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Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Essentials in Ophthalmology Pediatric Ophthalmology Neuro-Ophthalmology Genetics_Lorenz, Borruat_2008

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size of the reading visual field. Eccentric fixation means shifting the zero point of not only the sensory coordinates but also the oculomotor system. This indicates a high cortical plasticity. Attempts to rehabilitate are always worthwhile, because the success rate is high. Future developments of new electronic visual aids and specific training procedures will be of increasing importance. The demand for ophthalmological and neuroophthalmologic rehabilitation will increase because of the growing number of patients with age-re- lated maculopathy, of children with CVI, and of vascular disorders of the brain that are associated with hemianopic field defects. More services for visual rehabilitation are required. Furthermore, rehabilitation procedures should become more specific by being tailored to the individual’s impairment. The main aim of rehabilitation is to improve patients’ quality of life. A further important point is also to avoid secondary costs by keeping the patients independent.

Research in neuroophthalmologic rehabilitation is not only important for the patients, it also bridges a gap between the fields of neuroophthalmology and low vision and can stimulate future scientific projects. Research in the field of neuroophthalmologic rehabilitation is of great scientific interest due to the involvement of cortical plasticity and sensorimotor adaptation. Especially important questions in the future will be: which visual deficits cause which disabilities in everyday life and which treatments, aids and training methods are most relevant for everyday life? Measuring performance in activities of daily living tasks will be of ever growing importance.

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Subject Index

13-cis-retinoic acid  191

ADOA. see autosomal-

ANT. see adenine nucleotide

3243A>G mutation  273

 

dominant optic atrophy

translocator

3D scene  119

adventitial layer  228

anterior ischemic optic

 

 

afferent pupillary defect  173

neuropathy  19, 20, 46, 234,

 

 

age-related macular

242, 305

 

 

 

degeneration  185, 186

– arteritic  20, 234

 

A

 

 

age-related maculopathy,  317

anterior vermis  291

abcr–/– knockout mouse

agnosias  311

anti-angiogenic protein  198

 

model  190

AIBSE. see acute idiopathic

anti-retinal antibody  171

abducens nerve paresis  211

 

blind spot enlargement

antigen  163, 166

abnormal axonal

AIDS  209, 221

– 23-kDa  166

 

metabolism  39

AIF. see apoptosis-inducing

antioxidant  189, 191

ACR. see American College of

 

factor

aorta  237

 

Rheumatology

AION. see anterior ischemic

aortitis  237

acute idiopathic blind spot

 

optic neuropathy

APD. see afferent pupillary

–

enlargement  173, 178

albendazole  210

defect

fluorescein

albinism  154

apoptosis  167

 

angiography  173

–

mfVEP  154

– inducing factor  187

acute idiopathic optic

–

visual pathway  154

apoptosome  188

–

neuritis  12

allogeneic subretinal

arachnoid hyperplasia  74

intravenous

 

transplantation  193

arenaviridae family  220

–

methylprednisolone  12

altitudinal loss  26

argon laser  105

oral prednisone  12

altitudinal visual field

– photocoagulation  46

acute macular

 

defect  20

Argyll Robertson  215

 

neuroretinopathy  178

Alzheimer disease  113, 187

ARN. see acute retinal necrosis

acute peripheral

amacrine  196

ARRON. see autoimmune-

 

vestibulopathy  284

amaurosis fugax  233

related retinopathy and

acute retinal necrosis  222

AMD. see age-related macular

optic neuropathy

acute zonal occult outer

 

degeneration (AMD);

arteritis  222

–

retinopathy  178, 179

 

see age-related macular

arthralgias  231

EOG  179

 

degeneration

aspartate-specific

–

ERG  179

American College of

endopeptidase  187

acute zonal occult outer

 

Rheumatology  241

aspirin  25, 31, 246

 

retinopathy complex  179

amiodarone  29

astereocognosis  311

acyclovir  179, 222

anemia  32, 240

astrocyte  83, 195

adenine nucleotide

aneurysm  237

ataxia  290, 294

 

translocator  271

angioid streaks  40

atovaquone  207

322 Subject Index

autofluorescence  41

 

