- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Chapter 1
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Limitations of Time-Domain OCT
- •1.4 Conclusion
- •References
- •Chapter 2
- •2.1 Background
- •2.3 Clinical Application
- •2.4 Conclusions
- •References
- •Chapter 3
- •Fluorescein Angiography
- •3.1 Principles of Fluorescein Angiography
- •3.2 Procedures for Fluorescein Angiography
- •3.4 Time Course of Fluorescein Angiography
- •3.5 Interpretation of Fluorescein Angiography
- •3.5.1 Hypofluorescent Lesions
- •3.5.2 Hyperfluorescent Lesions
- •3.6 Fluorescein Angiography Today
- •References
- •Chapter 4
- •Wide-Field Imaging and Angiography
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 History of Fundus Imaging
- •4.3.1 Fluorescein Angiography with a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope
- •4.3.2 Advantages of Imaging with a Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope
- •4.4 Clinical Use of Wide-Field Imaging
- •4.4.1 Wide-Field Imaging in Uveitis
- •4.4.4 Wide-Field Imaging of Choroidal Tumors
- •4.5 Future Directions for Fundus Imaging
- •4.6 Conclusion
- •References
- •Chapter 5
- •Autofluorescence Imaging
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 What is Fundus Autofluorescence?
- •5.3 Identification of Early Disease Stages
- •5.4 Phenotyping
- •5.5 Disease Markers
- •5.6 Monitoring of Disease Progression
- •5.7 Disease Mapping
- •5.8 Functional Correlation
- •References
- •Chapter 6
- •Imaging the Macular Pigment
- •6.1 Macular Pigment
- •6.1.1 Characteristics and Potential Functions
- •6.1.3 Spatial Distribution
- •6.1.4 Modifying the Macular Pigment
- •6.1.5 MPOD and Age
- •6.2 Measurement Techniques
- •6.2.1 Heterochromatic Flickerphotometry
- •6.2.2 Fundus reflectance
- •6.2.3 Autofluorescence
- •6.2.4 Raman spectroscopy
- •6.2.5 How do different techniques compare
- •6.3 Imaging
- •6.3.1 Heterochromatic Flickerphotometry
- •6.3.2 Fundus Reflectance
- •6.3.3 Autofluorescence
- •6.3.4 Raman spectroscopy
- •References
- •Chapter 7
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Origin of Near-Infrared Autofluorescence
- •7.3 RPE Melanin: Role and Aging
- •7.4 Clinical Cases
- •7.4.1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- •7.4.2 Retinal Dystrophies
- •7.4.2.1 Stargardt’s Disease
- •7.4.2.2 Best’s Disease
- •7.4.2.3 Retinitis Pigmentosa
- •7.5 Conclusion
- •References
- •Chapter 8
- •8.1 Introduction
- •8.3.1.1 Classic Choroidal Neovascularization
- •8.3.1.2 Occult Choroidal Neovascularization
- •8.3.1.4 Mixed-Type Choroidal Neovascularization
- •8.3.1.5 Retinal Angiomatous Proliferation
- •8.3.3 Fibrovascular Scar
- •8.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •Chapter 9
- •9.1 Fundus Cameras
- •9.1.1 Standard Images
- •9.1.2 Wide-Angle Images
- •9.1.2.1 Pomerantzeff Equator Plus
- •9.1.2.2 RetCam™
- •RetCam™ Camera Description
- •RetCam™ Technique of Image Capture
- •RetCam™ Problems
- •9.1.2.3 Panoret™
- •9.1.2.4 Optos™
- •9.2.1 Retinal Tumors
- •9.2.1.1 Retinoblastoma
- •9.2.1.2 Astrocytic Hamartoma
- •9.2.1.4 Retinal Cavernous Hemangioma
- •9.2.1.5 Retinal Racemose Hemangioma
- •9.2.1.6 Vasoproliferative Tumor
- •9.2.2 Retinal Pigment Epithelium Tumors
- •9.2.3 Choroidal Tumors
- •9.2.3.1 Choroidal Nevus
- •9.2.3.2 Choroidal Melanoma
- •9.2.4 Anterior Segment Lesions
- •9.2.4.1 Iris Lesions
- •References
- •Chapter 10
- •Metabolic Mapping
- •10.1 Aspects of Metabolism
- •10.4.1 Technical Solution
- •10.5 Clinical Results
- •10.5.1 Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- •10.5.1.1 Detection of Alterations in Early AMD
- •10.5.1.2 Lifetime Images in Late AMD
- •Non-Exudative AMD and Geographic Atrophy
- •Exudative AMD
- •10.5.2.1 Arterial Branch Occlusion
- •10.5.3 Metabolic Alteration in Diabetes Mellitus
- •10.5.3.1 Detection of Fields of Reduced Metabolism
- •References
- •Chapter 11
- •11.1 Diabetic Macular Edema
- •11.2 Examinations in Diabetic Macular Edema
- •11.3 Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema
- •References
- •Chapter 12
- •12.1.1 Incidence and Natural History
- •12.2 Investigation of Diagnostic Accuracy of OCT for Detection of DME
- •12.2.2 Diagnostic Accuracy of OCT for Detection of DME: Are Photography or Biomicroscopy a Valid Gold Standard?
