, See Vitamin A Riboflavin

absorption, 332 assessment of status, 334 biochemistry, 331 dietary sources, 331–332 functions, 332–333

metabolism, 332 requirements, 333 storage, 332

Riboflavin deficiency cataracts, 337

clinical manifestations, 334–336 epidemiology, 333–334 historical background, 330–331 nutritional amblyopia, 338 retinal vascular disease, 338 treatment, 338

Rickes, Edward, 307

Richner-Hanhart syndrome, See Oculocutaneous tyrosinemia

Ridley, Harold, 315

Roche European American Cataract Trial, 152, 153

Rodger, Frederick C., 315 Rotterdam Study, 167, 168, 171 Roussel, Théophile, 295 Russian Federation, 225

S

Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project, 123, 143 San Luis Valley Diabetes Study, 244, 245 Saudi Arabia, 333

Scott, Henry Harold, 300

Scrimshaw, Nevin, 12

Scurvy, See Vitamin C deficiency Sebrell, W. Henry, 11

Selenium

age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 171, 172

biochemistry, 399 deficiency, 399 functions, 399

Senegal, 54 Siemerling, Ernst, 458

Singapore, 50, 221, 302, 315, 316 Singer, Karl, 443

Smoking

age-related macular degeneration, 168 cataract, 142–143

oxidative stress, 168 Socin, Carl, 4

Soemmering, Samuel Thomas von, 163 Solomon Islands, 52

Sommer, Alfred, 13

Sorsby, Arnold, 468 Sorsby fundus dystrophy

clinical features, 468

genetic and metabolic aspects, 468 nutritional treatment, 469

South Africa, 54, 76, 224

South Korea, 225, 319

Spain, 295, 314, 333

Sri Lanka, 51, 60, 415

Stepp, Wilhelm, 4

Strachan, Henry, 281

Strambio, Gaetano, 295

Sudan, 52–53, 59–60

Sulfite oxidase deficiency, 470

Sure, Barnett, 196

Suzuki, Umetaro, 284

Sweden, 146

Sweet, Lewis, 63

T

Tanzania, 53, 76, 224

Takaki, Kanehiro, 283 Taylor, Carl, 12

Thailand, 11, 50, 77, 315, 317 Thiamin

absorption, 285

assessment of status, 288–289 biochemistry, 284

dietary sources, 284–285 functions, 286 metabolism, 285–287 requirements, 286–288

treatment for nutritional amblyopia, 293–294

Thiamin deficiency animal models, 293 clinical manifestations

beriberi, 289–291 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 291

definition, 283

deprivation studies in humans, 293 epidemiology, 287–288

historical background, 283 Leigh syndrome, 292 nutritional amblyopia, 291 optic atrophy, 291–292

Thiérry, François, 295

Thudichum, Johann Ludwig Wilhelm, 184, 416 “Tobacco–Alcohol Amblyopia”

See Nutritional amblyopia, 311–313 Tibet Eye Study, 141, 142

Tjissen, Johannes, 12

Trantas, Alexios, 63

Tswett, Mikhail Semenovich, 185 Tunisia, 55

Tuvalu, 52 Tyrosinemia type II,

See Oculocutaneous tyrosinemia

U

Uganda, 53, 69 Uhthoff, Wilhelm, 64

UK Prospective Diabetes Study, 242 United Kingdom

age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 171, 172

cataract, 129–136, 146, 153 cod-liver oil use, 7–9 diabetes mellitus, 242 essential fatty acids, 433

hyperhomocysteinemia, 263, 265 obesity, 221, 224

riboflavin deficiency, 333 preterm birth, 415,

vitamin A to reduce child mortality, 6–9 United States,

See National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES)

cataract, 123

diabetes epidemic, 230–231 essential fatty acids, 429, 430, 433 folate fortification, 303 fortification of flour, 284 infantile scurvy history, 377 obesity, 221, 222, 226–227, 228 pellagra history, 295, 299–300

Uyemura, Misao, 30

V

van der Hoeve, Jan, 163 Van Stockum, Maria, 61 Vanuatu, 52

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 184 diabetic retinopathy, 246, 248–249

Venezuela, 57

Vietnam, 11, 43, 49, 77, 314, 315, 319, 415 Villemin, Jean–Antoine, 3

Visual evoked potential (VEP), 426 Vitamin A

absorption and digestion, 16–17 biochemistry

acyl-CoA-retinol acyltransferase (ARAT), 17 beta-carotene, 15–16

beta-carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase, 16 cellular retinol-binding protein (CRBP) II, 16 chemical structure, 14,16

lecithin-retinol acyltransferase (LRAT), 17 relation with carotenoids, 16–18

retinal, 16

retinol-binding protein (RBP), 18 retinoic acid, 17

food sources, 14 gene regulation

retinoic acid receptors (RAR), 19–20 retinoid X receptors, 19–20

retinoic acid response elements (RARES), 20 liver uptake and storage, 17–19

dietary requirements, 20–21 tissue uptake, 19

Vitamin A deficiency, 1–78 breastfeeding, 61–62 children, 60–61 clinical features

anemia, 42–47 Bitot spot, 23–25

conjunctival xerosis, 23 corneal ulcer, 27–29 corneal scar, 33–34 corneal xerosis, 25–27 growth retardation, 41–42 immune suppression, 34–39 pupil dilation, 34 keratomalacia, 29–30 night blindness, 22–23