–

radiation  171

–

antagonist  189

autoimmune

 

–

systemic steroid  171

–

channel blocker  167, 168

–

disease  179

 

bilateral homonymous

–

homeostasis  89

–

retinopathy  163

 

 

hemianopia  221

calpain  188

autoimmune-related

 

binocular disparity  129

cancer-associated

 

retinopathy and optic

binocular receptive field  120

 

retinopathy  164

 

neuropathy  171

 

bipolar cell  196

capillary  83

automated perimetry  308

 

birefringence  107

CAR  166. see cancer-

automated static

 

blastocyst  195

 

associated retinopathy

 

perimetry  152

 

blind

–

antigen  166

autosomal-dominant optic

 

–

field  315

carbamazepine  265, 288

 

atrophy  52

 

–

hemifield  308, 315

carcinomatous meningitis  164

–

prevalence  52

 

blindness  185

carotidynia,  236

axonal

 

blindsight  315

caspase  187

–

damage  13

 

blind spot  306

–

inhibitor  167, 168

–

regeneration  92

 

–

enlargement  172, 178

cataract  100, 279

–

transport  89

 

blind spot enlargement. see

cathepsin  188

 

– interruption  89

 

 

also enlargement blind spot

–

B  188

azithromycin  207

 

blinkers visual field  307

–

D  188

AZOOR. see acute zonal occult

blockade of axoplasmic

–

L  188

 

outer retinopathy

 

 

flow  39

cat scratch disease  214

 

 

 

blood-oxygen-level

–

fluorescein

 

 

 

 

dependent  120, 121, 129

 

angiography  214

 

 

 

–

response  121

CB. see ciliary body

 

B

 

 

–

signal  129

cecocentral scotoma  303

 

 

 

B. burgdorferi senso lato  211

 

BOLD. see blood-oxygen-level

cell transplantation  193

baclofen  292, 293

 

 

dependent

central

Balint’s syndrome  262

 

bone-marrow-derived

–

achromatopsia  311

balloon angioplasty  247

 

 

mesenchymal stem cell  195

–

retinal artery occlusion  235

barbiturate  294

 

Borrelia burgdorferi  210

–

vein occlusion  46

Bartonella  214

 

brachium conjunctivum  291

–

vestibular disorder  289

–

henselae  214

 

Bradyzoite  206

–

visual acuity  186

Bcl-2 family  188

 

brain-derived neurotrophic

centro-caecal defect  52

BCNU  29

 

 

factor  198

cerebellar

BDNF. see brain-derived

 

–

transgene  192

–

ataxia  273

 

neurotrophic factor

 

brain MRI  11

–

encephalitis  296

BDUMP. see bilateral diffuse

brainstem cavernoma  294

–

purkinje cell  292

 

uveal melanocytic

 

breast carcinoma  76

cerebellum  261

 

proliferation

 

–

metastasis  76

cerebral toxoplasmosis  209

Behr’s syndrome  64

 

Broca region  302

cerebrospinal fluid  86

Bell’s phenomenon  268

Bruch’s membrane  38, 73

CFEOM. see congenital fibrosis

BENEFIT  13

 

bupivacaine  277

 

of the extra ocular muscles

beta-galactosidase  193

 

buried drusen  37

chalk-white pallor  22

bilateral diffuse

 

 

 

CHAMPIONS  13

 

uveal melanocytic

 

 

 

CHAMPS  8, 13

 

proliferation  164, 169, 170,

 

 

 

channelopathy episodic ataxia

 

 

 

C

 

171

 

 

 

type 2  290

 

 

C-reactive protein  24, 230, 239

 

–

fluorescein

 

checkerboard pattern  143

 

angiography  170

 

C10orf1  271

Chiari malformation  290

–

melanocytic

 

calcarine sulcus  147

chiasmal disease  173

 

proliferation  171

 

calcium

chlamydia pneumoniae  228

 

 

 

 

 

