Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Eye Movements A Window on Mind and Brain_Van Gompel_2007

Wayne S. Murray

University of Dundee

School of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland,

United Kingdom

Alison Novak

Queen’s University

Motor Performance Laboratory, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada

Antje Nuthmann

University of Potsdam

Cognitive Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam,

Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany

Eelco A. B. Over

Utrecht University

Physics of Man, Helmholtz Instituut, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5,

NL-3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands

Aftab E. Patla

University of Waterloo

Gait & Posture Lab, Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada

Jeff B. Pelz

Rochester Institute of Technology

Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, 54 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA

Alexander Pollatsek

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Tobin Hall, Amherst,

MA 01993-7710 USA

Ralph Radach

Florida State University

Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-1270, USA

Keith Rayner

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA

Erick D. Reichle

University of Pittsburgh

University of Pittsburgh, 635 LRDC, 3939 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA

Ronan Reilly

National University of Ireland, Maynooth

Department of Computer Science, Callan Building, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland

Eyal M. Reingold

University of Toronto, Mississauga

Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road N. RM 2037B, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6

Constantin Rothkopf

University of Rochester

Center for Visual Science, Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department, University of Rochester, Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY 14627-0270, USA

Anne Pier Salverda

University of Rochester

Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA

Jiye Shen

University of Toronto, Mississauga

Department of Psychology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road N. RM 2037B, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1C6

Adrian Staub

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA

Michael K. Tanenhaus

University of Rochester

Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Meliora Hall, Rochester, NY 14627, USA

Benjamin W. Tatler

University of Dundee

School of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland,

United Kingdom

S. Sebastian Tomescu

Queen’s University

Faculty of Medicine, Undergraduate Medical Education Office, 68 Barrie Street, Kingston,

ON, K7L 3N6, Canada

Geoffrey Underwood

University of Nottingham

School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England,

United Kingdom

Johan N. van der Meer

University of Amsterdam

Department of Neurology/Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Femke van der Meulen

University of Birmingham

Roger P. G. van Gompel

University of Dundee

School of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, United Kingdom

Anke M. van Mourik

Nederlands Kanker Instituut

Nederlands Kanker Instituut, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Françoise Vitu

CNRS, Université de Provence

Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS, Université de Provence, Centre St Charles, Bâtiment 9, Case D, 3 place Victor Hugo, 13331 Marseille Cedex 3, France

Björn N. S. Vlaskamp

Utrecht University

Psychonomics, Helmholtz Instituut, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2,

NL-3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands

Nicholas J. Wade

University of Dundee

School of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland,

United Kingdom

Gerald Westheimer

University of California

Division of Neurobiology, University of California, 144 Life Sciences Addition,

Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA

Linda R. Wheeldon

University of Birmingham

School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT,

England, United Kingdom

Sarah J. White

University of Leicester

School of Psychology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, United Kingdom

Shun-nan Yang

Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute

Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, 2318 Fillmore Street, San Francisco,

CA 94115, USA

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Abstract

This opening chapter begins with an overview of the issues and questions addressed in the remainder of this book, the contents of which reflect the wide diversity of eye-movement research. We then provide the reader with an up-to-date impression of the most significant developments in the area, based on findings from a survey of eye-movement researchers and database searches. We find that the most heavily cited publications are not necessarily those rated as most influential. It is clear that eye-movement research is published across a wide variety of journals and the number of articles is increasing, but the relative proportion of eye-movement articles has remained almost constant. The United States produces the largest number of these articles, but other countries actually produce more per capita. Finally, we see that computational modelling, new eye-tracking technologies and anatomical and physiological mapping of the visual-oculomotor system are viewed as the most important recent developments.

Orpheus called the eyes, the looking glasses of nature: Hesichius, the doores for the Sunne to enter in by: Alexander the Peripatecian, the windowes of the mind, because that by the eyes we doe cleerely see what is in the same, we pearce into the deepe thoughts thereof, and enter into the privities of his secret chamber. (Du Laurens, 1596, translated by Surphlet, 1599, p. 19)

When Du Laurens (1596), a sixteenth-century French anatomist and medical scientist, referred to the eyes as windowes of the mind, he reflected a view both ancient and modern. And it seems clear today that people’s eye movements do indeed reveal much about the workings of both mind and brain. In recent years, the study of eye movements has become one of the most important and productive ways for investigating aspects of mind and brain across a wide variety of topic areas. This book contains a collection of chapters that reflect that breadth and, we believe, the sort of productivity that stems from this type of research.

The 12th European Conference on Eye Movements, ECEM12, held in Dundee, Scotland, provided the foundation for this collection. This biennial conference brings together a large number of eye-movement researchers drawn from a wide variety of different disciplines, such as clinical researchers, neurophysiologists, cognitive psychologists, vision scientists and ergonomists, to mention but a few, and this book contains a similarly wide range of research topics. The research is grouped into eight parts, each of which presents a different area central to current eye-movement research. Each section begins with an overview chapter that provides a critical review of current research in the area, followed by a series of chapters reporting new findings and addressing new topics. Of course, the organisation into sections does not imply that there are no links between the chapters in the different sections. Although eye-movement research can be divided into several fairly well-defined research areas, much research draws on findings from more than a single area, and research frequently crosses the boundaries between different disciplines – perhaps one reason why the interdisciplinary nature of ECEM has always been so successful.

The chapters in this book present an overview of current developments in eye-movement research. However, eye-movement research has become a vast area, so naturally, some research fields are better represented than others. Included in this book are areas that have recently developed as well as established areas with a much longer tradition in eye-movement research. Recent developments include the history of eye-movement research (Part 1), eye movements as a method for investigating spoken language processing (Part 6), and eye movements in natural environments (Part 8). The modelling of eye movements (Part 4), although not really new, has also seen a great deal of recent change and development. Areas that have been longer established but continue to produce important new findings are physiology and clinical studies of eye movements (Part 2), transsaccadic integration (Part 3), eye-movements and reading (Part 5), and eye movements as a method for investigating attention and scene perception (Part 7).

In this opening chapter, we aim to highlight the most important developments in eyemovement research. We begin by providing an overview of the chapters in the different sections of this book. This should provide the reader with a thorough subjective impression of the most important current developments in eye-movement research. We then follow