- •12.2.3 Diagnostic Accuracy of OCT to Detect CSME Using Time-Domain OCTs: How to Use OCT Retinal Thickness Cut-Offs?
- •12.3 Use of OCT When Compared with Photography: Beyond Diagnostic Accuracy
- •12.4 Appendix: Reproducibility of OCT Retinal-Thickness Measurement in Patients with DME
- •12.4.1 How Reproducibility is Reported
- •12.4.3 Spectral-Domain OCTs Reproducibility
- •References
- •Chapter 13
- •13.2 Clinical Features
- •13.3 Examination
- •13.4 Natural History
- •13.5 Ultra-High Resolution OCT and Spectral OCT Findings in Macular Holes
- •13.6 Macular Hole Formation
- •13.7 Postoperative Appearance
- •13.8 Theory of Macular Hole Closure After Vitrectomy
- •13.9 Surgical Considerations
- •13.11 Clinical Features
- •13.12 Treatment
- •References
- •Chapter 14
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Vitreous Biochemistry
- •14.3 Vitreo-Retinal Interface Anatomy
- •14.4 Anomalous Posterior Vitreous Detachment (PVD)
- •14.5 Spectral-Domain OCT (SD-OCT)
- •14.6 Vitreo-Maculopathies
- •14.6.1 Macular Pucker (MP)
- •14.6.2 Macular Hole (MH)
- •14.6.2.1 Lamellar Hole (LH)
- •14.6.3 Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
- •14.6.4 Vitreo-Macular Traction Syndrome (VMTS)
- •14.7 Conclusion
- •References
- •Chapter 15
- •15.3 Imaging the Choroid
- •15.4 Age-Related Choroidal Atrophy
- •15.5 Choroid in High Myopia
- •15.8 Volume Rendering
- •15.9 Summary
- •References
- •Chapter 16
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Optical Coherence Tomography
- •16.3 Role of Optical Coherence Tomography
- •References
- •Chapter 17
- •17.1 Background and Motivation
- •17.2 Three-Dimensional Imaging of the Choroid
- •17.3 In Vivo Cellular Resolution Retinal Imaging
- •17.4 Polarization Sensitive Retinal OCT
- •17.5 Doppler (Blood Flow) Retinal OCT
- •References
- •Chapter 18
- •Toward Molecular Imaging
- •Summaries for the Clinician
- •References
- •Index
Contributors
Tos T. J. M. Berendschot
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht NL-6202 AZ, The Netherlands, t.berendschot@ohk.unimaas.nl
Francesca M. Cordeiro
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
Western Eye Hospital, 153-173 Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5QH, UK
m.cordeiro@ucl.ac.uk
François C. Delori
Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA, francoisdelori@schepens.harvard.edu
Wolfgang Drexler
School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff
CF24 4LU, UK drexlerw@cardiff.ac.uk
Teodoro Evans
Apdo 144–1225 Plaza Mayor, San Jose, Costa Rica
Howard F. Fine
Department of Ophthalmology, Robert Wood Johnson University Medical Center, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA hffine@gmail.com
Fred W. Fitzke
UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
f.fitzke@ucl.ac.uk
Monika Fleckenstein
Department of Ophthalmology, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2
University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
Thomas Friberg
UPMC Eye Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 203 Lothrop Street, Suite # No. 824, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
fribeg@pitt.edu
Sarah Harmon
Ocular Oncology Service, Suite 1440, Wills Eye Institute,
840 Walnut Street, Philadelphia,
PA 19107, USA
Hans-Martin Helb
Department of Ophthalmology, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2
University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
Christoph K. Hitzenberger
Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Frank G. Holz
Department of Ophthalmology, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2 University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany frank.holz@ukb.uni-bonn.de