Subject Index

323

choriocapillaris  177

cochlear implant  277

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease  220

 

chorioretinitis  210, 220

coenzyme Q  276

–

Heidenhain variant  221

 

choroidal

–

supplementation  276

–

iatrogenic  221

 

–

effusion  215

coenzyme Q deficiency  273

cricopharyngeal achalasia  277

 

–

filling  27

Collier’s sign  261

cross-correlation  149

 

–

infarction  235

colour vision deficit  71

crowded optic disc  39

 

–

ischemia  22, 234

compartment syndrome  26, 84

CRP. see C-reactive protein

 

–

reflectivity  177

compensating

crumble cheese and

 

choroiditis  215

–

strategy  308

 

ketchup  218

 

chromatic stimulus

–

training  315

Ctenocephalides felis  214

 

 

information  126

compensatory search

cup-to-disc ratio  100, 106, 108

 

chromosome  55, 58, 59, 64, 72

 

strategies  316

CVI. see cortical visual

 

–

18q12.2-q12  58

computational algorithms  121

 

impairment

 

–

19q13.2-q13.3  58

confocal scanning laser

CWS. see cotton-wool spot

 

–

22  72

–

ophthalmoscopy  152

cytochrome c  57

 

–

3q28-qter  55

–

tomography  100

–

oxidase (COX) negative

 

–

4p16.1  64

congenital

 

fibres  267

 

–

4q22-q24  64

– fibrosis of the extra ocular

cytokine  189, 239

 

–

8q21-q22  59

 

muscles  279

cytomegalovirus  218

 

chronic papilledema  111

–

myasthenic syndrome  278

–

infection  218

 

chronic progressive external

–

myopathy  279

–

retinitis  112, 218

 

 

ophthalmoplegia  267, 271,

–

toxoplasmosis  205, 206

 

 

 

 

 

272

congenitally crowded optic

 

 

 

 

–

autosomal-dominant  271

 

disc  112

 

 

 

 

 

 

D

 

 

–

recessive  272

contralateral

 

 

 

dancing eye syndrome  296

 

chronic progressive external

–

hemisphere  154

 

 

ophthalmoplegia plus  268

–

visual loss  25

dancing feet  296

 

–

multisystemic

contrast enhancement  307

dartboard-like pattern  143

 

 

involvement  268

convergence  254, 261

DBN. see downbeat nystagmus

 

ciliary

–

spasm  261

deafness  64

 

–

artery occlusion  234

correlation coefficient  149

decaprenyl diphosphate

 

–

body  196

cortical

 

synthase subunit 1 and

 

–

marginal zone  196

–

blindness  211

 

2  273

 

–

neurotrophic factor  192,

–

magnification  143

dendritic cell  228

 

 

198

–

neuron  120

deoxyhemoglobin  119

 

 

– transgene  192

–

representation  143

diabetes  28

 

cilioretinal artery

–

visual impairment  302, 311

–

mellitus  274

 

 

occlusion  22, 235

cortico-thalamic

dichoptic masking  132

 

cisplatin  29

 

projection  121

diffuse unilateral subacute

 

citrate synthase  275

corticosteroid  5, 10, 24, 86,

 

neuroretinitis  210

 

CJD. see Creutzfeldt-Jakob

 

168, 169, 179, 244

dilated episcleral vessel  170

 

 

disease

Costeff’s syndrome  64

dimenhydrinate  287

 

Claude’s syndrome)  259

cotton-wool spot  217, 233

diplopia  235, 277

 

clinoidal meningiomas  79

cotton wool patches  22

disc

 

clonazepam  293

COX-negative fibres  275

–

at risk  26

 

Cloquet’s canal  112

CPEO. see chronic progressive

–

edema  14

 

CMV infection  222

 

external ophthalmoplegia

disinfection  221

 

CNTF. see ciliary neurotrophic

cranial

DMTU  191

 

 

factor

–

arteritis  236

DNA cleavage  187

 

CNV. see choroidal

–

nerve  211

DNases  89

 

 

neovascularization (CNV)

