- •gonioscopy
- •Gonioscopy
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgements
- •Contents
- •Abbreviations
- •1: History of Gonioscopy
- •Bibliography
- •2: How to Perform Gonioscopy
- •2.1 Lenses
- •2.2 Regular Procedure
- •2.3 Dynamic or Indentation Gonioscopy
- •2.4 Surroundings
- •2.5 Tonometry or Gonioscopy: Which First?
- •2.6 Importance of Gonioscopy
- •Bibliography
- •3.1 Schwalbe’s Line or Ring
- •3.2 Trabecular Meshwork
- •3.3 Schlemm’s Canal
- •3.4 Scleral Spur
- •3.5 Anterior Ciliary Muscle Band
- •3.6 Iris Root and Iris
- •3.7 Posterior Ciliary Muscle Band, Ciliary Sulcus
- •3.8 Blood Vessels
- •3.9 Sampaolesi’s Line
- •3.10 Lens
- •3.11 Cornea
- •3.12 Decision Tree
- •Bibliography
- •4.1 Embryology of the Parts of the Chamber Angle
- •4.2 Examples of Genetic Disorders of the Anterior Segment
- •4.2.2 More Complex Dysgeneses: Secondary Childhood Glaucomas
- •Bibliography
- •5.1 Gonioscopic Grading Systems
- •5.1.4 Spaeth
- •5.1.5 Becker
- •5.1.6 Shaffer-Kanski
- •5.2.1 Peripheral Anterior Chamber (Van Herick Method)
- •5.2.3 Additional Procedures in Gonioscopy
- •5.3 Documentation of the Structures of the Chamber Angle
- •Bibliography
- •6: Open Angle and Glaucoma
- •6.2.1.4 Red Blood Cells
- •6.2.1.6 Tumor Cells
- •6.2.1.7 After Ocular Trauma
- •6.2.3.1 Corticosteroid Treatment
- •6.2.3.2 Laser or Ocular Surgery
- •Bibliography
- •7: Angle Closure and Glaucoma
- •7.1.3 Terms
- •7.1.3.1 “Occludable” Angle?
- •7.1.4.1 Level 1: Iris and Pupillary Block
- •New Insights
- •7.1.4.2 Level 2: Ciliary Body: Plateau Iris
- •7.1.4.3 Level 3: Lens
- •7.1.5 Acute Angle Closure (Attack)
- •7.2.1 Causes of Secondary Angle Closure
- •7.2.1.1 With Pupillary Block
- •Bibliography
- •8.4 Orbscan
- •8.5 EyeCam
- •Bibliography
- •9.1 Thermal Lasers
- •9.1.1 Laser Trabeculoplasty
- •9.1.2 Argon Laser Suturolysis
- •9.1.3 Argon Laser Peripheral Iridoplasty
- •9.1.5 Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation, Endocycloplasty
- •9.2 Non-thermal Lasers
- •9.2.1 Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty
- •9.3 Disruptive Lasers
- •9.4 Excimer Lasers
- •Bibliography
- •10: Surgery in the Chamber Angle
- •10.1 Filtration or Penetrating Surgery (Trabeculectomy)
- •10.2.1 Deep Sclerectomy
- •10.2.2 Viscocanalostomy
- •10.2.3 Viscotrabeculotomy
- •10.3 Implants
- •10.3.1 Canaloplasty
- •10.3.4 SOLX Gold Shunt
- •10.3.5 Tube Shunts
- •10.4 Trabeculectomy Ab Interno
- •10.5 Trabeculotomy, Goniotomy
- •10.6 Surgery of the Ciliary Body: Cyclodialysis
- •10.7 Peripheral Iridectomy
- •Bibliography
- •11.2 Angle Closure Induced by Drugs
- •11.2.2 Indirect Sympathomimetic Drugs
- •11.2.3 Parasympatholytic, Anticholinergic Drugs
- •11.2.5 Other Drugs Without Pupillary Block
- •Bibliography
- •Index
Acknowledgements
Almost all figures and drawings are from the University Eye Clinic Graz. They were done by our photographers H. Bauer, R. Kim and S. Strohmayer, to whom we are extremely grateful.
Many thanks to Springer-Verlag, especially to Ms. I. Bohn for her friendly and professional administrative support, to Mr. I.S. Vignesh, project manager, for his perfect and outstanding layout work, and to Mr. S. Klemp, who was responsible for the realization of this book project.
