Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Handbook of Nutrition and Ophthalmology_Semba_2007
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HANDBOOK OF NUTRITION
AND OPHTHALMOLOGY
Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Vertemnus (1591), Courtesy of Skoklosters Slott, Bålsta, Stockholm.
Vertemnus (or Vortumnus) was an Etruscan god who was responsible for the transformation of plants from flowering to the bearing of fruit.
♥ Skokloster castle photo Samuel Uhrdin
HANDBOOK OF
NUTRITION
AND OPHTHALMOLOGY
By
RICHARD D. SEMBA, MD, MPH
The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
© 2007 Humana Press Inc.
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Totowa, New Jersey 07512
www.humanapr.com
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher. All papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to assure the accuracy of the information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications. This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug. It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual patients. Further it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinical practice. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication.
Cover design by Nancy K. Fallatt
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Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
eISBN 978-1-59259-979-0
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Semba, Richard D.
Handbook of nutrition and ophthalmology / by Richard D. Semba. p. ; cm. -- (Nutrition and health)
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 978-1-58829-196-7 (alk. paper)
1. Geriatric ophthalmology--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Vision disorders in old age--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Eye--Aging
--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Eye--Diseases--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 5. Diet in disease--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
II. Series: Nutrition and health (Totowa, N.J.)
[DNLM: 1. Eye Diseases. 2. Nutrition. 3. Eye Diseases--prevention & control. 4. Nutrition Disorders--complications. WW 140 S4705h 2007]
RE48.2.A5S46 2007 618.97'77--dc22
2006023232
To Tom, Lisa, and Amy, for our wonderful friendship and adventures from Palo Alto to Paris and Puebla
v
NUTRITION ¹ AND ¹ HEALTH
Adrianne Bendich, Series Editor
Handbook of Nutrition and Ophthalmology, by Richard D. Semba, 2007
Adipose Tissue and Adipokines in Health and Disease, edited by Giamila Fantuzzi and Theodore Mazzone, 2007
Nutritional Health: Strategies for Disease Prevention, Second Edition,
edited by Norman J. Temple, Ted Wilson and David R. Jacobs, Jr., 2006
Nutrients, Stress, and Medical Disorders, edited by Shlomo Yehuda and David I. Mostofsky,
2006
Calcium in Human Health, edited by Connie M. Weaver and Robert P. Heaney, 2006
Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals, Third Edition, edited by Adrianne Bendich and Richard J. Deckelbaum, 2005
The Management of Eating Disorders and Obesity, Second Edition, edited by David J. Goldstein, 2005
Nutrition and Oral Medicine, edited by Riva Touger-Decker, David A. Sirois, and Connie C. Mobley, 2005
IGF and Nutrition in Health and Disease, edited by M. Sue Houston, Jeffrey M. P. Holly, and Eva L. Feldman, 2005
Epilepsy and the Ketogenic Diet, edited by Carl E. Stafstrom and Jong M. Rho, 2004 Handbook of Drug–Nutrient Interactions, edited by Joseph I. Boullata
and Vincent T. Armenti, 2004
Nutrition and Bone Health, edited by Michael F. Holick and Bess Dawson-Hughes, 2004 Diet and Human Immune Function, edited by David A. Hughes, L. Gail Darlington,
and Adrianne Bendich, 2004
Beverages in Nutrition and Health, edited by Ted Wilson and Norman J. Temple, 2004 Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Aging, edited by Connie Watkins Bales
and Christine Seel Ritchie, 2004
Fatty Acids: Physiological and Behavioral Functions, edited by David I. Mostofsky, Shlomo Yehuda, and Norman Salem, Jr., 2001
Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries, edited by Richard D. Semba and Martin W. Bloem, 2001
Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals, Second Edition, edited by Adrianne Bendich and Richard J. Deckelbaum, 2001
Nutritional Health: Strategies for Disease Prevention, edited by Ted Wilson and Norman J. Temple, 2001
Clinical Nutrition of the Essential Trace Elements and Minerals: The Guide for Health Professionals, edited by John D. Bogden and Leslie M. Klevey, 2000
Primary and Secondary Preventive Nutrition, edited by Adrianne Bendich and Richard J. Deckelbaum, 2000
The Management of Eating Disorders and Obesity, edited by David J. Goldstein, 1999
Vitamin D: Physiology, Molecular Biology, and Clinical Applications, edited by Michael F. Holick, 1999
Preventive Nutrition: The Comprehensive Guide for Health Professionals, edited by Adrianne Bendich and Richard J. Deckelbaum, 1997
Series Editor Introduction
The Nutrition and Health series of books have, as an overriding mission, to provide health professionals with texts that are considered essential because each includes: 1) a synthesis of the state of the science, 2) timely, in-depth reviews by the leading researchers in their respective fields, 3) extensive, up-to-date fully annotated reference lists, 4) a detailed index, 5) relevant tables and figures, 6) identification of paradigm shifts and the consequences, 7) virtually no overlap of information between chapters, but targeted, inter-chapter referrals, 8) suggestions of areas for future research and 9) balanced, datadrivenanswerstopatient/healthprofessionalsquestionswhicharebaseduponthetotality of evidence rather than the findings of any single study.