–

neuropathy  212, 232

donor tissue  193

 

324

Subject Index

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

dorsal

 

ES. see embryonic stem

first-order kernel  142

 

–

midbrain syndrome  261

 

esotropia  255

fixation behavior  312

 

–

stream  129

 

ESR. see erythrocyte

fixed corneal compensator  107

 

–

vermis  261

 

 

sedimentation rate

fixity of gaze  263

 

 

downbeat nystagmus  261, 290

 

ETDRS charts  311

FLAIR  11

 

doxycycline  213

ethanol  293

flame hemorrhages  20

 

Drp1  57

 

ETOMS  8, 13

flash electroretinogram  60

 

drusen  186

 

exophoria  307

Flavivirus  210

 

DUSN. see diffuse unilateral

 

exotropia  307

floater  168

 

 

 

subacute neuroretinitis

 

exposed drusen  37

flocculus  290

 

dyschromatopsia  45, 52, 168,

 

external ophthalmoplegia  279

flu-like symptom  206

 

 

 

177

 

extracellular matrix  83

fluorescein angiography  22,

 

 

 

 

 

extraretinal signal  120

 

 

27, 30, 44, 59

 

 

 

 

 

extrastriate cortex  129

fMRI. see functional magnetic

 

 

 

 

 

extrinsic pathway  188

 

 

resonance imaging

 

 

 

E

 

 

 

 

 

 

ex vivo gene

focal ERG  173

 

eccentric retinal fixation

 

 

 

–

therapy  193

foscavir  222

 

 

 

locus  306

 

–

transfer  198

fourth nerve palsy  288

 

eccentric viewing  306

 

eye–head coordination  287

foveal granularity  176

 

edema  84

eyecup  196

free radicals  89

 

edematous retina  112

 

eye movement  253, 302

frontal eye field  129, 257, 262

 

EGF  197

 

–

recording  302

frozen sectioning  241

 

electronegative ERG  168

 

 

 

FSHD.

 

electronic reading device

 

 

 

 

 

see Facioscapulohumeral

 

 

 

(CCTV monitor)  312

 

 

 

 

 

muscular dystrophy

 

 

 

 

 

F

 

 

 

electron transport chain  61

 

 

FTA-ABS test  216

 

 

facial injury  84

 

–

complexes I–IV  61

 

functional magnetic resonance

 

 

electroretinogram  139, 166

 

facial nerve paresis  211

 

 

imaging  119

 

–

retinopathy  166

 

facies myopathica  268

funduscopy  84

 

 

ELISA test  212

 

facioscapulohumeral muscular

fundus photography  101

 

embryonic stem  197

 

 

dystrophy  279

 

 

 

 

–

cell  195

 

FADD  188

 

 

 

 

 

encephalitis  209, 212, 215

Fas/CD95  188

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

G

 

endocrine

 

fast Fourier transform  121

 

 

 

 

G11778A  62

 

 

 

ophthalmopathy  279

 

fatty acid metabolism  275

 

EndoG. see endonuclease G

 

FCC. see fixed corneal

G3460A  62

 

endogenous stem cell  193

 

 

compensator

GABA-ergic velocity storage

 

endonuclease  189

 

FEF. see frontal eye field

 

 

mechanism  294

 

–

G  187

 

fetal eyes  193

Gabapentin  294

 

endopeptidase  187

 

fetal retinal neuroblastic

ganglion cell  87, 89, 90, 149,

 

endoscopic optic nerve

 

 

progenitor cell  194

 

 

153

 

 

 

decompression  86

 

fetal tissue  193

–

apoptosis  87, 89

 

endurance training  278

fever  211, 236

–

arteritis  244, 245, 247

 

enlarged blind spot  173, 176

 

–

of unknown origin  236

 

 

– balloon angioplasty  247

 

EOND. see endoscopic optic

 

FFA. see flourescein

–

atrophy  87, 90

 

 

 

nerve decompression

 

 

angyography

–

axon  84

 

ERG. see electroretinogram

 

