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Файл:Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Essentials in Ophthalmology Oculoplastics and Orbit Aesthetic and Functional Oculofacial Plastic Problem-Solving in the 21st Century_Guthoff, Katowitz_2009.pdf
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- •Chapter 1
- •Ocular Adnexal Lymphoproliferative
- •1.1 Pathogenesis
- •1.2 Chronic Antigen Stimulation
- •1.3 Immunosuppression
- •1.4 Pathology
- •1.5 Cytogenetics
- •1.6 Clinical Features
- •1.7 Imaging Findings
- •1.8 Staging
- •1.9 Positron Emission Tomography
- •1.10 Treatment
- •1.11 Follicular Lymphoma
- •1.12 Mantle Cell Lymphoma
- •1.13 Radiotherapy
- •1.14 Chemotherapy
- •1.15 Immunotherapy
- •1.16 Radioimmunotherapy
- •1.17 Outcome
- •1.18 The Future
- •References
- •Chapter 2
- •2.1 General Introduction
- •2.2 The Aging Process and Facial Analysis
- •2.3 Endoscopic Brow Lift
- •2.3.1 Introduction
- •2.3.2 Endoscopic Browlift Anesthesia Pearls
- •2.3.4 Endoscopic Browlift Postoperative Care Pearls
- •2.4 Upper Blepharoplasty
- •2.4.1 Introduction
- •2.4.2 Patient Evaluation
- •2.4.3 Upper Blepharoplasty Anesthesia Pearls
- •2.4.4 Upper Blepharoplasty Surgical Procedure Pearls
- •2.5 Lower Blepharoplasty, Fillers, and Midface Augmentation
- •2.5.1 Introduction
- •2.5.2 Patient Evaluation
- •2.5.3 Lower Blepharoplasty Anesthesia Pearls
- •2.5.4 Lower Blepharoplasty Surgical Procedure Pearls
- •References
- •Chapter 3
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 What Is the Diagnosis?
- •3.2.1 Pitfalls of Diagnosis
- •3.2.2 A Diagnostic Corticosteroid Trial?
- •3.2.3 The Question of Biopsy
- •3.3 Treatment
- •3.3.1 Corticosteroids
- •3.3.2 Radiation
- •3.3.3 Other Agents
- •3.4 Special Circumstances
- •3.4.1 Pediatric IOIS
- •3.4.2 Sclerosing Pseudotumor
- •3.4.3 Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome
- •References
- •Chapter 4
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Canalicular System
- •4.3 Infective Causes
- •4.3.1 Periocular Herpes Simplex Infection
- •4.3.2 Bacterial Canaliculitis
- •4.4.1 Lichen Planus
- •4.4.2 Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid
- •4.5 Iatrogenic Causes
- •4.5.1 Systemic Drugs
- •4.5.1.2 Docetaxel (Taxotere)
- •4.5.2 Radiotherapy
- •4.5.3 Topical Ophthalmic Treatments
- •4.5.3.2 Mitomycin C (MMC) Therapy
- •4.5.4 Lacrimal Stents and Plugs
- •4.6 The Surgical Approach to Managing Canalicular Disease
- •4.6.1 Surgical Technique for Dacryocystorhinostomy with Retrograde Canaliculostomy
- •References
- •Chapter 5
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Nomenclature
- •5.3 Clinical Manifestations of NF1
- •5.4 Orbitofacial Tumors in NF1
- •5.4.2 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
- •5.4.3 Optic Pathway Gliomas
- •5.5 Genetics
- •5.5.1 The NF1 Gene
- •5.5.2 Overlapping NF1-Like Phenotype (SPRED1)
- •5.6.1 Introduction
- •5.7 Surgical Management of Orbitofacial Tumors in NF1
- •5.7.1 Introduction
- •5.7.2 Timing of Surgery
- •5.7.3 Periorbital Involvement
- •5.7.3.1 The Upper Eyelid
- •5.7.3.2 The Lower Eyelid and Midface
- •5.7.4 Orbital Involvement
- •5.7.4.1 Proptosis
- •5.7.4.3 Proptosis Due to Optic Nerve Glioma
- •5.7.4.4 Orbital Enlargement with Dystopia and Hypoglobus
- •5.8 The Natural History of NF1 Tumor Growth from Birth to Senescence
- •References
- •Chapter 6
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Surgical Anatomy of the Lacrimal Drainage System
- •6.3 Basic Diagnostics for Disorders of the Lacrimal Drainage System