xerophthalmic fundus, 30–33 diagnosis

clinical, 69–60

conjunctival impression cytology, 72–73 dark adaptometry, 73

dietary assessment, 74

modified relative dose response, 73–74 other tests, 74–75

pupillary threshold, 74 relative dose response, 73–74 retinol in breast milk, 71–72 retinol in serum, 70–71

diet, 63–64 education, 59–60 epidemiology

global distribution, 48–57 incidence, 48 prevalence, 48

risk factors, 57–69 gender, 61

historical background, early history, 2–4 Bellagio meeting, 11

characterization of vitamin A, 4–5 cod-liver oil, 8–9

Denmark in WW I, 5–6 diarrhea, 10

discovery of mortality reduction, 7–8 fortification of margarine, 9 fortification of milk, 9

historical milestones, 15 Indonesia, 12

International Vitamin A Consultative Group (IVACG), 13

measles treatment, 6–8 National Institutes of Health, 10 public health measures, 9

supplementation programs, 12–13 trials for infectious diseases, 13

Western Hemisphere Nutrition Congress, 11 Xerophthalmia Club, 13

home gardens, 64 immunity

antibody responses, 39 B-lymphocytes, 38–39 Langerhans cells, 37 monocytes/macrophages, 37 mucosal immunity, 34 natural killer cells, 36 neutrophils, 36 T-lymphocytes, 37–38

infants, 60–61 infections

diarrheal diseases, 39–40, 62 helminthiasis, 63

HIV infection, 40 malaria, 40 measles, 6–8, 62–63 otitis media, 63

respiratory disease, 63 tuberculosis, 41, 63

institutionalization, 69 malabsorption

celiac sprue, 67 cystic fibrosis, 66–67

malnutrition, 64–65 poverty, 58–59 pregnancy, 68 prevention

breastfeeding practices, 77 control of infectious diseases, 77 dietary modification, 76

food fortification, 76–77 plant breeding, 77 vitamin A capsules, 77–78

seasonality, 65–66

treatment with vitamin A, 75–76 women, 68–69

xerophthalmia

World Health Organization classification, 21

Vitamin B6, See Pyridoxine Vitamin B12

absorption, 307–308 assessment of status, 309–310 biochemistry, 307

dietary sources, 307–308 functions, 307 metabolism, 307 requirements, 308–309 storage, 307

treatment for nutritional amblyopia, 311 Vitamin B12 deficiency

animal models, 311 clinical features, 310 epidemiology, 309

historical background, 306–307 hyperhomocysteinemia, 261–262 nutritional amblyopia, 310–311

Vitamin C absorption, 372

assessment of status, 375 biochemistry, 372 cornea tissue levels, 380 dietary sources, 372–373

functions, 373–374, 380–382 historical background, 371 metabolism, 372–373 requirements, 374

retina, 382–383 storage, 372–373

tear concentrations, 383 Vitamin C deficiency

cataracts, 126, 132, 136, 139, 380 clinical features

adult scurvy, 376 infantile scurvy, 376

corneal wound healing, 378 diabetic retinopathy, 244 epidemiology, 374–375 eye findings

hemorrhages, 376–378 orbital hemorrhage, 376–378 proptosis, 376–378 retinopathy, 377, 379

prevention, 383 treatment, 383

Vitamin E

absorption, 196–199 assessment of status, 200 biochemistry, 196–197 definitions, 194

diabetic retinopathy, 244–245 dietary sources, 196, 198 function, 198–199

historical background, 196

metabolism, 196–199 requirements, 199–200 role in retina, 200–202 storage, 198–199

Vitamin E, Cataract and Age-Related Maculopathy Trial, 152, 154

Vitamin E deficiency, 200 Von Graefe, Albrecht, 29

Von Huebbenet, Anton Christian August, 3 Von Reuss, August Ritter, 454

W

Wackenroder, Heinrich Wilhelm Ferdinand, 184 Wagner, Karl-Heinz, 42

Wald, George, 5, 164

Waterman Study, 123, 143, 164, 176 Weeks, John Elmer, 25

Western Samoa, 226 Widmark, Erik, 5 Williams, Christine, 233 Williams, Robert, 284 Wills, Lucy, 302 Willstätter, Richard, 184

Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy, 241, 242

Wilson, Samuel Alexander Kinnier, 464 Wilson disease

clinical features, 464, 467 Kayser-Fleischer ring, 465 laboratory findings, 467 metabolic aspects, 465–466 nutritional treatment, 467

Wine

age-related macular degeneration, 176 cataract, 144

Wolbach, S. Burt, 63

Women’s Health and Aging Study, 398 Women’s Health Study, 140

World Health Organization, 9–12, 14, Wright, Robert E., 30

X

Xerophthalmia. See Vitamin A deficiency X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

clinical features, 458–459 laboratory findings, 459 Lorenzo’s oil, 460 metabolic aspects, 459–460 nutritional treatment, 460

Y

Yemen, 56, 60

Youmans, John, 72

Z

Zambia, 54

Zeise, William Christopher, 184 Zimbabwe, 54, 333

Zinc

absorption, 357

assessment of status, 361–362 biochemistry, 356

dietary sources, 356–357 general functions, 358–359 functions in eye, 359–360 historical background, 355–356 metabolism, 357–358

requirements, 361 storage, 357–358

tissue concentrations, 358 Zinc deficiency

age-related macular degeneration, 169–170, 174–175, 203

acrodermatitis enteropathica clinical features, 362–363 eye findings, 373

cataract, 128, 133, 137, 139 clinical manifestations, 362 dark adaptation, 364 diabetic retinopathy, 245 epidemiology, 361