- •Chapter 1
- •Ocular Adnexal Lymphoproliferative
- •1.1 Pathogenesis
- •1.2 Chronic Antigen Stimulation
- •1.3 Immunosuppression
- •1.4 Pathology
- •1.5 Cytogenetics
- •1.6 Clinical Features
- •1.7 Imaging Findings
- •1.8 Staging
- •1.9 Positron Emission Tomography
- •1.10 Treatment
- •1.11 Follicular Lymphoma
- •1.12 Mantle Cell Lymphoma
- •1.13 Radiotherapy
- •1.14 Chemotherapy
- •1.15 Immunotherapy
- •1.16 Radioimmunotherapy
- •1.17 Outcome
- •1.18 The Future
- •References
- •Chapter 2
- •2.1 General Introduction
- •2.2 The Aging Process and Facial Analysis
- •2.3 Endoscopic Brow Lift
- •2.3.1 Introduction
- •2.3.2 Endoscopic Browlift Anesthesia Pearls
- •2.3.4 Endoscopic Browlift Postoperative Care Pearls
- •2.4 Upper Blepharoplasty
- •2.4.1 Introduction
- •2.4.2 Patient Evaluation
- •2.4.3 Upper Blepharoplasty Anesthesia Pearls
- •2.4.4 Upper Blepharoplasty Surgical Procedure Pearls
- •2.5 Lower Blepharoplasty, Fillers, and Midface Augmentation
- •2.5.1 Introduction
- •2.5.2 Patient Evaluation
- •2.5.3 Lower Blepharoplasty Anesthesia Pearls
- •2.5.4 Lower Blepharoplasty Surgical Procedure Pearls
- •References
- •Chapter 3
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 What Is the Diagnosis?
- •3.2.1 Pitfalls of Diagnosis
- •3.2.2 A Diagnostic Corticosteroid Trial?
- •3.2.3 The Question of Biopsy
- •3.3 Treatment
- •3.3.1 Corticosteroids
- •3.3.2 Radiation
- •3.3.3 Other Agents
- •3.4 Special Circumstances
- •3.4.1 Pediatric IOIS
- •3.4.2 Sclerosing Pseudotumor
- •3.4.3 Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome
- •References
- •Chapter 4
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Canalicular System
- •4.3 Infective Causes
- •4.3.1 Periocular Herpes Simplex Infection
- •4.3.2 Bacterial Canaliculitis
- •4.4.1 Lichen Planus
- •4.4.2 Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid
- •4.5 Iatrogenic Causes
- •4.5.1 Systemic Drugs
- •4.5.1.2 Docetaxel (Taxotere)
- •4.5.2 Radiotherapy
- •4.5.3 Topical Ophthalmic Treatments
- •4.5.3.2 Mitomycin C (MMC) Therapy
- •4.5.4 Lacrimal Stents and Plugs
- •4.6 The Surgical Approach to Managing Canalicular Disease
- •4.6.1 Surgical Technique for Dacryocystorhinostomy with Retrograde Canaliculostomy
- •References
- •Chapter 5
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Nomenclature
- •5.3 Clinical Manifestations of NF1
- •5.4 Orbitofacial Tumors in NF1
- •5.4.2 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
- •5.4.3 Optic Pathway Gliomas
- •5.5 Genetics
- •5.5.1 The NF1 Gene
- •5.5.2 Overlapping NF1-Like Phenotype (SPRED1)
- •5.6.1 Introduction
- •5.7 Surgical Management of Orbitofacial Tumors in NF1
- •5.7.1 Introduction
- •5.7.2 Timing of Surgery
- •5.7.3 Periorbital Involvement
- •5.7.3.1 The Upper Eyelid
- •5.7.3.2 The Lower Eyelid and Midface
- •5.7.4 Orbital Involvement
- •5.7.4.1 Proptosis
- •5.7.4.3 Proptosis Due to Optic Nerve Glioma
- •5.7.4.4 Orbital Enlargement with Dystopia and Hypoglobus
- •5.8 The Natural History of NF1 Tumor Growth from Birth to Senescence
- •References
- •Chapter 6
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Surgical Anatomy of the Lacrimal Drainage System
- •6.3 Basic Diagnostics for Disorders of the Lacrimal Drainage System
- •6.4 Selective Lacrimal Sac Biopsy in External Dacryocystorhinostomy
- •6.5.1 Case A
- •6.5.2 Case B
- •6.5.3 Case C
- •6.5.4 Case D
- •6.5.5 Case E
- •6.5.6 Case F
- •6.5.7 Case G
- •References
- •Chapter 7
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Patients and Methods
- •7.2.1 Patients
- •7.2.2 Examination
- •7.3 Results
- •7.3.1 Patient Data
- •7.3.3 Family History
- •7.3.4 Pregnancy History
- •7.3.5 Birth
- •7.3.6 Associated Systemic and Ocular Diseases
- •7.3.8 Neuroradiological Findings (Brain MRI)
- •7.3.9 Nasolacrimal System Findings
- •7.4 Discussion
- •7.4.1 Patients
- •7.4.2 Obstetric and Family History
- •7.4.3 Associated Pathologies
