- •Chapter 1
- •Ocular Adnexal Lymphoproliferative
- •1.1 Pathogenesis
- •1.2 Chronic Antigen Stimulation
- •1.3 Immunosuppression
- •1.4 Pathology
- •1.5 Cytogenetics
- •1.6 Clinical Features
- •1.7 Imaging Findings
- •1.8 Staging
- •1.9 Positron Emission Tomography
- •1.10 Treatment
- •1.11 Follicular Lymphoma
- •1.12 Mantle Cell Lymphoma
- •1.13 Radiotherapy
- •1.14 Chemotherapy
- •1.15 Immunotherapy
- •1.16 Radioimmunotherapy
- •1.17 Outcome
- •1.18 The Future
- •References
- •Chapter 2
- •2.1 General Introduction
- •2.2 The Aging Process and Facial Analysis
- •2.3 Endoscopic Brow Lift
- •2.3.1 Introduction
- •2.3.2 Endoscopic Browlift Anesthesia Pearls
- •2.3.4 Endoscopic Browlift Postoperative Care Pearls
- •2.4 Upper Blepharoplasty
- •2.4.1 Introduction
- •2.4.2 Patient Evaluation
- •2.4.3 Upper Blepharoplasty Anesthesia Pearls
- •2.4.4 Upper Blepharoplasty Surgical Procedure Pearls
- •2.5 Lower Blepharoplasty, Fillers, and Midface Augmentation
- •2.5.1 Introduction
- •2.5.2 Patient Evaluation
- •2.5.3 Lower Blepharoplasty Anesthesia Pearls
- •2.5.4 Lower Blepharoplasty Surgical Procedure Pearls
- •References
- •Chapter 3
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 What Is the Diagnosis?
- •3.2.1 Pitfalls of Diagnosis
- •3.2.2 A Diagnostic Corticosteroid Trial?
- •3.2.3 The Question of Biopsy
- •3.3 Treatment
- •3.3.1 Corticosteroids
- •3.3.2 Radiation
- •3.3.3 Other Agents
- •3.4 Special Circumstances
- •3.4.1 Pediatric IOIS
- •3.4.2 Sclerosing Pseudotumor
- •3.4.3 Tolosa–Hunt Syndrome
- •References
- •Chapter 4
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Embryology, Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology of the Canalicular System
- •4.3 Infective Causes
- •4.3.1 Periocular Herpes Simplex Infection
- •4.3.2 Bacterial Canaliculitis
- •4.4.1 Lichen Planus
- •4.4.2 Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid
- •4.5 Iatrogenic Causes
- •4.5.1 Systemic Drugs
- •4.5.1.2 Docetaxel (Taxotere)
- •4.5.2 Radiotherapy
- •4.5.3 Topical Ophthalmic Treatments
- •4.5.3.2 Mitomycin C (MMC) Therapy
- •4.5.4 Lacrimal Stents and Plugs
- •4.6 The Surgical Approach to Managing Canalicular Disease
- •4.6.1 Surgical Technique for Dacryocystorhinostomy with Retrograde Canaliculostomy
- •References
- •Chapter 5
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Nomenclature
- •5.3 Clinical Manifestations of NF1
- •5.4 Orbitofacial Tumors in NF1
- •5.4.2 Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors
- •5.4.3 Optic Pathway Gliomas
- •5.5 Genetics
- •5.5.1 The NF1 Gene
- •5.5.2 Overlapping NF1-Like Phenotype (SPRED1)
- •5.6.1 Introduction
- •5.7 Surgical Management of Orbitofacial Tumors in NF1
- •5.7.1 Introduction
- •5.7.2 Timing of Surgery
- •5.7.3 Periorbital Involvement
- •5.7.3.1 The Upper Eyelid
- •5.7.3.2 The Lower Eyelid and Midface
- •5.7.4 Orbital Involvement
- •5.7.4.1 Proptosis
- •5.7.4.3 Proptosis Due to Optic Nerve Glioma
- •5.7.4.4 Orbital Enlargement with Dystopia and Hypoglobus
- •5.8 The Natural History of NF1 Tumor Growth from Birth to Senescence
- •References
- •Chapter 6
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Surgical Anatomy of the Lacrimal Drainage System
- •6.3 Basic Diagnostics for Disorders of the Lacrimal Drainage System
- •6.4 Selective Lacrimal Sac Biopsy in External Dacryocystorhinostomy
- •6.5.1 Case A
- •6.5.2 Case B
- •6.5.3 Case C
