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Table 1. Spectral domain OCT systems commercially availables |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Company |
Name of device |
Acquisition speed (A-scans/s) |
Axial resolution (mm) |
|
|
|
|
Bioptigen |
3D SDOCT |
20,000 |
B6 |
Carl Zeiss Meditec |
Cirrus |
27,000 |
B5 |
Heidelberg |
Spectralis |
40,000 |
B7 |
OTI |
Spectral OCT/SLO |
27,000 |
5–6 |
Optovue |
RTVue-100 |
26,000 |
B5 |
Optopol |
Copernicus |
25,000 |
B6 |
Topcon |
3D OCT 1000 |
20,000 |
5 |
|
|
|
|
Abbreviations |
|
CSLO |
confocal scanning laser ophthalmo- |
|
scopy |
OCT |
optical coherence tomography |
ONH |
optic nerve head |
ONHP |
optic nerve head photographs |
RNFL |
retinal nerve fibers layer |
SDOCT |
spectral domain OCT |
SLP |
scanning laser polarimetry |
UHR |
ultra-high resolution |
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C. Nucci et al. (Eds.)
Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 173
ISSN 0079-6123
Copyright r 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
CHAPTER 11
Functional laser Doppler flowmetry of the optic nerve: physiological aspects and clinical applications
Charles E. Riva1 and Benedetto Falsini2,
1Dipartimento di Discipline Chirurgiche, Rianomatorie e dei Trapianti ‘‘Antonio Valsalva’’, Universita´ di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
2Istituto di Oftalmologia, Universita’ Cattolica del S. Cuore, Roma, Italy
Abstract: The present paper reviews the methodology and clinical results of recording, by laser Doppler flowmetry, the hemodynamic response of the optic nerve head elicited by visual stimulation. The basic mechanism underlying this novel technique (which is called here functional laser Doppler flowmetry (FLDF)) is the coupling between visually evoked neural activity and vascular activity within the neural tissue of the optic nerve (neurovascular coupling). The blood flow responses elicited by various visual stimuli (luminance and chromatic flicker, focal and pattern stimulation) have been characterized in humans by FLDF. These responses are similar to those assessed by electrophysiological methods (flicker and pattern electroretinography) evoked by the same stimuli. In addition, a significant correlation has been demonstrated between the hemodynamic responses and the neural activity induced electrical signals arising from the inner retina, providing evidence in support of the presence of a neurovascular coupling in humans. The application of FLDF in patients with ocular hypertension and early glaucoma demonstrates that the visually evoked hyperemic responses are significantly depressed even when neural retinal activity may be still relatively preserved, suggesting that abnormal optic nerve head autoregulation in response to visual stimuli may be altered early in the disease process. FLDF may open new avenues of investigation in the field of glaucoma and other neuro-ophthalmic disorders, providing new pathophysiological data and outcome measures for potential neuro-protective treatments.
Keywords: functional hyperemia; glaucoma; laser Doppler flowmetry; neural activity; optic nerve; ERG; neurovascular coupling
Introduction
Recent experimental data in both animals and humans indicate that visual stimulation by uniform field flicker or pattern contrast reversal induces an increase in optic nerve head blood flow (Fonh)
Corresponding author. Tel.: +39 06 30156344; Fax: +39 06 3051274; Email: bfalsini@rm.unicatt.it
coupled with an increase of retinal neural activity (Riva et al., 1991, 1992, 2001, 2005). These flow and activity responses are symbolized here as
RFonh and RA. In cats, the coupling between RFonh and RA is particularly tight when Fonh is
measured by laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and RA is derived from the electrical signal generated by the ganglion cells (Riva and Buerk, 1998) or from the K+ ion concentration (Buerk et al., 1995), both measured at the surface of the optic nerve.
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)01111-4 |
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