- •7.4.3.1 Ophthalmological Findings in Unilateral Disease
- •7.4.3.2 Neuroradiological Findings
- •7.4.3.3 Systemic Diseases
- •7.4.3.4 Nasolacrimal Duct Findings
- •7.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •Chapter 8
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Evaluation of Complicated Ptosis
- •8.2.1 Compensatory Eyebrow Elevation
- •8.2.3 Innervation Patterns of the Frontalis Muscle
- •8.2.4 Checklist of Preoperative Evaluation of Complicated Ptosis
- •8.3 Surgical Technique of Levator Muscle Recession
- •8.3.1 Principle
- •8.3.2 Approach to the Levator
- •8.3.3 Partial Levator Recession
- •8.3.4 Total Levator Recession
- •8.3.6 Undercorrection and Overcorrection
- •8.4 Surgical Technique of Brow Suspension
- •8.4.1 Materials for Brow Suspension
- •8.4.1.1 Nonautogenous Materials
- •8.4.1.2 Autogenous Fascia Lata
- •8.4.2 Our Technique of Harvesting Autogenous Fascia Lata
- •8.4.3 Mechanical Principals of Brow Suspension
- •8.4.4 Upper Lid Approach
- •8.4.5 Fascia Implantation
- •References
- •Chapter 9
- •Modern Concepts in Orbital Imaging
- •9.1 Computerized Tomography
- •9.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging
- •9.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •9.3.1 The T1 Constant
- •9.3.2 The T2 Constant
- •9.3.3 Creating the MR Image
- •9.4 Imaging of Common Orbital Lesions
- •9.4.1 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
- •9.4.2 Cavernous Hemangioma
- •9.4.3 Dermoid Cyst
- •9.4.4 Fibrous Dysplasia
- •9.4.5 Lymphangioma
- •9.4.6 Lymphoma
- •9.4.7 Myositis
- •9.4.8 Optic Nerve Glioma
- •9.4.9 Pseudotumor
- •9.4.10 Rhabdomyosarcoma
- •9.6 Positron Emission Tomography
- •9.7 Orbital Ultrasound
- •9.7.1 Physics and Instrumentation
- •9.7.1.1 Topographic Echography
- •9.7.1.2 Quantitative Echography
- •9.7.1.3 Kinetic Echography
- •9.7.2 Extraocular Muscles
- •9.7.3 Optic Nerves
- •References
- •Chapter 10
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.3 Etiology
- •10.4 Microbiology
- •10.5 Changing Pathogens and Resistance
- •10.5.2 Orbital MRSA
- •10.6 Evaluation of Orbital Cellulitis
- •10.7 Medical Treatment of Orbital Cellulitis
- •10.8 Surgical Treatment of Orbital Cellulitis
- •10.9 Prevention of Orbital Cellulitis After Orbital Fracture
- •References
- •Chapter 11
- •11.1 Clinical Picture
- •11.1.1 Clinical Phases
- •11.2 Ocular Complications
- •11.3 Investigation
- •11.3.1 Angiography
- •11.4 Management
- •11.4.1 Active Nonintervention
- •11.4.2 Indications for Treatment
- •11.5 Modalities of Treatment
- •11.5.1 Steroids
- •11.5.1.1 Topical Steroids
- •11.5.1.2 Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection
- •11.5.1.3 Oral Corticosteroids
- •11.5.2 Interferon-Alfa
- •11.5.3 Vincristine
- •11.5.4 Laser
- •11.5.5 Embolization
- •11.5.6 Surgery
- •References
- •Chapter 12
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Epidemiology
- •12.3 Biological Behavior and Timing of Metastasis
- •12.4 Lateralization
- •12.5 Localization
- •12.6 Clinical Features
- •12.7 Imaging and Patterns of Orbital Metastatic Disease
- •12.8 Biopsy
- •12.9 Common Types of Orbital Metastases
- •12.9.1 Breast Carcinoma
- •12.9.2 Lung Carcinoma
- •12.9.3 Prostatic Cancer
- •12.9.4 Melanoma
- •12.9.5 Carcinoid Tumor
- •12.11 Treatment
- •12.11.1 Radiotherapy
- •12.11.2 Chemotherapy
- •12.11.3 Hormonal Therapy
- •12.11.4 Surgery
- •12.12 Prognosis and Survival
- •References
- •Chapter 13
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Rituximab
- •13.3 Yttrium-90-Labeled Ibritumomab Tiuxetan
- •13.4 Imatinib Mesylate
- •13.5 Cetuximab
- •References
- •Chapter 14
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Porous Orbital Implants
- •14.3 Orbital Implant Selection in Adults
- •14.4 Orbital Implant Selection in Children
- •14.5 Volume Considerations in Orbital Implant Selection
- •14.7 Which Wrap to Use
- •14.8 To Peg or Not to Peg Porous Implants
- •14.9 Summary
- •References