Carel B. Hoyng
Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Peter Charbel Issa
Department of Ophthalmology, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2 University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology,
Oxford University, Oxford, UK peter.issa@ukb.uni-bonn.de
Claudia N. Keilhauer
Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080 Würzburg, Germany, c. strachwitz@augenklinik.uni-wuerzburg.de
Jeroen B. Klevering
Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Leanne Labriola
Retina Service (LTL, TF),
UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center,
203 Lothrop Street, Suite 824,
Pittsburgh, PA, USA
xv
xvi Contributors
Sara Lally
Ocular Oncology Service, Suite 1440, Wills Eye Institute,
840 Walnut Street, Philadelphia,
PA 19107, USA
Rainer Leitgeb
Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Francesca Menchini
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Piazza della Misericordia, 15 c/o Pad. Petracco, 33100 Udine, Italy
francescamenchini@gmail.com
Carsten H. Meyer
Augenklinik, Universität Bonn, Ernst-Abbe-Strabe 2,
53127 Bonn, Germany
Zofia Michalewska
Ophthalmic Clinic “Jasne Blonia”, ul. Rojna 90. Lodz, 91–162, Poland
zosia_n@yahoo.com
Jerzy Nawrocki
Ophthalmic Clinic “Jasne Blonia”, ul. Rojna 90. Lodz, 91–162, Poland
jerzy_n@poczta.onet.pl
Mariacristina Parravano
Ophthalmology, Fondazione G.B. Bietti per lo studio e la ricerca in Oftalmolologia-IRCCS,
Via Livenza n 3, 00198 Rome, Italy criparra@tin.it
Jonathan L. Prenner
Department of Ophthalmology, Robert Wood Johnson University Medical Center, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Aparna Ramasubramanian
Ocular Oncology Service, Suite 1440, Wills Eye Institute, 840 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
Daniel Roth
Department of Ophthalmology, Robert Wood Johnson University Medical Center, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Sandeep Saxena
Department of Ophthalmology, King George´s Medical University, Chowk, Lucknow, India 226003 sandeepsaxena2020@yahoo.com
Steffen Schmitz-Valckenberg
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn,
Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2, 53127 Bonn, Germany steffen.schmitz-valckenberg@ukb.uni-bonn.de
Hendrik P.N. Scholl
Department of Ophthalmology, Ernst-Abbe-Str. 2
University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
Dietrich Schweitzer
Department of Ophthalmology, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, Bachstr. 18, 07743 Jena, Germany dietrich.schweitzer@med.uni-jena.de
Jerry Sebag
University of Southern California and VMR Institute, 7677 Center Avenue, Suite 400, Huntington Beach,
CA 92647, USA jsebag@vmrinstitute.com
Carol L. Shields
Ocular Oncology Service, Suite 1440, Wills Eye Institute, 840 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA carol.shields@shieldsoncology.com
Richard Spaide
The Vitreous-Retina-Macula Consultants of New York, 460 Park Avenue, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10022, USA rickspaide@yahoo.com
Thomas Theelen
Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands, t.theelen@ohk.umcn.nl
Gianni Virgili
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florence, Piazza San Marco 4, Florence 50121, Italy gianni.virgili@unifi.it
Michelle Y. Wang
University of Southern California and VMR Institute, 7677
Center Avenue, Suite 400, Huntington Beach, CA 92647,
USA
Sebastian Wolf
Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstr., 3010 Bern, Switzerland sebastian.wolf@insel.ch
Lihteh Wu
Apdo 144–1225 Plaza Mayor, San Jose, Costa Rica, lw65@cornell.edu