The series volumes are not the outcome of a symposium. Rather, each editor has the potential to examine a chosen area with a broad perspective, both in subject matter as well as in the organization of their volume. The international perspective, especially with regard to public health initiatives, is emphasized where appropriate. The editors, whose trainings are both research and practice oriented, have the opportunity to develop a primary objective for their book; define the scope and focus, and then may invite the leading authorities from around the world to be part of their initiative. The editor/authors are encouraged to provide an overview of the field, discuss their own research and relate the research findings to potential human health consequences. Because each book is developed de novo, the chapters are coordinated so that the resulting volume imparts greater knowledge than the sum of the information contained in the individual chapters.
Of the 22 books currently published in the Series, only two have been given the title of Handbook. These two volumes, 1). Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Aging and 2.) Handbook of Drug-Nutrient Interactions, are comprehensive, detailed and include extensive tables and figures, appendices and detailed indices that add greatly to their value for readers. Moreover, Handbook contents cut across a wide array of health professionals’needsaswellasmedicalspecialties.TheNutritionandHealthSeriesnowwillinclude its third Handbook volume.
“Handbook of Nutrition and Ophthalmology” written entirely by Dr. Richard Semba is a very welcome addition to the Nutrition and Health Series and fully exemplifies the Series’ goals. This volume is especially timely since the aging of the population is predictive of a greater potential for age-related eye diseases that can result in blindness and other adverse health outcomes. Dr. Semba, who is Professor of Ophthalmology at the Wilmer Eye Institute at Johns Hopkins University, is a global leader in nutrition research and has published extensively on the role of vitamin A deficiency in childhood blindness. Dr. Semba is also the co-editor of the well-received volume, “Nutrition and Health in Developing Countries” in this Series, that he co-edited with Dr. Martin Bloem. In this new text, Dr. Semba has actually given readers three major complimentary volumes in one. The first “volume” includes the expert detailed descriptions of the clinical consequences of single nutrient deficiencies including excellent photo examples of the ocular consequences of these deficiencies. There are separate chapters for vitamin A, B vita-
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Series Editor Introduction |
mins, zinc, vitamin C and essential fatty acids. The second “volume” contains extensive discussions of the nutrient in question, its discovery, a full discussion of the pathologies associated with the deficiency as well as food sources of the nutrient and a global perspective of where each essential nutrient deficiency is still found in this 21st Century. The last “volume” contains in-depth discussions of the major eye diseases including cataract, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vascular diseases, ocular consequences of inborn errors of metabolism, and nutritional amblyopias. Two additional chapters provide the bridges between the clinical conditions including obesity and the finding of pro-inflammatory states that cut across many of the eye diseases discussed within this comprehensive volume. The inclusion of molecular explanations for the role of the nutrients in the eye helps us to understand the relevance of ocular pathophysiology in the clinical setting to its pertinence for academic researchers. This text is the first to synthesize the knowledge base concerning ophthalmology, immune function and nutrition for the practicing health professional as well as those professionals who have an interest in the latest, up-to-date information on eye function and its implications for human health and disease.
This volume serves a dual purpose of providing in-depth focus on the biological functions of certain essential nutrients as well as examining the current clinical findings associated with the consequences of deficiency diseases and puts these into historic perspective as well as pointing the way to future research opportunities. Dr. Semba, as the editor, is an internationally recognized leader in the field of ophthalmologic research as well as clinical outcomes. He is an excellent communicator and he has worked tirelessly to develop a book that is destined to be the benchmark in the field because of its extensive, in-depth chapters covering the most important aspects of the complex interactions between cellular functions, diet, eye function, and its impact on disease states. As an example, Dr Semba has included explanations of how all of the cells of the immune system, included subsets of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages and Natural killer cells that interact to affect the development of infectious acute and chronic diseases that cause adverse effects on the eye including diarrheal disease, HIV infection, malaria, measles and tuberculosis.
The introductory chapters provide readers with the basics so that the more clinicallyrelated descriptions can be easily understood. The editor has included 12 informative chapters in the volume. Hallmarks of all of the chapters include complete definitions of terms with the abbreviations fully defined for the reader and consistent use of terms between chapters. Key features of this comprehensive volume include the informative introduction at the beginning of each chapter, more than 170 detailed tables and informative figures, an extensive, detailed index and more than 3200 relevant historic and up-to- date references that provide the reader with excellent sources of worthwhile information about diet and eye health. As an example, there are over 1000 references in the first chapter on vitamin A and nutritional blindness that include citations from Hippocrates, papers published in the 1600s as well as papers just recently published on the web. Dr. Semba has examined each of the original references, rather than relying on other authors’ past reviews, a heroic accomplishment.
In conclusion, “Handbook of Nutrition and Ophthalmology” written entirely by Dr. Richard Semba provides health professionals in many areas of research and practice with the most up-to-date, well referenced volume on the importance of nutrition in determin-
Series Editor Introduction |
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ing the health of the eye and eyesight and the effects of chronic nutrient deficiencies on related chronic diseases/conditions that can adversely affect human health. This volume will serve the reader as the benchmark in this complex area of interrelationships between ophthalmology, eye diseases associated with nutrient deficiencies in childhood as well as loss of eyesight associated with less than optimal intakes in adulthood and old age. Moreover, students as well as practitioners can better understand the complexities of these interactions because of the extensive discussions of the physiological functions of the nutrients that are associated with eye health. Dr. Semba is applauded for his efforts to develop the most authoritative resource in the field to date and this excellent text is a very welcome addition to the Nutrition and Health Series.
Adrianne Bendich, Ph.D., FACN