- •6.5.4 Case D
- •6.5.5 Case E
- •6.5.6 Case F
- •6.5.7 Case G
- •References
- •Chapter 7
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Patients and Methods
- •7.2.1 Patients
- •7.2.2 Examination
- •7.3 Results
- •7.3.1 Patient Data
- •7.3.3 Family History
- •7.3.4 Pregnancy History
- •7.3.5 Birth
- •7.3.6 Associated Systemic and Ocular Diseases
- •7.3.8 Neuroradiological Findings (Brain MRI)
- •7.3.9 Nasolacrimal System Findings
- •7.4 Discussion
- •7.4.1 Patients
- •7.4.2 Obstetric and Family History
- •7.4.3 Associated Pathologies
- •7.4.3.1 Ophthalmological Findings in Unilateral Disease
- •7.4.3.2 Neuroradiological Findings
- •7.4.3.3 Systemic Diseases
- •7.4.3.4 Nasolacrimal Duct Findings
- •7.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •Chapter 8
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.2 Evaluation of Complicated Ptosis
- •8.2.1 Compensatory Eyebrow Elevation
- •8.2.3 Innervation Patterns of the Frontalis Muscle
- •8.2.4 Checklist of Preoperative Evaluation of Complicated Ptosis
- •8.3 Surgical Technique of Levator Muscle Recession
- •8.3.1 Principle
- •8.3.2 Approach to the Levator
- •8.3.3 Partial Levator Recession
- •8.3.4 Total Levator Recession
- •8.3.6 Undercorrection and Overcorrection
- •8.4 Surgical Technique of Brow Suspension
- •8.4.1 Materials for Brow Suspension
- •8.4.1.1 Nonautogenous Materials
- •8.4.1.2 Autogenous Fascia Lata
- •8.4.2 Our Technique of Harvesting Autogenous Fascia Lata
- •8.4.3 Mechanical Principals of Brow Suspension
- •8.4.4 Upper Lid Approach
- •8.4.5 Fascia Implantation
- •References
- •Chapter 9
- •Modern Concepts in Orbital Imaging
- •9.1 Computerized Tomography
- •9.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging
- •9.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- •9.3.1 The T1 Constant
- •9.3.2 The T2 Constant
- •9.3.3 Creating the MR Image
- •9.4 Imaging of Common Orbital Lesions
- •9.4.1 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
- •9.4.2 Cavernous Hemangioma
- •9.4.3 Dermoid Cyst
- •9.4.4 Fibrous Dysplasia
- •9.4.5 Lymphangioma
- •9.4.6 Lymphoma
- •9.4.7 Myositis
- •9.4.8 Optic Nerve Glioma
- •9.4.9 Pseudotumor
- •9.4.10 Rhabdomyosarcoma
- •9.6 Positron Emission Tomography
- •9.7 Orbital Ultrasound
- •9.7.1 Physics and Instrumentation
- •9.7.1.1 Topographic Echography
- •9.7.1.2 Quantitative Echography
- •9.7.1.3 Kinetic Echography
- •9.7.2 Extraocular Muscles
- •9.7.3 Optic Nerves
- •References
- •Chapter 10
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.3 Etiology
- •10.4 Microbiology
- •10.5 Changing Pathogens and Resistance
- •10.5.2 Orbital MRSA
- •10.6 Evaluation of Orbital Cellulitis
- •10.7 Medical Treatment of Orbital Cellulitis
- •10.8 Surgical Treatment of Orbital Cellulitis
- •10.9 Prevention of Orbital Cellulitis After Orbital Fracture
- •References
- •Chapter 11
- •11.1 Clinical Picture
- •11.1.1 Clinical Phases
- •11.2 Ocular Complications
- •11.3 Investigation
- •11.3.1 Angiography
- •11.4 Management
- •11.4.1 Active Nonintervention
- •11.4.2 Indications for Treatment
- •11.5 Modalities of Treatment
- •11.5.1 Steroids
- •11.5.1.1 Topical Steroids
- •11.5.1.2 Intralesional Corticosteroid Injection
- •11.5.1.3 Oral Corticosteroids
- •11.5.2 Interferon-Alfa
- •11.5.3 Vincristine
- •11.5.4 Laser
- •11.5.5 Embolization
- •11.5.6 Surgery
- •References
- •Chapter 12
- •12.1 Introduction