FFT. see fast Fourier transform

–

damage  153

 

erythema migrans  211

 

FGF  197

–

localize  153

 

erythrocyte sedimentation

 

fibrinogen  230

–

responses  149

 

 

 

rate  23, 238

 

fibrosis  279

 

gangrene  238

 

 

 

 

 

Subject Index

325

Gaussian-enveloped sinusoidal

gliotic proliferation  88

 

hippocampus  284

 

 

(Gabor) pattern  129

glucose metabolism  274

 

histogenesis  187

 

GCA. see giant cell arteritis

Gomori Trichrome

 

HIV. see human

 

GDx. see Scanning Laser

staining  275

 

 

immunodeficiency virus

 

 

Polarimeter

Goodpasture’s syndrome  163

 

HLA-DR4  228

 

gene

granulom  210

 

HLA-DRB1*04  228

 

–

shifting  277

granulomatous uveitis  211

 

HLA DRB1*04 allele  233

 

–

therapy  198

granzyme  188, 189

 

homeostasis  191

 

generalized constriction  45

Graves’ disease  163

 

homocysteine  28

 

genetically engineered mouse

green fluorescent protein  193

 

homonymous

 

 

model  189

– mouse  193

 

–

defect  148

 

genetic counselling  275

 

 

–

hemianopia  308

 

genotype–phenotype

 

 

horizontal-rotatory

 

 

correlation  273

 

 

 

spontaneous

 

 

H

 

 

 

GFAP. see glial fibrillary acidic

 

 

nystagmus  284

 

HAART. see highly active

 

 

 

 

protein

 

horizontal cell  196

 

GFP. see green fluorescent

antiretroviral therapy

 

horizontal eye movement  255

 

 

protein

halk-white pallor  22

 

–

abducens  255

 

giant cell arteritis  19, 20, 21,

halo sign  243

 

HSC70. see heat shock cognate

 

 

32, 227, 231, 232, 233, 240,

headache  20, 231, 236

 

 

protein 70

 

–

241, 243

head titubation  294

 

human immunodeficiency

 

audiovestibular

hearing loss  232, 273

 

 

virus  112, 216, 217

 

–

manifestation  232

heart conduction blocks  277

 

–

retinopathy  217

 

color Doppler imaging  243

heat shock cognate protein

 

human visual area  121

 

–

diagnosis  240

70  167

 

human visual cortex  120

 

–

duplex

Heidelberg Laser Tomographic

 

–

retinotopic map  120

 

 

ultrasonography  243

Scanner  105

 

Humphrey® OCT3-Optical

 

–

endovascular

Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph

 

 

Coherence Tomography

 

 

intervention  247

II  106

 

 

Scanner  109

 

–

incidence  227

HeLa cells  56

 

Humphrey Retinal

 

–

MRI  243

helium-neon laser  105

 

 

Analyzer  102

 

–

negative biopsy  241

hematopoietic cell  195

 

hyperbaric oxygen  31

 

–

occult  21

hemi-seesaw nystagmus  292

 

hypercholesterolemia  28

 

–

occult manifestation  232

hemianopia  308

 

hyperdeviation  307

 

–

SPECT scintigraphy  243

hemianopic reading

 

hypoxic-ischemic brain

 

–

spontaneous remission  231,

disorder  308

 

 

injury  311

 

 

244

hemifield slide

 

 

 

 

 

–

transient visual loss  233

phenomenon  307

 

 

 

 

 

–

ultrasound  243

hemiretina  154

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I

 

 

–

visual loss  245

hemorrhage  46, 84, 217, 294

 

 

 

 

 

ICGA. see indocyanine green

 

–

visual manifestation  233

herpes simplex  222

 

 

glatiramer acetate  13

– virus  228

 

 

angiography

 

glaucoma  100, 107, 108, 111,

herpes simplex virus type

 

idebenone  63

 

 

152, 186

1  286

 

idiopathic facial paresis  286

 

Glaucoma-Scope  103

herpes zoster  32, 222, 279

 

idiopathic optic neuritis  4, 5

 

glial fibrillary acidic

herpetic encephalopathy  222

 