- •Chapter 15
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Etiology and Presentation
- •15.2.1 Etiology of Orbital Volume Loss
- •15.2.2 Etiology of Periorbital Volume Loss
- •15.2.3 Features of Orbital Volume Loss
- •15.2.4 Features of Periorbital Volume Loss
- •15.3 Background to Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers
- •15.3.1 Historical Perspective on Volume Replacement
- •15.4 Types of Injectable Soft-Tissue Filler
- •15.4.1 Collagen Fillers
- •15.4.2 Hyaluronic acid Fillers
- •15.5 Treatment Areas
- •15.5.1 Orbit
- •15.5.2 Upper Eyelid and Brow
- •15.5.3 Tear Trough
- •15.5.4 Temple and Brow
- •15.6 Other Periorbital Uses of Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers
- •15.6.1 Upper Eyelid Loading
- •15.6.2 Lower Eyelid Elevation
- •15.6.3 Treatment of Cicatricial Ectropion
- •15.7 Future Developments
- •References
146 |
9 Modern Concepts in Orbital Imaging |
a |
b |
9
Fig. 9.28 (a) A-scan of an optic nerve glioma showing a low reflective widening of the nerve shadow (on). (b) B-scan of an optic nerve glioma; the optic nerve shadow shows low reflectivity with more highly reflective foci of calcification
features of size and location as well as on quantitative properties.
9.7.3Optic Nerves
Lesions of the optic disc and disorders of the retrobulbar optic nerve are well suited for evaluation with echography. B-scan is the method of choice to evaluate the optic disc and demonstrates gross abnormalities of the retrobulbar optic nerve in the anterior orbit. B-scan can easily demonstrate gross enlargement of the optic nerve just behind the eye as well as heterogeneous echoes such as calcification that may provide important clues to aid in differentiation (Fig. 9.28).
References
1.Abramoff MD (2005) New concepts in orbital imaging. In: Karcioglu ZA (ed) Orbital tumors. Springer, New York, pp 109–110
2.Alexander AL, Lee JE, Lazar M, Field AS (2007) Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. Neurotherapeutics 4:316–329
3.Armington WG, Bilaniuk LT (1988) The radiologic evaluation of the orbit: conal and intraconal lesions. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 9:455–473
4.Atlas SW, Galetta SL (1991) The orbit and visual system. In: Atlas SW (ed) Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spine. Raven, New York, pp 709–722
5.Bammer R (2003) Basic principles of diffusion-weighted imaging. Eur J Radiol 45:169–184
6.Bilaniuk LT, Zimmerman RA, Newton TH (1990) Magnetic resonance imaging: orbital pathology. In: Newton TH, Bilaniuk LT (eds) Radiology of the eye and orbit. Raven, New York, Chap 5
7.Byrne SF (1984) Standardized echography in the differentiation of orbital lesions. Surv Ophthalmol 29:226–228
8.Byrne SF (1986) Standardized echography of the eye and orbit. Neuroradiology 28:618–640
9.Byrne SF, Green RL (1992) Ultrasound of the eye and orbit. Mosby Year Book, St. Louis
10.Byrne SF (2000) Introduction to orbital imaging. In: Dutton JJ, Byrne SF, Proia AD (eds) Diagnostic atlas of orbital diseases. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 19–30
11.Daniels DL, Pech P, Mark L, et al (1985) Magnetic resonance imaging of the cavernous sinus. Am J Radiol 145: 1145–1146
12.Daniels DL, Yu S, Pech P, Haughton VM (1987) Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the orbital apex. Radiol Clin North Am 25:803–817
13.DeMarco JK, Bilaniuk LT (1990) Magnetic resonance imaging: technical aspects. In: Newton TH, Bilaniuk LT (eds) Radiology of the eye and orbit. Raven, New York, pp 1–14
14.DePotter P, Shields JA, Shields CL (1995) MRI of the eye and orbit. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 3–17
15.DePotter, Flanders AE, Shields CL, Shields JA (1993) Magnetic resonance imaging of orbital tumors. Int Ophthalmol Clin 33:163–173
16.Dortzbach RK, Kronish JW, Gentry LR (1985) Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit. Part I. Physical principles. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 5(3):151–159