- •12.2 Epidemiology
- •12.3 Biological Behavior and Timing of Metastasis
- •12.4 Lateralization
- •12.5 Localization
- •12.6 Clinical Features
- •12.7 Imaging and Patterns of Orbital Metastatic Disease
- •12.8 Biopsy
- •12.9 Common Types of Orbital Metastases
- •12.9.1 Breast Carcinoma
- •12.9.2 Lung Carcinoma
- •12.9.3 Prostatic Cancer
- •12.9.4 Melanoma
- •12.9.5 Carcinoid Tumor
- •12.11 Treatment
- •12.11.1 Radiotherapy
- •12.11.2 Chemotherapy
- •12.11.3 Hormonal Therapy
- •12.11.4 Surgery
- •12.12 Prognosis and Survival
- •References
- •Chapter 13
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.2 Rituximab
- •13.3 Yttrium-90-Labeled Ibritumomab Tiuxetan
- •13.4 Imatinib Mesylate
- •13.5 Cetuximab
- •References
- •Chapter 14
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Porous Orbital Implants
- •14.3 Orbital Implant Selection in Adults
- •14.4 Orbital Implant Selection in Children
- •14.5 Volume Considerations in Orbital Implant Selection
- •14.7 Which Wrap to Use
- •14.8 To Peg or Not to Peg Porous Implants
- •14.9 Summary
- •References
- •Chapter 15
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Etiology and Presentation
- •15.2.1 Etiology of Orbital Volume Loss
- •15.2.2 Etiology of Periorbital Volume Loss
- •15.2.3 Features of Orbital Volume Loss
- •15.2.4 Features of Periorbital Volume Loss
- •15.3 Background to Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers
- •15.3.1 Historical Perspective on Volume Replacement
- •15.4 Types of Injectable Soft-Tissue Filler
- •15.4.1 Collagen Fillers
- •15.4.2 Hyaluronic acid Fillers
- •15.5 Treatment Areas
- •15.5.1 Orbit
- •15.5.2 Upper Eyelid and Brow
- •15.5.3 Tear Trough
- •15.5.4 Temple and Brow
- •15.6 Other Periorbital Uses of Injectable Soft-Tissue Fillers
- •15.6.1 Upper Eyelid Loading
- •15.6.2 Lower Eyelid Elevation
- •15.6.3 Treatment of Cicatricial Ectropion
- •15.7 Future Developments
- •References
44 |
2 Pearls in Cosmetic Oculofacial Plastic Surgery |
|
|
Summary for the Clinician: Lower |
||
|
|
Blepharoplasty |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
■ Define the anatomic abnormality: think layers. |
||
2 |
||||
|
■ Learn how to do peels. |
|||
|
|
■ To add volume use filler fat or implants. |
||
|
||||
|
|
■ It is okay to excise skin but not muscle. |
||
|
|
■ Reposition fat in negative vector patients. |
||
|
|
■ For a bony abnormality, think a bony solution: |
||
|
|
implant. |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
References
1.Asken S (1994) A modified M plasty. J Derm Surg Oncol 12(4):369–373
2.Badrinath S, Avramov MN, Shadrick M, et al. (2000) The use of ketamine-propofol combination during monitored anesthesia care. Anesth Analg 90:858–862
3.Baylis HI, Long JA, Groth MJ (1989) Transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Technique and complications. Ophthalmology 96(7):1027–1032
4.Carruthers, J Carruthers A (2009) The adjunctive usage of botulinum toxin. Derm Surg 24(11):1244–1247
5.Carter SR, Seiff SR, Choo PH, Vallabhanath P (2001) Lower eyelid laser rejuvenation: a randomized, prospective clinical study. Ophthalmol 108(3):437–441
6.Chen WP (1987) Asian blepharoplasty. J Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 3:135–140
7.Courtiss EH, Webster RC, White MF (1974) Use of double W plasty in upper blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 53(1):25–28