- •6.4 Selective Lacrimal Sac Biopsy in External Dacryocystorhinostomy
- •6.5.1 Case A
- •6.5.2 Case B
- •6.5.3 Case C
- •6.5.4 Case D
- •6.5.5 Case E
- •6.5.6 Case F
- •6.5.7 Case G
- •References
- •Chapter 7
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Patients and Methods
- •7.2.1 Patients
- •7.2.2 Examination
- •7.3 Results
- •7.3.1 Patient Data
- •7.3.3 Family History
- •7.3.4 Pregnancy History
- •7.3.5 Birth
- •7.3.6 Associated Systemic and Ocular Diseases
- •7.3.8 Neuroradiological Findings (Brain MRI)
- •7.3.9 Nasolacrimal System Findings
- •7.4 Discussion
- •7.4.1 Patients
- •7.4.2 Obstetric and Family History
- •7.4.3 Associated Pathologies
- •7.4.3.1 Ophthalmological Findings in Unilateral Disease
- •7.4.3.2 Neuroradiological Findings
- •7.4.3.3 Systemic Diseases
- •7.4.3.4 Nasolacrimal Duct Findings
- •7.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •Chapter 8
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Evaluation of Complicated Ptosis
- •8.2.1 Compensatory Eyebrow Elevation
- •8.2.3 Innervation Patterns of the Frontalis Muscle
- •8.2.4 Checklist of Preoperative Evaluation of Complicated Ptosis
- •8.3 Surgical Technique of Levator Muscle Recession
- •8.3.1 Principle
- •8.3.2 Approach to the Levator
- •8.3.3 Partial Levator Recession
- •8.3.4 Total Levator Recession
- •8.3.6 Undercorrection and Overcorrection
- •8.4 Surgical Technique of Brow Suspension
- •8.4.1 Materials for Brow Suspension
- •8.4.1.1 Nonautogenous Materials
- •8.4.1.2 Autogenous Fascia Lata
- •8.4.2 Our Technique of Harvesting Autogenous Fascia Lata
- •8.4.3 Mechanical Principals of Brow Suspension
- •8.4.4 Upper Lid Approach
- •8.4.5 Fascia Implantation
- •References
- •Chapter 9
- •Modern Concepts in Orbital Imaging
- •9.1 Computerized Tomography
- •9.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging
- •9.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •9.3.1 The T1 Constant
- •9.3.2 The T2 Constant
- •9.3.3 Creating the MR Image
- •9.4 Imaging of Common Orbital Lesions
- •9.4.1 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
- •9.4.2 Cavernous Hemangioma
- •9.4.3 Dermoid Cyst
- •9.4.4 Fibrous Dysplasia
- •9.4.5 Lymphangioma
- •9.4.6 Lymphoma
- •9.4.7 Myositis
- •9.4.8 Optic Nerve Glioma
- •9.4.9 Pseudotumor
- •9.4.10 Rhabdomyosarcoma
- •9.6 Positron Emission Tomography
- •9.7 Orbital Ultrasound
- •9.7.1 Physics and Instrumentation
- •9.7.1.1 Topographic Echography
- •9.7.1.2 Quantitative Echography
- •9.7.1.3 Kinetic Echography
- •9.7.2 Extraocular Muscles
- •9.7.3 Optic Nerves
- •References
- •Chapter 10
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.3 Etiology
- •10.4 Microbiology
- •10.5 Changing Pathogens and Resistance
- •10.5.2 Orbital MRSA
- •10.6 Evaluation of Orbital Cellulitis
- •10.7 Medical Treatment of Orbital Cellulitis
- •10.8 Surgical Treatment of Orbital Cellulitis
- •10.9 Prevention of Orbital Cellulitis After Orbital Fracture
- •References
- •Chapter 11
- •11.1 Clinical Picture
- •11.1.1 Clinical Phases
- •11.2 Ocular Complications
- •11.3 Investigation
- •11.3.1 Angiography
- •11.4 Management
- •11.4.1 Active Nonintervention
- •11.4.2 Indications for Treatment
- •11.5 Modalities of Treatment
- •11.5.1 Steroids
- •11.5.1.1 Topical Steroids
- •11.5.1.2 Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection
- •11.5.1.3 Oral Corticosteroids
- •11.5.2 Interferon-Alfa
- •11.5.3 Vincristine
- •11.5.4 Laser
- •11.5.5 Embolization
- •11.5.6 Surgery
- •References
- •Chapter 12
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Epidemiology
- •12.3 Biological Behavior and Timing of Metastasis