17.Dortzbach RK, Kronish JW, Gentry LR (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging of the orbit. Part II. Clinical applications. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 5(3):160–170
References 147
18.Dutton JJ (2000) Introduction to orbital imaging. In: Dutton JJ, Byrne SF, Proia AD (eds) Diagnostic atlas of orbital diseases. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 31–41
19.Frangiomi JV (2008) New technologies for human cancer imaging. J Clin Oncol 26:4012–4021
20.Garvey CJ (2002) Computed tomography in clinical practice. BMJ 324:1077–1080
21.Gayed I, Eskandari MF, McLaughlin P, et al (2007) Value of positron emission tomography in staging ocular adnexal lymphomas and evaluating their response to therapy. Ophthal Surg Lasers Imaging 38:319–325
22.Habes C (2004) Basic principles of diffusion tensor MR technology. J Radiol 85:281–286
23.Hu H, He HD, Foley WD, Fox SH (2000) Row helical CT: image quality and volume coverage speed. Radiology 215: 55–62
24.Jabour BA, Choi Y, Hoh CK, et al (1993) Extracranial head and neck PET imaging with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D- glucose and MR imaging correlation. Radiology 186: 27–35
25.Jones R, Kaplan RT, Lane B, et al (2001) Single versus multi-detector row CT of the brain: quality assessment. Radiology 219:750–755
26.King AD, MA BB, Yau YY, et al (2008) The impact of 18-F- FDG PET/CT on assessment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at diagnosis. Br J Radiol 81:291–298
27.Koh DM, Collins DJ (2007) Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology. AJR Am J Roentgenol 188:1622–1635
28.Koyama T, Tamai K, Togashi K (2006) Current status of body MRI imaging: fast MR imaging and diffusionweighted imaging. Int J Clin Oncol 11:278–285
29.Lane KA, Bilyk JR (2006) Preliminary study of positron emission tomography in the detection and management of orbital malignancy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 22: 361–365
30.Le Bihan D (2006) From Brownian motion to mind imaging: diffusion MRI. Bull Acad Natl Med 190:605–627
31.Mafee MF, Putterman A, Valvassori GE, et al (1987) Orbital space-occupying lesions: role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Radiol Clin North Am 25:529–559
32.Mandelkern M, Raines J (2002) Positron emission tomography in cancer research and treatment. Technol Cancer Res Treat 1:423–439
33.Mundt GH, Hughes WF (1956) Ultrasonics in ocular diagnosis. Am J Ophthalmol 41:488–492
34.Nagae-Poetscher LM, Jiang H, Wakana S, et al (2004) High-resolution diffusion imaging of the brain stem at 3 T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:1325–1330
35.Ossoinig KC (1991) Echographic differentiation of vascular lesions in the orbit. In: Thijssen JM, Verbeek AM (eds) Ultrasonography in ophthalmology. Junk, Dordrecht, p 283
36.Pan T, Mawlawi O (2008) PET/CT in radiation oncology. Med Phys 35:4955–4966
37.Reader AJ (2008) The promise of new PET image reconstruction. Phys Med 24:49–56
38.Rovaris M, Gass A, Bammer R, et al (2005) Diffusion MRI in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 65:1526–1532
39.Spraul CW, Lang GE, Lang GK (2001) Value of positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of malignant ocular tumors. Ophthalmologica 215:163–168
40.Townsend DW (2004) Physical principles and technology of clinical PET imaging. Ann Acad Med Singapore 33: 133–145
41.Valenzuela AA, Allen C, Grimes D, et al (2006) Positron emission tomography in the detection and staging of ocular adnexal lymphoproliferative disease. Ophthalmology 113:2331–2337
42.Wirth A, Seymour JF, Hicks RJ, et al (2002) Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography, gal- lium-67 scintigraphy, and conventional staging for Hodgkin’s disease and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Am J Med 112:262–268