8.Fagien S (2002) Adavanced rejuvenate upper blepharoplasty. Enhancing aesthetics of the upper periorbita. Plast Reconstr Surg 110:278–284
9.Fagien S (2007) Lower blepharoplasty: blending the lid cheek junction with orbicularis muscle and lateral retinacular suspension. In: Fagien S (ed) Putterman’s cosmetic and oculoplastic surgery. Elsevier, New York, Chap 15
10.Finn J, Cox S (2007) Fillers in the periorbital complex. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 15(1):123–132
11.Flowers RS (1993) Tear trough implants for the correction of tear trough deformity. Clin Plast Surg 20(3):403–415
12.Furnas DW (1993) Festoons, mounds and bags of the eyelids and cheek. Clin Plast Surg 20(2):367–385
13.Goldberg RA, Relan A, Hoenig JA (1999) Relationship of the eye to the bony orbit, with clinical applications. Aust N Z J Ophthalmol 6:398–403
14.Gunter JP, Antrobus SD (1997) Aesthetic analysis of the eyebrows. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:1807–1816
15.Hamra SR (1992) Repositioning of the orbicularis oculi muscle in composite rhytidectomy. Plast Reconstr Surg 90:14–22
16.Hamra ST ( 1995) Arcus marginalis release and orbital fat repositioning in midface rejuvenation. Plast Reconstr Surg 92(2):354–362
17.Hamra ST (1996). The role of orbital fat preservation in facial aesthetic surgery. A new concept. Clin Plast Surg 23(1):17–28
18.Harley DH, Collins DR (2008) Patient satisfaction after blepharoplasty performed as office surgery using oral medication with the patient under local anesthesia. Aesthetic Plast Surg 32(1):77–81
19.Hoenig JA (2005) Comprehensive management of eyebrow and forehead ptosis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 38: 947–984
20.Hoenig JA, Shorr, NS, Shorr J (1997) The suborbicularis oculi fat in aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. Int Ophthalmol Clin 37:179–191
21.Hoenig JA, Shorr NS, Goldberg R (1998) The versatile SOOF lift in oculoplastic surgery. Facial Plast Clin 6(2): 205–219
22.Hoenig JA, Shorr NS, Morrow DM (2007) Chemical peel: eyelid and facial skin rejuvenation. In: Fagien S (ed) Putterman’s cosmetic and oculoplastic surgery. Elsevier, New York, Chap 21
23.Horton CE, Carraway JH, Potenza AD (1978) Treatment of a lacrimal gland bulge in blepharoplasty by repositioning the lacrimal gland. Plast Reconstr Surg 61(5):701–702
24.Klein JA (1990) Tumescent technique for regional anesthe-
sia permits lidocaine dose of 35 mg/kg for liposuction. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 16:248–263
25.Kligman AM, Lauker RM (1988) Cutaneous aging: the difference between intrinsic aging and photoaging. J Cutan Aging Cosmet Dermatol 1:5–11
26.Kranendonk S, Obagi S (2007) Autologous fat transfer for periorbital rejuvenation: indications, techniques and complications. Dermatol Surg 33(5):572–578
27.Kranke P, Morin A, Roewer N, et al (2002) The efficacy and safety of transdermal scopolamine for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a quantitative systemic review. Anesth Analg 95:133–143
28.Loeb R (1981) Fat pad sliding and fat grafting for leveling lid depressions. Clin Plast Surg 8:757–776
29.May JW, Fearson J, Zingarelli P (1990) Retro-orbicularis oculi fat (ROOF) resection on aesthetic blepharoplasty a six year study in 63 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 86: 682–289