- •12.4 Lateralization
- •12.5 Localization
- •12.6 Clinical Features
- •12.7 Imaging and Patterns of Orbital Metastatic Disease
- •12.8 Biopsy
- •12.9 Common Types of Orbital Metastases
- •12.9.1 Breast Carcinoma
- •12.9.2 Lung Carcinoma
- •12.9.3 Prostatic Cancer
- •12.9.4 Melanoma
- •12.9.5 Carcinoid Tumor
- •12.11 Treatment
- •12.11.1 Radiotherapy
- •12.11.2 Chemotherapy
- •12.11.3 Hormonal Therapy
- •12.11.4 Surgery
- •12.12 Prognosis and Survival
- •References
- •Chapter 13
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Rituximab
- •13.3 Yttrium-90-Labeled Ibritumomab Tiuxetan
- •13.4 Imatinib Mesylate
- •13.5 Cetuximab
- •References
- •Chapter 14
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Porous Orbital Implants
- •14.3 Orbital Implant Selection in Adults
- •14.4 Orbital Implant Selection in Children
- •14.5 Volume Considerations in Orbital Implant Selection
- •14.7 Which Wrap to Use
- •14.8 To Peg or Not to Peg Porous Implants
- •14.9 Summary
- •References
- •Chapter 15
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Etiology and Presentation
- •15.2.1 Etiology of Orbital Volume Loss
- •15.2.2 Etiology of Periorbital Volume Loss
- •15.2.3 Features of Orbital Volume Loss
- •15.2.4 Features of Periorbital Volume Loss
- •15.3 Background to Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers
- •15.3.1 Historical Perspective on Volume Replacement
- •15.4 Types of Injectable Soft-Tissue Filler
- •15.4.1 Collagen Fillers
- •15.4.2 Hyaluronic acid Fillers
- •15.5 Treatment Areas
- •15.5.1 Orbit
- •15.5.2 Upper Eyelid and Brow
- •15.5.3 Tear Trough
- •15.5.4 Temple and Brow
- •15.6 Other Periorbital Uses of Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers
- •15.6.1 Upper Eyelid Loading
- •15.6.2 Lower Eyelid Elevation
- •15.6.3 Treatment of Cicatricial Ectropion
- •15.7 Future Developments
- •References
9.7 Orbital Ultrasound |
145 |
a |
b |
Fig. 9.26 (a) A-scan of a lymphangioma showing low reflective irregular echoes in a chocolate cyst of blood. (b) B-scan of the same patient as in (a); the retrobulbar mass is somewhat irregular with variable reflectivity
a |
b |
Fig. 9.27 (a) Graves orbitopathy showing a high reflective wide muscle defect within the orbital fat; m muscle belly, s muscle sheath. (b) B-scan echogram of the same patient showing an enlarged extraocular muscle (m) with relatively normal tendon (arrow)
orbital lesions. Consistency (compressibility) can be assessed with A-scan or B-scan. Vascularity (spontaneous motion) indicates blood flow within a lesion. Consistency is evaluated by exerting moderate pressure against the tissue with the probe. A soft lesion will be seen to decrease in size, whereas a hard lesion will remain unchanged.
Vascularity can be observed when a lesion contains blood vessels with rapidly flowing blood (e.g., capillary hemangiomas). In lesions with high blood flow, the A-scan may show a fast, flickering motion or pulsations of one or more internal echoes that indicate blood flow.
9.7.2Extraocular Muscles
Extraocular muscle thickening is a common finding in patients presenting with signs or symptoms of orbital disease. Standardized echography has proven to be an excellent modality for the measurement of extraocular muscle thickness and the differentiation of thyroid dysfunction (Fig. 9.27) from other conditions, such as idiopathic orbital myositis, or tumors. The differentiation of various disorders affecting the extraocular muscles is based primarily on laterality and the topographic
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