–

low-dose oral prednisone  5

 

 

protein  196

herpetic retinopathy  222

 

–

MRI  4

 

glioma  69, 74, 76

heteroplasmy  62, 270

 

–

natural history of acute  4

 

–

radiotherapy  76

highly active antiretroviral

 

–

recurrence  5

 

gliosis  88

therapy  209, 219

 

 

 

 

 

326 Subject Index

–

spontaneous visual

intrinsic pathway  188

lamina cribosa  39, 114

 

recovery  4, 5

IONDT. see Ischemic Optic

large-vessel vasculitis  237

IL-1β  240

 

Neuropathy Decompression

–

magnetic resonance

IL-6  236

 

Trial

 

imaging  237

immune privilege  193

IONTS. see International Optic

–

Positron emission

immunoglobulins  296

 

Nerve Trauma Study

 

tomography (PET)  237

immunohistochemistry  193

ipsilateral hemisphere  154

lateral geniculate nucleus  121

impaired oxidative

ipsilateral peripheral facial

layer 4cα of primary visual

 

phosphorylation  274

 

paralysis  256

 

cortex  125

INC. see interstitial nucleus of

ischemia  91

LCMV. see lymphocytic

 

Cajal

ischemic optic neuropathy  19,

 

choriomeningitis virus

indirect optic neuropathy  84

–

234

Leber’s hereditary optic

indocyanine green

recurrent episode  234

 

neuropathy  59, 60, 111, 270

 

angiography  44

Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

–

MRI  60

infarct  26

 

Decompression Trial  23, 31

Leber’s optic atrophy  303

–

retrolaminar region  26

IVIG. see intravenous

Leber’s stellate

information processing  120

 

immunoglobulin

 

neuroretinitis  112

inherited optic neuropathy  51

Ixodes ricinus  210, 211

LEDGF. see lens epithelium

inhibitory binocular

 

 

 

derived growth factor

 

interaction  125

 

 

lens epithelium derived growth

innate immune response  230

 

 

 

factor  191

 

J

 

INO  292. see internuclear

 

Lentivirus  216

 

 

 

ophthalmoplegia

Jarisch–Herxheimer

LESC. see limbal epithelial

intentional saccade  262

 

reaction  215

 

stem cell

interferon

jaw claudication  20, 231, 232,

leucocoria  210

–

alpha  29

 

236

levator palpebrae muscle  277

–

γ  229

JC virus  221

levodopa/carbidopa  31

intergenomic

jerk

LGN. see lateral geniculate

 

communication  271

–

nystagmus  263

 

nucleus

–

defect  271

–

oscillation  292

LHON  114. see Leber’s

interleukin (IL)

juvenile cataract  268

 

hereditary optic neuropathy

–

IL-6  230

juxtapapillary

light-induced

interleukin-2  230, 239

 

retinochoroiditis  208

 

neurodegenerative animal

internal elastic lamina  230

 

 

 

model  191

International Optic Nerve

 

 

light-near dissociation  261

 

Trauma Study  86

 

 

light damage  191

 

 

K

internuclear

 

–

animal model  190

Kaplan Meier curve  77

–

ophthalmoplegia  255, 292

limbal epithelial stem cells  197

interocular

Kearns-Sayre syndrome  268,

limb claudication  238

–

latency difference  149

 

276

linear regression analysis  108

interstitial nucleus of

KSS. see Kearns-Sayre

lipofuscin  191

 

Cajal  293

 

syndrome

lipohyalinosis  26

intorsion  288

 

 

lithium  294

intracellular calcium  167

 

 

local object motion  128

intrachiasmatic

 

 

low-coherence

 

L

 

craniopharyngioma  74

 

 

reflectometry  109

 

 

 

 

intraocular pressure  186

l-carnitine  63

LTS. see Heidelberg Laser

intravenous

lactic acidosis  277

 

Tomographic Scanner

–

immunoglobulin  13

lagophthalmos  268

lumbar puncture  12

–

methylprednisolone  12

Lambert-Eaton syndrome  278

lupus erythematosus  32

 