30.Mendelson BC, Hartley W, Scott, M (2007) Age-related changes of the orbit and midcheek and implications for facial rejuvenation. Aesthetic Plast Surg 31:419–423
31.Millard JF, Cornette de St Cyr B, Sheflan M (1991) The subperiosteal bicoronal approach to total facelifting: the DMAS—deep musculoaponeurotic system. Aesthetic Plast Surg 15:285–291
References 45
32.Mitz V, Peyronie M (1976) The superficial musculoaponeurtic system (SMAS) in the parotid and cheek area. Plast Reconstr Surg 58:80–88
33.Moody BR, Hold JB (2006) Anesthesia for office-based oculoplastic surgery. Dermatol Surg 31(7):766–770
34.Persichetti P, Di Lella F, Delfino F (2004) Adipose compartments of the upper eyelid: anatomy applied to blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 113:373–378
35.Pessa JE (2000) An algorithm of facial aging: verification of Lambros’s theory by three dimensional stereolithography, with reference to the pathogenesis of midfacial aging, sclera show, and the lateral suborbital tera trough deformity. Plast Reconstr Surg 106:479–488
36.Porter JD, Burns LA, May PJ (1989) Morphological substrate for eyelid movements: Innervation and structure of primate levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles. J Comp Neurol 287:64–81
37.Putterman AM, Urist MJ (1975) Muller’s muscle-conjunc- tival resection: technique for treatment of blepharoptosis. Arch Ophthalmol 93:619–623
38.Shorr NS (1997) Madame butterfly procedure: total lower eyelid reconstruction in three layers utilizing a hard palate graft: management of the unhappy post-blepharoplasty patient with round eye and sclera show. Int J Aesthetic Restor Surg 3: 3–26
39.Shorr NS, Cohen MS (1991) Cosmetic blepharoplasty. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 4(1):17–33
40.Shorr N, Enzer Y (1992) Considerations in aesthetic surgery. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 18:1081–1095
41.Shorr N, Hoenig JA (1995) Brow lift. In: Levine M (ed) Manual of oculoplastic surgery. Butterworth-Heinrmann, Newton, MA
42.Shorr N, Hoenig JA, Goldberg RA (1999) Fat preservation to rejuvenate the lower eyelid. Arch Facial Plast Surg 1(1): 38–39
43.Steele EA, Ng JD, Poissant TM, et al. (2009) Comparison of injection pain of articaine and lidocaine in eyelid surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 25(1):13–15
44.Steinsapir KD, Steinsapir SM (2006) Deep-fill hyaluronic acid for the temporary treatment of the naso-jugal groove: a report of 303 consecutive treatments. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 22(5):344–348
45.Steinsapir K, Shorr N, Hoenig JA, et al. (1998) Endoscopic forehead lift. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 14:107–118
46.Stuzin JM, Baker TJ, Gordon HL (1992) The relationship of
the superficial and deep facial fascias: the relevance to rhytidectomy and aging. Plast Reconstr Surg 89: 441–449
47.Webster RC, Fanous N, Smith RC (1979) Blepharoplasty: when to combine it with eyebrow, temple or coronal lift. J Otolaryngol 8:339–343
48.Yaremchuk MJ (2001) Infraorbital rim augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 107(6):1585–1592
49.Yaremchuk MJ (2005) Making the concave midface convex. Aesthetic Plast Surg 29(3)141–148
50.Zarem HA, Resnick JL, Carr RM, Wooton DG (1997) Browpexy: lateral orbicularis muscle fixation as an adjunct to upper blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 10:1258–1261