xi
Contents
1 History of Gonioscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
1 |
|
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
3 |
|
2 How to Perform Gonioscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
|
2.1 |
Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
2.2 |
Regular Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
5 |
2.3 |
Dynamic or Indentation Gonioscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
8 |
2.4 |
Surroundings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
9 |
2.5 |
Tonometry or Gonioscopy: Which First? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
9 |
2.6 |
Importance of Gonioscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
9 |
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
10 |
|
3 Anatomical Structures of the Chamber Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
11 |
|
3.1 |
Schwalbe’s Line or Ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
11 |
3.2 |
Trabecular Meshwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
12 |
3.3 |
Schlemm’s Canal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
14 |
3.4 |
Scleral Spur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
3.5 |
Anterior Ciliary Muscle Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
15 |
3.6 |
Iris Root and Iris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
16 |
3.7 |
Posterior Ciliary Muscle Band, Ciliary Sulcus . . . . . . . . . . . |
21 |
3.8 |
Blood Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
22 |
3.9 |
Sampaolesi’s Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
22 |
3.10 |
Lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
22 |
3.11 |
Cornea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
23 |
3.12 |
Decision Tree. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
23 |
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
23 |
|
4 Development of the Chamber Angle and Developmental |
|
|
Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
25 |
|
4.1 |
Embryology of the Parts of the Chamber Angle . . . . . . . . . . |
25 |
4.2 |
Examples of Genetic Disorders of the Anterior Segment . . . |
27 |
4.2.1 |
Primary Congenital Glaucoma, Hydrophthalmus, |
|
|
Buphthalmus, Childhood Glaucoma (Birth to the 10th |
|
|
Year of Life) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
27 |
4.2.2 |
More Complex Dysgeneses: Secondary Childhood |
|
|
Glaucomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
28 |
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
29 |
|
xiii
xiv |
|
Contents |
5 Grading Systems and Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
|
5.1 |
Gonioscopic Grading Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
5.1.1 |
Scheie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
5.1.2 |
Shaffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
31 |
5.1.3 |
Shaffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
32 |
5.1.4 |
Spaeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
32 |
5.1.5 |
Becker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
33 |
5.1.6 |
Shaffer-Kanski. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
33 |
5.2 |
Non-gonioscopic Grading Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
34 |
5.2.1 |
Peripheral Anterior Chamber (Van Herick Method) . . . . . . . |
34 |
5.2.2 |
Central Anterior Chamber (Ghorbani-Smith Method) . . . . . |
34 |
5.2.3 |
Additional Procedures in Gonioscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
36 |
5.3 |
Documentation of the Structures of the Chamber Angle . . . |
36 |
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
37 |
|
6 Open Angle and Glaucoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
39 |
|
6.1 |
The Chamber Angle in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma |
|
|
or Ocular Hypertension with Open Angle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
39 |
6.2 |
The Chamber Angle in Secondary Open-Angle Glaucoma . . |
39 |
6.2.1 |
Open-Angle Glaucoma Caused by Ocular Diseases . . . . . . . |
39 |
6.2.2 |
Open-Angle Glaucoma Caused by Extraocular Diseases . . . |
46 |
6.2.3 |
Iatrogenic Open-Angle Glaucoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
47 |
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
48 |
|
7 Angle Closure and Glaucoma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
49 |
|
7.1 |
The Chamber Angle in Primary Angle-Closure Disease. . . . . |
49 |
7.1.1 |
Risk Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
49 |
7.1.2 |
Terminology and Classification of Morphological |
|
|
and Functional Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
50 |
7.1.3 |
Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
51 |
7.1.4 |
Classification of the Causes of Angle Closure . . . . . . . . . . . |
51 |
7.1.5 |
Acute Angle Closure (Attack). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
55 |
7.1.6 |
Status Post-Acute Angle-Closure (Attack) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
57 |
7.1.7 |
Management of Angle-Closure Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
58 |
7.2 |
The Chamber Angle in Secondary Angle Closure . . . . . . . . |
58 |
7.2.1 |
Causes of Secondary Angle Closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
59 |
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
62 |
|
8 Additional Examinations to Gonioscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
65 |
|
8.1 |
AS-OCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
65 |
8.2 |
UBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
8.3 |
Pentacam-Scheimpflug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
67 |
8.4 |
Orbscan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
67 |
8.5 |
EyeCam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
67 |
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
68 |
|
Contents |
xv |
|
|
9 Laser Treatments in the Chamber Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 9.1 Thermal Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 9.1.1 Laser trabeculoplasty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 9.1.2 Argon Laser Suturolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 9.1.3 Argon Laser Peripheral Iridoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 9.1.4 Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 9.1.5 Endoscopic Cyclophotocoagulation, Endocycloplasty . . . . 71 9.2. Non-thermal Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 9.2.1 Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 9.3 Disruptive Lasers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 9.4 Excimer Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
10 Surgery in the Chamber Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
75 |
||
10.1 |
|
Filtration or Penetrating Surgery (Trabeculectomy) . . . . . . |
75 |
10.2 |
|
Non-penetrating Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
75 |
10.2.1 |
Deep Sclerectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
75 |
|
10.2.2 |
Viscocanalostomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
76 |
|
10.2.3 |
Viscotrabeculotomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
76 |
|
10.3 |
|
Implants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
77 |
10.3.1 |
Canaloplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
77 |
|
10.3.2 |
iStent Trabecular Micro-Bypass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
77 |
|
10.3.3 |
Ex-PRESS Mini Glaucoma Shunt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
77 |
|
10.3.4 |
SOLX Gold Shunt |
|
|
10.3.5 |
Tube Shunts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
77 |
|
10.4 |
|
Trabeculectomy Ab Interno. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
78 |
10.5 |
|
Trabeculotomy, Goniotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
78 |
10.6 |
Surgery of the Ciliary Body: Cyclodialysis . . . . . . . . . . . . |
78 |
|
10.7 |
|
Peripheral Iridectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
79 |
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
79 |
||
11 Influences of Medications on the Chamber Angle . . . . . . . . . . . |
81 |
||
11.1 |
|
Increase in IOP Induced by Steroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
81 |
11.2 |
Angle Closure Induced by Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
81 |
|
11.2.1 |
Direct Sympathomimetic, Adrenergic Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . |
81 |
|
11.2.2 |
Indirect Sympathomimetic Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
81 |
|
11.2.3 |
Parasympatholytic, Anticholinergic Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
82 |
|
11.2.4 |
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
82 |
|
11.2.5 |
Other Drugs Without Pupillary Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
82 |
|
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
82 |
||
Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