 

 

 

 

Subject Index

327

lyme disease  211, 212

methylprednisolone  24, 91,

–

oscillation  288

 

lymphocytic choriomeningitis

 

245, 287

–

reading  307

 

 

virus  220

MEWDS. see multiple

monoptic visual masking  132

 

lymphocytic meningitis  212

 

evanescent white dot

mother-to-offspring

 

lymphoma  76

 

syndrome

 

transmission  271

 

 

 

mfERG. see multifocal ERG

motile chorioretinal

 

 

 

mfVEP  149, 154

 

nematode  210

 

 

 

–

abnormality  154

motion perception  5

 

 

M

 

 

–

latency  149

motion stimuli  127

 

 

 

 

m-sequence  124, 140

mfVEPs. see multifocal visual

–

contrast-modulate  127

 

macrophage  229

 

evoked potentials

–

luminance modulate  127

 

macula  186

micro-saccade  129

MRI. see magnetic resonance

 

macular

microglial cell  83

 

imaging (MRI)

 

–

mapping test  311

microvascular

MS. see multiple sclerosis

 

–

scar  207

 

decompression  288

MST. see middle superior

 

–

splitting  308

midazolam  277

 

temporal area; see medial

 

–

star  214

middle superior temporal

 

superior temporal areas

 

maculopathy  305

 

area  127

mtDNA. see mitochondrial

 

magnetic resonance imaging

middle temporal area  127

 

DNA

 

 

(MRI)  114

minimum reading visual

Müller glia  196, 199

 

–

extremely high-

 

field  302

multifocal choroiditis  178

 

 

resolution  114

mirror sign  121

multifocal ERG  139

 

–

µMRI  114

mitochondrial calcification  39

multifocal visual evoked

 

magnifying visual aid  312

mitochondrial DNA  61, 267,

 

potentials  139

 

mammalian eye  195

 

272, 273

multinucleated giant cell  241

 

mapping  120

–

human  61

multiple evanescent white dot

 

MAR. see melanoma-

–

multiple deletions  272

 

syndrome  112, 176, 177,

 

 

associated retinopathy

–

point mutation  61, 272

 

178

 

masquerade  74, 76

–

replication  273

–

fluorescein

 

maternal transmission  277

–

single deletions  271

 

angiography  176

 

medial longitudinal

mitochondrial

–

foveal granularity  177

 

 

fasciculus  255, 292

 

endopeptidase  56

–

indocyanine green

 

medial superior temporal

mitochondrial function  191

 

angiography  177

 

 

areas  263

–

in extraocular muscle  267

–

ocular coherence

 

medial vestibular nucleus  257

mitochondrial genetics  270

 

tomography  177

 

medication toxicity  29

mitochondrial inheritance  51

multiple sclerosis  4, 5, 9, 112,

 

megadose steroid  86

mitochondrial membrane

 

154

 

melanocytic proliferation  171

 

integrity  191

–

brain MRI  5

 

melanoma-associated

mitochondrial mutation  62

–

like symptom  61

 

 

retinopathy  164, 168

–

LHON-Associated  62

–

McDonald criteria  9

 

MELAS syndrome  273

mitochondrial

–

predictor  5

 

meningeal thickening  88

 

proliferation  275

–

risk of developing  5

 

meningioma  69, 71, 75, 76, 79

mitotic segregation  271

multisystemic symptom  268

 

–

radiotherapy  79

MLF. see medial longitudinal

muscle biopsy  275

 

meningitis  86, 211, 215, 217,

 

fasciculus

–

biochemistry  275

 

 

220

MNGIE  270

muscle specific tyrosine

 

meningoencephalitis  209, 211,

MNGIE syndrome  273

 

kinase  278

 

 

217, 220

mobility training  313

MuSK. see muscle specific

 

metformin  277

molecular mimicry  164

 

tyrosine kinase

 

methotrexate  246

monocular  313

Mutton fat precipitates  207

 
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